• 제목/요약/키워드: direct analysis method

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오프라인 커뮤니케이션 유무에 따른 네트워크 별 정보전달 방법 비교 분석 (A Comparative Study of Information Delivery Method in Networks According to Off-line Communication)

  • 박원국;최찬;문현실;최일영;김재경
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.131-142
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    • 2011
  • 최근 페이스북, 트위터 등 다양한 소셜 네트워크 서비스(SNS)가 등장하였으며, 많은 사용자들이 SNS를 이용하고 있다. 이러한 사용자의 증가로 인해 많은 조직들은 SNS에 관심을 가지게 되었다. 조직에서 SNS의 사용은 다양한 이점을 지니고 있다. SNS를 통해 조직들은 사용자들의 행위에 신속하고 지속적으로 반응할 수 있고, 다양한 특성을 지닌 사용자에게 쉽게 접근할 수 있으며, 타 매체에 비하여 사용자 특성이 반영된 차별화된 전략을 세울 수 있다. 또한 기업들은 SNS를 통해 상대적으로 저렴한 비용으로 활용이 가능하며, 사용자들과 양방향 소통이 가능하여 친근성과 신뢰성이 있는 관계 구축이 용이하다. 그러나 네트워크의 특성에 따라 SNS의 정보전달의 효과가 다르게 나타남에도 불구하고 조직들은 네트워크의 특성을 고려하지 않고 획일화된 방법으로 SNS를 활용하여 사용자들과 커뮤니케이션하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 네트워크에 따른 SNS의 정보전달의 효과 차이를 분석하였다. 즉 오프라인에서의 커뮤니케이션 기반으로 형성된 네트워크와 무작위로 형성된 네트워크를 생성하여, 각각의 네트워크들의 특징 차이를 분석하기 위하여 소셜 네트워크 분석을 하였다. 또한, 각각의 네트워크에서 SNS를 이용한 정보 전달 효과의 차이가 있는지 실증적으로 검증하였다. 실증 분석후 네트워크의 특성에 따라 네트워크 내 사용자들은 SNS를 받아들이는 반응이 달랐다. 따라서 조직이 효과적인 마케팅 수단으로 소셜 네트워크를 활용하기 위해서는 그 목적에 따라 네트워크의 특성을 고려하여 적절한 네트워크 형태를 구성해야 함을 도출하였다.

중소기업의 디자인 경영 전략을 위한 실증 분석연구 (A study an actual proof analysis for design management strategy of minor enterprise)

  • 홍성수;박재연
    • 감성과학
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.65-81
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    • 2004
  • 21세기가 도래하면서 지식화, 정보화, 기술화 등 중소기업을 둘러싼 경영 환경은 급변하고 있다. 이와 같이 급변하는 기업 환경은 대기업보다 신축적이고 탄력적인 중소기업에 보다 유리한 환경이라고 볼 수 있다. 또한 21세기의 명실상부한 창조성을 갖춘 중소기업이 산업발전의 주역으로 등장할 수 있는 경영환경으로 인식되어진다. 중소기업이 국민경제에 차지하는 비중과 역할은 매우 중요하다. 지방자치제의 실시와 지역 경제의 활성화 시책 등은 일반적으로 그 지역 사회를 존립기반으로 하고 있는 중소기업의 지위를 더욱 증대시키게 될 것이다. 그러나 디자이너 입장에서는 경영자에게 산업디자인의 효과적 활용방법이나 그 유효성 등을 충분히 인식시키거나 이해시키지 못한 문제점도 많은 것으로 지적되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 정부시책으로 수많은 국내 중소기업이 비교적 단기간 내에 자사제품의 경쟁력 향상을 위한 수단으로 산업디자인을 활용하게 되었으며, 아울러 경영자 및 산업디자이너 양자가 현실적인 면에서 산업디자인에 대한 인식을 새롭게 하거나 그 유효성이나 문제점 등을 평가해 볼 수 있는 계기가 마련된 일은 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 이러한 인식 하에서 본 연구는 국내 중소기업이 디자인을 경영레벨에서 전략적으로 활용하고 있는지, 디자인 경영 전략 구축은 잘 실행되고 있는지, 실무 디자이너와 CEO의 디자인 경영에 대한 인식 수준은 어느 정도 인지를 파악함으로써 여러 문제점들에 대한 새로운 해결 방법을 모색하고자 하는 데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 따라서 본 연구를 위하여 디자인 실무자, 중소기업 경영 CEO등을 대상으로 설문조사와 직접면접방식으로 실증분석을 통하여 중소기업의 경쟁력을 높이기 위한 디자인의 활용과 대책을 제시하였다.

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일부지역(一部地域) 노인(老人)들의 주체적(主體的) 건강수준(健康水準)에 영향을 미치는 IADL에 관한 연구(硏究) (A Study on the IADL Affecting Subjective Health Index of the Aged in Some Area)

  • 김근조;박흥기;권혁수;배수찬
    • 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.29-50
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    • 2001
  • This research have been made to define how the IADL (Instrumental Activity of Daily Living) performance and the subjective health index of the Aged are affected by their residential circumstance, gender and age, and how deeply these two factors are related and interact. For the period of June 1 to July 31, 2000, we had conducted a questionnaire and direct interview with 693 persons over age sixty-five (65) in Daejon and in other adjacent area, grouping into three different residential types The Aged living at home, The Aged living at welfare facilities and The Aged living alone, and studied on how the IADL performance and the subjective health index of the Aged are influenced and interact as per their characteristics, daily activity and mentality. We had analyzed all the data obtained through this research by the method of : - analysis of frequency as per specific factors by SPSS 1O.0/PC+, - $x^2$ test, - t-test, - ANOVA, - multiple regression analysis by factors. The research concludes followings : a. It appears that the three (3) factors such as gender, age and residential circumstance of the Aged deeply affect the IADL performance and subjective health index of the Aged. (p<0.01) b. With regard to IADL performance of the Aged by the gender, it was analyzed that the female-Aged gains 23.8 point on average, which shows the performance of the female-Aged is less independent. (p<0.01). In addition, it was also found that the IADL performance is becoming less and less independent following their age increasing. In analyzing IADL performance by the residential type, it appears that the Aged living at welfare facilities gains the lowest 21.5 points and is least independent. It was also found that the Aged living at welfare facilities need some assistances from others for their performing IADL. (20-24 point) (p<0.001) c. With regard to the subjective health index of the all-Aged participated in this research, the analysis indicates 8.8 point and this is considered as a point of general standard (7-10 point). In analyzing this index by the gender, the female-Aged gains only 8.6 point which explains a lot of female-Aged consider they are not really healthy. (p<0.001) In analyzing this index by the residential type, the Aged living at welfare facilities and the Aged living alone gain the comparatively lower point, - respectively 8.4 point for the Aged living at welfare facilities and 8.8 point for the Aged living alone. The Aged living at these two residential types express they are obviously in a bad situation of health. (p<0.001) d. With regard to the factors affecting the IADL performance and the subjective health index of the Aged, it was analyzed that the IADL performance can largely be affected by the factors such as depression, frequency of going-out and age rising, and that the subject health index can also deeply be affected by depression, pain and by how much they are satisfied with their current living conditions. e. It was analyzed that the interacting between the IADL performance and the subjective health index is not that strong but even weak. As a result, we were able to conclude that the IADL performance is less independent in case of the female-Aged, the Aged living at welfare facilities, and following the age rising. As for the subjective health state the Aged themselves are aware of, we concluded that the female-Aged, the Aged living at welfare facilities and the Aged living alone, are more critical about their health. From this research, we were able to realize that, when the OMT (Orthopedic Manual Therapy) needed, the physical therapists are really required to have a correct and cautious understanding of the situation in which the aged persons are, and take care of them with more concerns and more improved treatment.

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국제프랜차이징 연구요소 및 연구방향 (Research Framework for International Franchising)

  • 김주영;임영균;심재덕
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.61-118
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구는 국내외 프랜차이즈의 해외진출에 대한 연구들을 바탕으로 국제프랜차이징연구의 전체적인 연구체계를 세워보고, 연구체계를 형성하고 있는 연구요인들을 확인하여 각 연구요소별로 이루어지는 연구주제와 내용을 살펴보고, 앞으로의 연구주제들을 제안하고자 한다. 주요한 연구요소들은 국제프랜차이징의 동기 및 환경 요소과 진출의사결정, 국제프랜차이징의 진입양식 및 발전전략, 국제프랜차이징의 운영전략 및 국제프랜차이징의 성과이다. 이외에도 국제프랜차이징 연구에 적용할 수 있는 대리인이론, 자원기반이론, 거래비용이론, 조직학습이론 및 해외진출이론들을 설명하였다. 또한 국제프랜차이징연구에서 보다 중점적으로 개발해야 할 질적, 양적 방법론을 소개하였으며, 마지막으로 국내연구의 동향을 정리하여 추후의 연구방향을 종합적으로 정리하였다.

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장기혈액투석환자의 투석중 혈압하강과 Coil내 혈액손실 방지를 위한 기초조사 (A Study on the long-term Hemodialysis patient중s hypotension and preventation from Blood loss in coil during the Hemodialysis)

  • 박순옥
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.83-104
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    • 1981
  • Hemodialysis is essential treatment for the chronic renal failure patient's long-term cure and for the patient management before and after kidney transplantation. It sustains the endstage renal failure patient's life which didn't get well despite strict regimen and furthermore it becomes an essential treatment to maintain civil life. Bursing implementation in hemodialysis may affect the significant effect on patient's life. The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data to solve the hypotension problem encountable to patient and the blood loss problem affecting hemodialysis patient'a anemic states by incomplete rinsing of blood in coil through all process of hemodialysis. The subjects for this study were 44 patients treated hemodialysis 691 times in the hemodialysis unit, The .data was collected at Gang Nam 51. Mary's Hospital from January 1, 1981 to April 30, 1981 by using the direct observation method and the clinical laboratory test for laboratory data and body weight and was analysed by the use of analysis of Chi-square, t-test and anlysis of varience. The results obtained an follows; A. On clinical laboratory data and other data by dialysis Procedure. The average initial body weight was 2.37 ± 0.97kg, and average body weight after every dialysis was 2.33 ± 0.9kg. The subject's average hemoglobin was 7.05±1.93gm/dl and average hematocrit was 20.84± 3.82%. Average initial blood pressure was 174.03±23,75mmHg and after dialysis was 158.45±25.08mmHg. The subject's average blood ion due to blood sample for laboratory data was 32.78±13.49cc/ month. The subject's average blood replacement for blood complementation was 1.31 ±0.88 pint/ month for every patient. B. On the hypotensive state and the coping approaches occurrence rate of hypotension was 28.08%. It was 194 cases among 691 times. 1. In degrees of initial blood pressure, the most 36.6% was in the group of 150-179mmHg, and in degrees of hypotension during dialysis, the most 28.9% in the group of 40-50mmHg, especially if the initial blood pressure was under 180mmHg, 59.8% clinical symptoms appeared in the group of“above 20mmHg of hypotension”. If initial blood pressure was above 180mmHg, 34.2% of clinical symptoms were appeared in the group of“above 40mmHg of hypotension”. These tendencies showed the higher initial blood pressure and the stronger degree of hypotension, these results showed statistically singificant differences. (P=0.0000) 2. Of the occuring times of hypotension,“after 3 hrs”were 29.4%, the longer the dialyzing procedure, the stronger degree of hypotension ann these showed statistically significant differences. (P=0.0142). 3. Of the dispersion of symptoms observed, sweat and flush were 43.3%, and Yawning, and dizziness 37.6%. These were the important symptoms implying hypotension during hemodialysis accordingly. Strages of procedures in coping with hypotension were as follows ; 45.9% were recovered by reducing the blood flow rate from 200cc/min to 1 00cc/min, and by reducing venous pressure to 0-30mmHg. 33.51% were recovered by controling (adjusting) blood flow rate and by infusion of 300cc of 0,9% Normal saline. 4.1% were recovered by infusion of over 300cc of 0.9% normal saline. 3.6% by substituting Nor-epinephiine, 5.7% by substituting blood transfusion, and 7,2% by substituting Albumin were recovered. And the stronger the degree of symptoms observed in hypotention, the more the treatments required for recovery and these showed statistically significant differences (P=0.0000). C. On the effects of the changes of blood pressure and osmolality by albumin and hemofiltration. 1. Changes of blood pressure in the group which didn't required treatment in hypotension and the group required treatment, were averaged 21.5mmHg and 44.82mmHg. So the difference in the latter was bigger than the former and these showed statistically significant difference (P=0.002). On the changes of osmolality, average mean were 12.65mOsm, and 17.57mOsm. So the difference was bigger in the latter than in the former but these not showed statistically significance (P=0.323). 2. Changes of blood pressure in the group infused albumin and in the group didn't required treatment in hypotension, were averaged 30mmHg and 21.5mmHg. So there was no significant differences and it showed no statistical significance (P=0.503). Changes of osmolality were averaged 5.63mOsm and 12.65mOsm. So the difference was smaller in the former but these was no stitistical significance (P=0.287). Changes of blood pressure in the group infused Albumin and in the group required treatment in hypotension were averaged 30mmHg and 44.82mmHg. So the difference was smaller in the former but there is no significant difference (P=0.061). Changes of osmolality were averaged 8.63mOsm, and 17.59mOsm. So the difference were smaller in the former but these not showed statistically significance (P=0.093). 3. Changes of blood pressure in the group iutplemented hemofiltration and in the Uoup didn't required treatment in hypotension were averaged 22mmHg and 21.5mmHg. So there was no significant differences and also these showed no statistical significance (P=0.320). Changes of osmolality were averaged 0.4mOsm and 12.65mOsm. So the difference was smaller in the former but these not showed statistical significance(P=0.199). Changes of blood pressure in the group implemented hemofiltration and in the group required treatment in hypotension were averaged 22mmHg and 44.82mmHg. So the difference was smatter in the former and these showed statistically significant differences (P=0.035). Changes of osmolality were averaged 0.4mOsm and 17.59mOsm. So the difference was smaller in the former but these not showed statistical significance (P=0.086). D. On the changes of body weight, and blood pressure, between the group of hemofiltration and hemodialysis. 1, Changes of body weight in the group implemented hemofiltration and hemodialysis were averaged 3.340 and 3.320. So there was no significant differences and these showed no statistically significant difference, (P=0.185) but standard deviation of body weight averaged in comparison with standard difference of body weight was statistically significant difference (P=0.0000). Change of blood Pressure in the group implemented hemofiltration and hemodialysis were averaged 17.81mmHg and 19.47mmHg. So there was no significant differences and these showed no statistically significant difference (P=0.119), But in comparison with standard deviation about difference of blood pressure was statistically significant difference. (P=0.0000). E. On the blood infusion method in coil after hemodialysis and residual blood losing method in coil. 1, On comparing and analysing Hct of residual blood in coil by factors influencing blood infusion method. Infusion method of saline 200cc reduced residual blood in coil after the quantitative comparison of Saline Occ, 50cc, 100cc, 200cc and the differences showed statistical significance (p < 0.001). Shaking Coil method reduced residual blood in Coil in comparison of Shaking Coil method and Non-Shaking Coil method this showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Adjusting pressure in Coil at OmmHg method reduced residual blood in Coil in comparison of adjusting pressure in Coil at OmmHg and 200mmHg, and this showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). 2. Comparing blood infusion method divided into 10 methods in Coil with every factor respectively, there was seldom difference in group of choosing Saline 100cc infusion between Coil at OmmHg. The measured quantity of blood loss was averaged 13.49cc. Shaking Coil method in case of choosing saline 50cc infusion while adjusting pressure in coil at OmmHg was the most effective to reduce residual blood. The measured quantity of blood loss was averaged 15.18cc.

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제조-공급자간 갈등 원인과 거래조정 방식의 갈등관리 효과 (The Causes of Conflict and the Effect of Control Mechanisms on Conflict Resolution between Manufacturer and Supplier)

  • 이진화
    • 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.55-80
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    • 2012
  • 다른 기업과 거래관계를 형성하고 유지하는 것은 빠르게 변화하는 치열한 환경에서 대부분의 기업에게 불가피한 전략적 선택이다. 유통망 안의 모든 기업들도 결국 독립적 기업 간의 이러한 거래 계약으로 맺어져 있다. 하지만 모든 기업 간의 거래가 하나의 목표를 가지고 공동의 이익 창출을 위해 노력하여, 모두 효과적이고 효율적인 성과만을 낼 수는 없다. 대리인 이론에 따르면, 기업들은 모두 독립적 주체로서 각자의 이해를 추구하고, 위험을 회피하려하며, 제한된 합리성을 가지고 불충분한 정보를 처리하게 된다. 즉, 기업 간 거래관계는 그 속에서 신뢰와 협력을 기대하는 동시에, 갈등과 기회주의적 행위도 예측해야 한다. 이에 본 연구는 기업 간 거래의 갈등 원인을 확인하고, 실제 기업이 주로 활용하는 거래조정 방식의 갈등관리 효과를 밝히고자 한다. 이를 위해 관련된 기존 연구와 대리인 이론을 활용하여, 제조업자와 공급업자 간 갈등이 관계성과에 미치는 영향과 거래 위험요인(환경동태성, 자산특유화 수준)의 갈등 유발 효과, 그리고 국내 기업거래 연구에서 잘 다루어지지 않은 거래 조정방식의 갈등관리 효과를 가정하였다. 더불어 국내 중소기업 데이터 329개를 대상으로 연구모델을 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 구매기업(제조업자)의 환경 동태성과 자산 특유화 수준이 높을수록 더 큰 갈등이 유발되었으며, 이러한 B2B 갈등은 기업 간 관계질과 재무성과에 부정적 영향을 끼쳤다. 또한 사회적 조정방식과 법적 조정방식은 갈등의 관계질에 대한 부정적 영향을 매우 유의한 수준에서 완화시키는 조절효과가 검증되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 B2B갈등의 원인과 관리기법에 대하여 실증적으로 확인하였다는 의의가 있으며, 특히 국내 거래관리 연구에서 소홀히 다루어졌던 법적 계약 방식의 긍정적이고 유의한 효과를 확인하였다는 의의가 있다.

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치아우식증의 조기진단을 위한 고감도 우식활성검사 모형개발 (DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH SENSITIVE MODEL OF CARIES ACTIVITY TEST FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF DENTAL CARIES)

  • 이상호;이창섭
    • 대한소아치과학회지
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.169-179
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    • 2000
  • 초기 우식병소와 건전한 치질은 광학적 특성 이 다르다는 사실에 근거하여 치과 치료용으로 개발된 가시광선 영역의 아르곤 레이저의 형광현상, 즉 물체에 조사되어 반사된 및은 물체의 광학적 특성에 따라 파장이 달라지는 특성을 이용하여, 우식 치질과 건전한 치질간의 광학적 특성의 차이를 아르곤 레이저 빛을 통한 색조의 차이로 유도 전환하는 시스템을 개발하고 이를 이용하여 초기 치아우식 병소를 조기에 시각적으로 탐지하여 data화 하는 새로운 우식활성검사법을 개발하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 연구는 3단계로 나누어 1단계는 아르곤 레이저 형광법의 초기 우식병소 탐지능력을 평가하였으며 2단계는 임상에서 아동들을 대상으로 아르곤 레이저 형광법을 이용하여 초기 우식병소가 있는 치아의 갯수를 집계하고 이 수치에 대한 우식활성검사법인 $Cariescreen^{(R)}$ test, 그리고 일종의 구강환경검사인 우식경험치아의 수(dDfFtT) 검사와의 상관성을 평가하였다. 3단계는 이와 같은 자료를 기준으로 하여 레이저 형광법을 이용하여 검사할 수 있는 새로운 우식활성검사 모델을 만들고 이와 같은 검사법의 민감도, 타당도, 진단력 등을 분석하여 진단학적 측면에서 활용 가능성을 평가하고자 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 초기 우식병소의 조직학적 깊이가 증가될수록 레이저 형광법을 이용하여 측정한 광밀도가 증가하였으며 이들 사이에는 높은 상관관계 (=0.7015)가 있었다. 또한 통계학적으로 회귀분석을 시행한 결과 병소의 깊이와 광밀도와 사이에는 정비례 관계의 직선방정식 관계를 나타내었다. 레이저 형광법을 이용한 우식활성검사법은 $Cariescreen^{(R)}$ test 그리고 dDfFtT 검사 등과 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 또한 레이저 형광법을 이용한 우식활성 검사법은 dDfFtT검사를 기준으로 48%의 민감도, 52%의 특이도, 45%의 진단력을 보였으며 $Cariescreen^{(R)}$ test를 기준으로 48%의 민감도, 51%의 특이도, 36%의 진단력을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 레이저 형광법을 이용하여 측정한 초기 우식병소의 광밀도는 실제 초기우식병소의 조직학적병소의 깊이를 평가하는데 높은 진단학적 신뢰성을 보여주고 있으며 레이저 형광법을 이용한 우식활성검사는 진단학적 지표를 기준으로 볼 때, 그리고 검사절차와 시간, 비용 등의 면으로 볼 때 향후 임상적으로 활용 가능성이 높은 것으로 사료된다.

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종합병원(綜合病院)의 간호행위양상(看護行爲樣相)에 따른 간호원가(看護原價) 산정(算定)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (A Study on Accounting for Nursing Cost by Korean Diagnosis Related Groups (K - DRGs))

  • 오효숙
    • 한국보건간호학회지
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    • 제3권2호
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    • pp.5-46
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    • 1989
  • The current medical payment Insurance Rates in Korea stipulate charges for medical treatment by the doctor, pharmaceutist, medical technician and maternity nurse. But unfortunately didn't specify those charges for nursing done by the professional nurse. Only basic nursing fee is accounted insufficiently in current medical insurance fee schedule. therefore, Being face with covering entire people by medical insurance by 1991, It seems that the problems pertaining to operating the hospital and medical insurance system would be incessantly expanded in that no mention is made of medical charges rendered by major medical producer service in the current system, For that reason, this study made an attempt to clarify the importance the professional nursing puts of the current medical payment. The purpose of this study was to accounting nursing fee which diveded into the current medical fee schedule. (Method) 1. Data collection; Importance and difficulties in nursing activities was conducted in 'S' National University Hospital. Total nursing activities were selected 72 items which included direct care and indirect care. This study was conducted to evaluating the degree of importance and difficulties according to nursing activities through questionnaire to 204 RN. and so relative difficulties (acuity) were computered because the nursing cost level of each nursing service was differently established by the equivalent coefficient according to degree of relative difficulty and time required. 2. Calculation of cost according to nursing activities; After 47 nursing activities were selected in General surgery nursing units, calculation of nursing cost was as follows Cost of Nursing activity = (relative difficulty X Average hourly wage and benefits of nurse) + material cost of nursing -t- Average nursing administration cost So, Calculated cost by nursing activities was compared to current non-insured and insurance rate. 3. Calculation of nursing cost by K - DRG ; Total of 578 patients who were hospitalized in General Surgery units from January to March 1988 ware classified by K - DRG After estimation of total nursing cost based on the K-DRG, verified the appropriateness of basic nursing fee in medical insurance rate (Results) 1. Analysis of degree of importance and difficulties were 4.16 and 3.67 based on 5 point scale. This score were judged that it is worthy specifying the nursing fee 2. The nursing cost of 47 nursing service items in general surgery patients showed that the average cost of nursing activity was \1374.5 and The lowest cost was \217 of 'oral administration nursing' item, The highest cost was \11,025 of 'saline enematill clear' item 3. The result of comparison between the calculated cost by nursing activities against the current non-insured and insurance rate showed that 13 items(27.7%) involved to payment of insurance rate, 9 items(19.1%) involved to non-insured rate, remainder 25 items (53.2%) were not charged anywhere of total 47 nursing activities 4. When calculated cost by nursing activities was 100. current insurance rate was 62.3, non-insured rate was 176.6. Therefore this showed that most of non-insured rate were higher than calculated nursing cost. The insurance rate, however, were lower than it. Reim-bursement was imputed to non-insured patients. So the current rate system became estrainged from cost system. When Remainder 25 items of nursing activities compared' to \1390 of daily basic nursing fee per patient belonged to payment as a insurance fee schedule, basic nursing fee schedule was 1-2% of calculated cost of nursing activities. Therefore it showed that nursing fee was not counted adequately in it. 5. Nursing cost by K-DRG estimated in chart review based on counting number of nursing activities and length of stay The result showed that average amount of total nursing cost was \183828.1 Comparison of nursing cost calculated by K- DRG and basic nursing fee schedule showed that only 12.3% of nursing cost was charged (Conclusion) From the above research result, It is fact that nursing prime cost should be estimated more accurately and included adequately in current medical payment system. The payment system of nursing activities should be introduced not only nursing activities of drug administration and injection fee belonged to insurance fee schedule but also most nursing activities belonged not to mekical fee schedule. Even if introducing payment system of nursing activities, It should be estimated scientific method of Accounting nursing cost So nurses could offer nursing care of good quality, thereby they could make a great contribution not merely to the convalescence of the patient but to the promotion of the people's health.

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조직의 정보 니즈와 ERP 기능과의 불일치 및 그 대응책에 대한 이해: 조직 메모리 이론을 바탕으로 (Understanding the Mismatch between ERP and Organizational Information Needs and Its Responses: A Study based on Organizational Memory Theory)

  • 정승렬;배억호
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제22권2호
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    • pp.21-38
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    • 2012
  • Until recently, successful implementation of ERP systems has been a popular topic among ERP researchers, who have attempted to identify its various contributing factors. None of these efforts, however, explicitly recognize the need to identify disparities that can exist between organizational information requirements and ERP systems. Since ERP systems are in fact "packages" -that is, software programs developed by independent software vendors for sale to organizations that use them-they are designed to meet the general needs of numerous organizations, rather than the unique needs of a particular organization, as is the case with custom-developed software. By adopting standard packages, organizations can substantially reduce many of the potential implementation risks commonly associated with custom-developed software. However, it is also true that the nature of the package itself could be a risk factor as the features and functions of the ERP systems may not completely comply with a particular organization's informational requirements. In this study, based on the organizational memory mismatch perspective that was derived from organizational memory theory and cognitive dissonance theory, we define the nature of disparities, which we call "mismatches," and propose that the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems is one of the primary determinants in the successful implementation of ERP systems. Furthermore, we suggest that customization efforts as a coping strategy for mismatches can play a significant role in increasing the possibilities of success. In order to examine the contention we propose in this study, we employed a survey-based field study of ERP project team members, resulting in a total of 77 responses. The results of this study show that, as anticipated from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems makes a significantly negative impact on the implementation success of ERP systems. This finding confirms our hypothesis that the more mismatch there is, the more difficult successful ERP implementation is, and thus requires more attention to be drawn to mismatch as a major failure source in ERP implementation. This study also found that as a coping strategy on mismatch, the effects of customization are significant. In other words, utilizing the appropriate customization method could lead to the implementation success of ERP systems. This is somewhat interesting because it runs counter to the argument of some literature and ERP vendors that minimized customization (or even the lack thereof) is required for successful ERP implementation. In many ERP projects, there is a tendency among ERP developers to adopt default ERP functions without any customization, adhering to the slogan of "the introduction of best practices." However, this study asserts that we cannot expect successful implementation if we don't attempt to customize ERP systems when mismatches exist. For a more detailed analysis, we identified three types of mismatches-Non-ERP, Non-Procedure, and Hybrid. Among these, only Non-ERP mismatches (a situation in which ERP systems cannot support the existing information needs that are currently fulfilled) were found to have a direct influence on the implementation of ERP systems. Neither Non-Procedure nor Hybrid mismatches were found to have significant impact in the ERP context. These findings provide meaningful insights since they could serve as the basis for discussing how the ERP implementation process should be defined and what activities should be included in the implementation process. They show that ERP developers may not want to include organizational (or business processes) changes in the implementation process, suggesting that doing so could lead to failed implementation. And in fact, this suggestion eventually turned out to be true when we found that the application of process customization led to higher possibilities of failure. From these discussions, we are convinced that Non-ERP is the only type of mismatch we need to focus on during the implementation process, implying that organizational changes must be made before, rather than during, the implementation process. Finally, this study found that among the various customization approaches, bolt-on development methods in particular seemed to have significantly positive effects. Interestingly again, this finding is not in the same line of thought as that of the vendors in the ERP industry. The vendors' recommendations are to apply as many best practices as possible, thereby resulting in the minimization of customization and utilization of bolt-on development methods. They particularly advise against changing the source code and rather recommend employing, when necessary, the method of programming additional software code using the computer language of the vendor. As previously stated, however, our study found active customization, especially bolt-on development methods, to have positive effects on ERP, and found source code changes in particular to have the most significant effects. Moreover, our study found programming additional software to be ineffective, suggesting there is much difference between ERP developers and vendors in viewpoints and strategies toward ERP customization. In summary, mismatches are inherent in the ERP implementation context and play an important role in determining its success. Considering the significance of mismatches, this study proposes a new model for successful ERP implementation, developed from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, and provides many insights by empirically confirming the model's usefulness.

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백혈병의 면역학적 표지자검사의 결과분석 (Surface Marker Analysis in Acute Leukemias)

  • 문진영;이채훈;김경동;김정숙
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • 제14권2호
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    • pp.359-369
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    • 1997
  • 저자들은 1993년 3월에서 1997년 9월까지 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 임상병리과에 면역학적 표지자 검사가 의뢰된 153명의 백혈병 환자의 결과를 분석하였다. 여기에는 AML 61례, ALL 46례, FAB 아형이 확정되지 않았던 12례 등이 포함되어 있었다. EDTA 항응고처리한 골수나 말초혈액에서 단핵세포층을 분리한후 일련의 단클론항체와 FITC 표지 이차항체를 이용하여 면역형광염색법을 실시한 후 형광현미경으로 관찰하였다. AML 61례에서의 비전형적인 표지자 표현 양상을 보면 CD7 32.8%, CD10 14.8%, CD5 13.1%, CD2 6.6%, CD4 4.9%, CD19 1.6%의 양성률을 보였고, TdT 양성은 3.9%였다. 혼성 백혈병으로 최종 진단을 내린 경우는 13.1%로 그 중 단구성 계열이 대부분(6/8)이었다. ALL 46례에서의 면역학적 검사에 따른 분류에 따르면 CALLA(+) B precursor형이 65.2%를 차지하였고, CALLA(-) B precursor형이 10.9%, T 세포형 8.7%, B 세포형 2.2%, 혼성림프구형(B&T) 4.3%, 미분화성 백혈병 2.2%였고, 혼성 백혈병으로 진단된 경우는 6.5%였다. 골수성 표지자 양성인 ALL은 CD13이나 CD33 양성인 례가 각각 2.2%였다. 급성 백혈병에서 골수형태와 세포화학검사로 FAB 아형을 확정하지 못한 12례에서 혼성 백혈병이 5례(41.7%)였고, 림프구 계열이 7례(58.3%)였으며 그 중 B 세포계열이 3례, T 세포계열이 3례, 혼성 림프구형(B&T)이 1례로 나타났다. 결론적으로는, 면역학적 표지지 검사로 더 정확하게 AML과 ALL을 감별할 수 있었으며, M0, M7 아형진단에도 도움이 되며, 형태학적, 세포화학적검사로 정확히 진단할 수 없었던 급성 백혈병의 분류에 도움이 되었다. 따라서 급성 백혈병의 진단을 위하여 FAB 분류 뿐 만 아니라 면역학적 표지자 검사를 함께 시행한다면 보다 정확한 진단에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

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