• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1980

Berberine, when administered into a ear-vein of the rabbit anesthetized with urethane, produced a long-lasting, dose related fall in blood pressure, but intraventricular berberline did not elicit the hypotensive response. This hypotensive activity of berberine was not influenced by pretreatment of vagotomization and atropine. Depressor responses induced by berberine were not impaired by diphenhydramine, chlorisondamine, guanethidine and propranolol, but reduced significantly by phentolamine pretreatment. Berberine attenuated markedly prossor responses of norepinephrine and epinephrine. These results suggest that berberine causes the hypotensive activity that is attributable to alpha adrenoceptor blockade, but not to a direct relaxant effect upon vascular smooth muscle.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.322-329
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• 1987

A rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for quantitation of some phenothiazine derivatives (PTZDS). The method depends on the formation of insoluble yellow complexes between PTZDS and picric acid (PCA) in aqueous layer. These complexes are quantitatively extracted from aqueous phase into chloroform. The binding ratio of PTZDS-PCA complexes were presumed as PTZDS-1 to PCA-1 by means of mole ratio and continuous variation methods. The complexes are stable for more than 24hours in chloroform layer at room temperature. Most of compounds associated with pharmaceutical preparation of PTZDS do not interfere with this method. However, chlorpheniramine and diphenhydramine interfere with the riaethod. The binding state of PTZDS-PCA complexes were presumed by IR and $^1$H-NMR spectra as intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.932-939
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• 2002

The aim of the present study was to determine the characteristics of cytisine on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) in isolated perfused rat adrenal glands, and to clarify its mechanism of action. The release of CA evoked by the continuous infusion of cytisine ($1.5{\times}10^{-5} M$) was time-dependently reduced from 15 min following the initiation of cytisine infusion. Furthermore, upon the repeated injection of cytisine ($5{\times}10^{-5}$), at 30 min intervals into an adrenal vein, the secretion of CA was rapidly decreased following the second injection. Tachyphylaxis to the release of CA was observed by the repeated administration of cytisine. The cytisine-induced secretion of CA was markedly inhibited by pretreatment with chlorisondamine, nicardipine, TMB-8, and the perfusion of $Ca^{2+}$-free Krebs solution, while it was not affected by pirenzepine or diphenhydramine. Moreover, the secretion of CA evoked by ACh was time-dependently inhibited by the prior perfusion of cytisine ($5{\times}10^{-6} M$). Taken together, these experimental data suggest that cytisine causes secretion of catecholamines from the perfused rat adrenal glands in a calcium-dependent fashion through the activation of neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors located in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. It also seems that the cytisine-evoked release of catecholamine is not relevant to the activation of cholinergic M$_1$-muscarinic or histaminergic receptors.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 2006

Vascular thrombosis and ischemic necrosis still remain the most significant threats to the survival of free flaps. To date, neutrophils have been implicated in the pathogenesis of postischemic injury. Several studies have demonstrated that modulating the neutrophil response to ischemia-reperfusion injury can decrease the extent of the injury. In addition, some authors noticed that mast cell counts were also increased in flaps exposed to state of ischemia/reperfusion. So, we designed to evaluate the role of mast cells in ischemia/reperfusion by blocking histamine and to compare the effect of L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor which is known to prevent neutrophil-mediated tissue injury. Epigastric island skin flaps were elevated in 30 rats and rendered ischemic. Thirty minutes prior to reperfusion, the rats were treated with intraperitoneal saline, diphenhydramine, cimetidine, and L-arginine. The necrosis rate of flap at 7 days, the number of neutrophils and mast cells at 20 hours were evaluated. In conclusion, histamine receptor blockers as well as L-arginine significantly decreased flap necrosis in a rat skin island ischemia-reperfusion flap model, but the protective effect was not significantly different in both agent groups.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.27-38
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• 1979

This study was attempted to investigate the pharmacological action, especially depressor action of Phellodendri cortex and to elucidate the mechanism of its action, making use of Phellodendri cortex methanol extract (PCME) because its hypotensive action is not clear. Influence of PCME on the blood pressure of the rabbits and cats were observed in this study. PCME, when given intravenously in the rabbits and cats, elicited the hypotensive action, but intraventricular PCME in the rabbits did not show depressor action. Accumulation and tachyphylaxis by PCME administered into the ear-vein of the rabbits were not shown. Depressor effect of PCME in the rabbits was attenuated significantly by pretreatment with phentolamine, guanethidine, chorisondamine and atropine, but not by propranolol, diphenhydramine, cyproheptadine and vagotomization. The pressor activity of angiotensin was unimpaired after injection of maximal hypotensive doses (100mg/kg) of PCME, but the pressor activity of norepinephrine and carotid occlusion was abolished markedly. In addition, PCME given into jugular vein of the cats weakened norepinephrine pressor responses and caused the reversal of epinephrine pressor responses. These results suggest that the hypotensive action of PCME may be due to dual mechanisms by interference with peripheral sympathetic function, alpha adrenoceptor blocking action, and peripheral parasympathomimetics action, muscarinic action.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 1988

Herein is a review of eigthy six surgical cases from March to August, 1986 which recieved tetracaine hydrochloride spinal anesthesia. In an attempt to relieve postoperative pain, 0.5 mg morphine sulfate was administrated into the lumbar subarachnoid space. Pruritus, a side effect of intraspinal morphine, was explored in detail. The results were as follows : 1) The incidence of pruritus was 67.4%, 65.5% in man and 71.0% in woman. 2) The time of onset of pruritus was between 30 and 120 minutes with an average of 79.1 minutes. 3) Pruritus primary occurred on the face(87.9%), especially on the nasal, perinasal and periocular areas. Other sites included the scalp, neck, chest, abdomen, shoulder, hip, thigh, flank, and whole body. 4) The severity of pruritus was classified as mild and moderate, but 4 cases(6.9%) were regarded as severe and were treated with naloxone. 5) The duration of pruritus was from 15 minutes to 19 hours with an average of 4.7 hours. 6) There was no significant difference in the prevention of pruritus between the group recieving diphenhydramine and the one which received normal saline.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-49
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• 2002

This Experimental study was done to research effects of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench(Me-mil) Extract on the anti-allergic effects. The results were obtained as follows : 1. All concentrations of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Extract(Flours and seeds) inhibit histamine release under the vascular permeability response to intracutanenous injection. The result is proportion to concentration. But, rutin can't get considerable result. 2. All concentrations of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Extract inhibit histamine release under the vascular permeability response to intraperitoneal injection of SD Rat in comparison with Diphenhydramine which is typical anti-histamine drug. 3. All concentrations of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Extract inhibit histamine release under the vascular permeability response to per-oral during the three or five days. 4. In the result of quantification of histamine induced Compound $\frac{48}{80}$, Flours and seeds of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Extract inhibit histamine release. 5. Among the fracination of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Extract, $CHCl_3$ fraction inhibit histamine release effectively. 6. In the result of genetic manifestative inhibition about the Human mast cell treated PMA and A23187, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Extract effect in the IL-4 and TNF-${\alpha}$ except IL-5. According to the above results, it is suggested that Fagopyrum esculentum Moench(Me-mil) Extract has anti-allergic effect.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 1980

To investigate the effects of Siegesbeckiae Herba on the blood pressure, this study was carried out in the whole and the spinal rabbits, using its water and ethanol extracts. When Sigesbeckiae Herba water extract (SGWE) and ethanol extract (SGEE) were administered into the whole rabbits by route of e ear vein, both of them produced fall of blood pressure. The difference between these two extracts was that SGEE is more potent than SGWE. The depressor effects of SGWE and SGEE were not affected by vagoto minization but inhibited by pretreatment of atropine. The depressor responses of the whole rabbits to intravenous SGWE and SGEE were weakened by treatment of animals with bethanidine or phentolamine but not by propranolol. Pretreatment of the whole rabbits with diphenhydramine significantly weakened the d depressor effects of SGEE. Infusion of SGWE and SGEE in the whole rabbits did not influence the pressor effects caused by angiotensin, norepinephrine or carotid artery occlusion. SGEE, when given into the lateral ventricle of the whole rabbits or into the vein of the spinal rabbits, elicited fall of blood pressure, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.145-148
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• 2020

A 9-years old spayed female Maltese was referred for the treatment of mass on the right 1^st mammary gland and acute weight bearing lameness of right hindlimb. It was diagnosed as malignant mammary tumor and cranial cruciate ligament rupture of right stifle joint. Right upper regional mastectomy followed by cranial closing wedge osteotomy (CCWO) of the right tibia were planned for the present problems. Preanesthetic work-up did not show any remarkable abnormalities. Forty-five minutes after induction of anesthesia dobutamine was administered at a rate of 5 ㎍/kg/min by constant rate infusion due to gradual decrease of blood pressure below MAP 60 mmHg during surgical procedure. Despite of the increase of dobutamine infusion rate up to 20 ㎍/kg/min, blood pressure didn't recover. At the end of regional mastectomy generalized skin redness and eyelid edema were identified. Anesthesia was stopped and CCWO procedure was cancelled. To recover from the anaphylactic reactions dexamethasone and diphenhydramine were administered. After about one hour, the patient completely recovered from hypotension and anaphylactic reactions. After 4 weeks, intradermal skin test (IDST) was performed for all the drugs used during anesthesia. Only dobutamine showed positive reaction in IDST. Therefore, dobutamine was considered as the causative agent of anaphylaxis in this patient during the anesthesia. In case of perioperative anaphylactic reaction, postoperative investigation should be performed to identify causative agent and to provide safe recommendations for future anesthetic procedure.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1998

$Mg^{2+}$ is an important regulator of many cardiac functions. However, regulation of intracellular $Mg^{2+}$ activity in the heart is not well characterized. To assess the effect of histamine $H_2$-receptor stimulation on intracellular $Mg^{2+}$ regulation, changes in extracellular $Mg^{2+}$ concentration were examined under a variety of conditions in perfused guinea pig hearts. $Mg^{2+}$ in the cardiac perfusate was measured by atomic absorbance spectrophotometry. The histamine ($10^{-6}$ M) inuced a marked $Mg^{2+}$ efflux from the heart. The $H_2$-receptor antagonists, cimetidine ($10^{-6}$ M), ranitidined ($10^{-5}$ M), but not a H1-receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine ($3{\times}10^{-6}$ M), completely blocked the histamine-induced $Mg^{2+}$ efflux. The $Mg^{2+}$ efflux could also be induced by forskolin ($3{\times}10^{-6}$ M), 8-Cl-cAMP ($2{\times}10^{-4}$ M), permeable cAMP analogue, or dimaprit, ($10^{-5}$ M). However, the carbachol ($10^{-5}$ M) considerably decreased the efflux of $Mg^{2+}$. In the presence of papaverine ($10^{-5}$ M), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, dimaprit-induced $Mg^{2+}$ efflux was potentiated. These results suggest that a significant $Mg^{2+}$ efflux from perfused guinea pig heart by histamine can be induced by the histamine $H_2$-receptor stimulation and it is suggested that cytosolic cAMP may be linked.