• 터널과지하공간
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.20-30
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• 1997

A discrete joint finite element with joint surface degradation was developed to investigate the shear behavior of rough rock joint. Isoparametric formulation was used for facilitating the implementation of the element in existing Finite Element Codes. The elasto-plastic joint deformation model with the discontinuity constitutive law proposed by Plesha was applied to the element. The reliability of the developed finite element code was successfully testified through numerical direct shear tests conducted under both constant normal stress and constant normal displacement conditions. The result of the numerical direct shear test showed that the code can capture characteristic deformation features envisaged in the direct shear test of rough rock joint.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.357-373
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 터널-지반 시스템의 거동을 합리적으로 해석하고 재료의 특성과 터널설계정수 평가를 위한 역해석 프로그램을 개발하였다. 이 프로그램은 유한차분법과 직접법을 조합한 역해석 기법을 이용하기 위하여 상용 프로그램인 FLAC(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua)과 최적화 알고리즘을 이용하여 지하구조물의 역해석이 가능하도록 구성되었다. 역해석 알고리즘으로는 최적화 기법 중 미분계수를 구하지 않고 직접탐색이 가능한 로젠브록법(Rosenbrock Method)을 이용하였다. 이 연구를 통하여 개발된 역해석 알고리즘의 현장 적용성 검증을 위하여 4개 구간의 실제현장을 대상으로 현장 계측결과를 이용하여 역해석을 수행하였다. 역해석 과정에서 현장계측 변위에 대한 해석 대상지반의 최적함수를 파악하기 위하여 비선형 회귀분석(nonlinear regression analysis)을 실시하였다. 회귀분석은 지수함수와 분수함수를 이용하였으며, 이를 통하여 결정된 최적함수를 이용하여 계산된 총 변위를 역해석 입력 자료로 활용하였다. 이 연구결과로써 대상구조체의 실측변위를 이용한 역해석을 수행한 결과는 계측변위와 평균 4.5%의 오차율을 보였다. 따라서 이 연구에서 제안하는 역해석 기법이 터널 해석에 유용하게 적용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2005

본 연구는 터널내 화재시 배연속도가 연소율 변화에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 Froude scaling에 의해 1/20 크기로 축소한 모형화재 실험을 수행하였다. 화원으로는 4.5cm~8.5cm의 헵탄을 사용하였으며 발열량은 3.71~15.6 kW이다. 연소율은 로드셀을 이용하여 산출하였고, 연기거동을 파악하기 위하여 K형 열전대를 이용하여 온도분포를 측정하였다. 풍동은 터널 상류 한쪽부분과 연결하였고, 터널 공간의 배연속도를 제어하기 위하여 풍동의 인버터를 조정하였다. 헵탄 풀화재인 경우 배연속도가 증가할수록 충분한 산소의 공급으로 연소율은 증가하였으며, 같은 무차원 속도($\bar{V}$) 일때 화원 크기가 작아짐에 따라 연소율은 증가하였다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.21
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• pp.262-263
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• 2008

The Metal-Insulator-Silicon (MIS) capacitors with $SiO_2$ and high-k dielectric were investigated. The high-k dielectrics were obtained by atomic layer deposit (ALD) system. The electrical characteristics were investigated by measuring the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. The conduction mechanisms were analyzed by using the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plot and Direct Tunneling (DT) plot. As a result, the MIS capacitors with high-k dielectrics have lower leakage current densities than conventional tunnel-barrier with $SiO_2$ dielectrics.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.561-577
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• 2013

Rational Functions are used to express the self-excited aerodynamic forces acting on a flexible structure for use in time-domain flutter analysis. The Rational Function Approximation (RFA) approach involves obtaining of these Rational Functions from the frequency-dependent flutter derivatives by using an approximation. In the past, an algorithm was developed to directly extract these Rational Functions from wind tunnel section model tests in free vibration. In this paper, an algorithm is presented for direct extraction of these Rational Functions from section model tests in forced vibration. The motivation for using forced-vibration method came from the potential use of these Rational Functions to predict aerodynamic loads and response of flexible structures at high wind speeds and in turbulent wind environment. Numerical tests were performed to verify the robustness and performance of the algorithm under different noise levels that are expected in wind tunnel data. Wind tunnel tests in one degree-of-freedom (vertical/torsional) forced vibration were performed on a streamlined bridge deck section model whose Rational Functions were compared with those obtained by free vibration for the same model.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.595-603
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• 2019

A modified model combining Kriging and Monte Carlo method (MC) is proposed for probabilistic estimation of tunnel face stability in this paper. In the model, a novel uniform design is adopted to train the Kriging, instead of the existing active learning function. It has advantage of avoiding addition of new training points iteratively, and greatly saves the computational time in model training. The kinematic approach of limit analysis is employed to define the deterministic computational model of face failure, in which the Hoek-Brown failure criterion is introduced to account for the nonlinear behaviors of rock mass. The trained Kriging is used as a surrogate model to perform MC with dramatic reduction of calls to actual limit state function. The parameters in Hoek-Brown failure criterion are considered as random variables in the analysis. The failure probability is estimated by direct MC to test the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed probabilistic model. The influences of uncertainty level, correlation relationship and distribution type of random variables are further discussed using the proposed approach. In summary, the probabilistic model is an accurate and economical alternative to perform probabilistic stability analysis of tunnel face excavated in spatially random Hoek- Brown media.

• 자연, 터널 그리고 지하공간
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2012

In the circumstances being continuous the unusual weather in the world, the city of Seoul has been devastating flood damage in July 2011, because of the heavy rainfalls. Along with expensive repairs to property, thousands of flood victims occurred; it is difficult to estimate the direct and indirect economic damages in city. Recently, as a part of the flood protecting measures, there are being discussed about the deep underground flood drainage tunnel, underground regulating reservoirs, permeable pavement, infiltration facility, river improvements, diversion channel, sewer pipe and ditch improvement and so on. Therefore, it is useful to make the plan of flood protecting measures more and more cost-effective and rational methods by considering the similar flood measures and constructions in the mega cities like Seoul.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.177-189
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• 1992

As tunnel becomes longer and larger, TBM has become one of the most popular methods of excavatio in rock. This paper describes the degree of operation the degree of availability and penetration rate of TBM and TBE applied in Namsan roadway tunnelling site. Net penetration rate was 1.62m/hr for TBM and 0.72m/hr for TBE. Net penetration rate showed no direct relation to daily advance or penetration time, but the lower bound of penetration rate could be obtained from the relation with daily advance. For both of TBM and TBE, the degree of operation and the degree of availability were 33.8% and 68.6% respectively. Life time of normal cutter was $310m^3$ for TBM and $194m^3$ for TBE, while that of center and gauge cutter was about $50m^3$. When the two machines were compared, TBM showed 80% higher penetration rate, and 40% shorter life time of cutter.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 1995

In order to construct underground structural systems safely and economically, exact identification of the system parameters and accurate analysis of the system behaviors are required. Therefore, necessity of back analysis which is able to identify material properties of underground structural systems is increased. In this study a back analysis program which can identify the system parameters is developed using the direct method to be combined with the forward analysis program. Results of the back analysis program show good agreement with that of Gens et al. Sensitivity of the accuracy and convergency of the back analysis program on the number of measuring points is investigated. Comparison between the results of the back analysis with measurement data and the obtained material properties from the field tests shows good agreement for the real construction site.

• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보과학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.1 (A)
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• pp.727-729
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• 2001

인터넷 사용이 보편화되면서 많은 사용자의 요청이 있더라도 만족할 만한 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 웹 서버가 필요로 하게 되었다. 이로 인해 최근 가상서버를 이용한 웹 서버 클러스터의 구축사례가 늘고 있다. 리눅스 운영체제와 값 싼 일반 PC를 이용하여 추가적인 비용 부담이 덜하고, IP Tunneling과 Direct Routing 같은 방법을 사용하여 후면 서버가 사용자에게 직접 응답할 수 있으므로 전면 서버의 병목현상을 줄일 수 있는 장점이 있다. 그러나 한 대의 전면 서버로는 그 한계가 있다. 그래서 본 논문에서는 전면 서버와 후면 서버의 구분을 없애고 모든 서버가 전면 서버와 후면 서버의 역할을 다 할 수 있는 웹 서버 클러스터를 제시한다. 다수의 전면 서버를 두어 전면 서버의 고가용성도 보장할 수 있고, 병목현상에 대해 좀 더 효율적인 대응을 할 수 있으며, 시스템 추가에 대한 손쉬운 확장성을 보장할 수 있다. 각 노드의 부하 정보에 의한 스케쥴링을 통해 좀 더 효율적인 클러스터 시스템을 구성하였다.