• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.69-72
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• 2003

The paper considers partial least squares (PLS) as a new dimension reduction technique for the feature vector to overcome the small sample size problem in face recognition. Principal component analysis (PCA), a conventional dimension reduction method, selects the components with maximum variability, irrespective of the class information. So PCA does not necessarily extract features that are important for the discrimination of classes. PLS, on the other hand, constructs the components so that the correlation between the class variable and themselves is maximized. Therefore PLS components are more predictive than PCA components in classification. The experimental results on Manchester and ORL databases show that PLS is to be preferred over PCA when classification is the goal and dimension reduction is needed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.1 s.73
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• pp.113-123
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the role performance and self-confidence of the fathers with children in grade school. Further, this study explored the variables that affect positively the self-confidence of the fathers. A survey questionnaire was used for this study. The participants of this study were 340 fathers with children aged between seven and nine residing in Gyeongsangnam-do. As for the performance of father's roles, the average score was higher in 'conversation with children' and 'expressing affection to children', whereas it was lower in 'raising children' and 'educating children'. As for the self-confidence regarding their father's roles, the score was higher in the cognitive dimension than in the emotional dimension. In general, the fathers tended to evaluate their role performance as fathers positively. The variables that affected the cognitive dimension of self-confidence as a father were conversation with children, supporter role, under-standing children, and educating children. The variables that influenced the emotional dimension, on the other hand, were child-rearing role, husband's role, supporter role, and expressing love to children.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.101-118
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• 1999

The pumping test analysis on 28 pumping test data in Duksan hot-spring area was performed using the fractal model, the leaky fractal model, and the steady-state dual-porosity fractal model. The fractional flow dimension 1.9 or 2.0 was determined in the central put of the hot spring and the fractional flow dimension 1.5-1.7 in the marginal area. For the flow dimension 2.0, the correlation between the transmissivity and the productivity index by the aquifer loss was much better than that between the transmissivity and the specific yield by the total drawdown. On the other hand, for the flow dimension 1.9, the correlation between the generalized transmissivity and the productivity index was very similar to that between the generalized transmissivity and the specific yield.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.44
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• pp.7-35
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• 2001

Little empirical study has been conducted concerning board function effectiveness and organizational performance in nonprofit nongovernmental human service organizations in Korea. Using the evaluations of 107 board members and 17 executive directors in Korean Community Chest and 16 regional community chests, this study attempted to examine the level of board function effectiveness and its relationship with organizational performance in these community chests. This study used board function scale developed by Holland and Jackson (1998) to measure board function effectiveness in the following 6 dimensions: contextual dimension: educational dimension: interpersonal dimension: analytical dimension: political dimension: and strategic dimension. This study showed that using 4 points scale, mean of overall board function effectiveness evaluated by board members is 2.62 and mean of overall board function effectiveness evaluated by executive directors is 2.73. That is, it showed that means of overall board function effectiveness are located in the middle point between negative evaluation and positive evaluation. On the other hand, using parametric correlation analysis method, it was found that in these community chests the association between board function effectiveness and organizational performance measured by fund-raising growth rate in $1999{\sim}2000\;and\;1998{\sim}2000$ is very weak and statistically nonsignificant. This study also revealed that using nonparametric correlation analysis method, the association between consensus level in evaluation by board members and executive directors about board function effectiveness, and organizational performance is still very weak and statistically nonsignificant. Finally, this study discussed the direction of future research in board function effectiveness and its relationship with organizational performance and the areas of board management that requires substantial efforts for promoting effectiveness of nonprofit human service organizations in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics C
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• v.34C no.9
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• pp.68-76
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• 1997

This paper presents a system which recognizes dynamic hand gestures for virtual reality(VR). A dynamic hand gesture is a method of communication for a computer and human who uses gestures, especially both hands and fingers. Since the human hands and fingers are not the same in physical dimension, the same form of a gestrue produced by two persons with their hands may not have the same numerical values which are obtained through electronic sensors. In this paper, we apply a fuzzy min-max neural network and feature analysis method using fuzzy logic for on-line pattern recognition.

• IE interfaces
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2003

This study was performed to measure the various dimensions of the hand for Korean adults. Three hundred and eighteen males and two hundred and sixty females, age ranged 18 to 60, participated in this study. Thirty-five dimensions were selected to measure. Subjects were divided into three age groups, 18 to 29, 30 to 39, and 40 to 60, for each sex. The data were analyzed to see the differences between the age groups and sex by using SAS program. The results showed that the measurements related to breadth and thickness tended to increase as the age increased. Wrist breadth, index finger breadth(distal), index finger breadth(proximal), thumb breadth, and index finger thickness(proximal) increased as the age increased for both males and females (p<0.05). However, the measurements related to length tended to increase as the age decreased. The relationship between the parts that are length related showed high correlation. Hand length showed high correlation with palm length, middle finger length and index finger length. Males' were significantly greater than females' in every dimension (p<0.05). Also, the results of this study were compared with the data of Japanese and U.S. army. The results of this study can be used to design the hand related products.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.81-98
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• 2007

This study aims to investigate whether shortened vowel duration conditioned by a following voiceless stop induces phonetic reduction of vowel space in English, and whether the reduction appears more in the height dimension than in the backness dimension (Lindblom, 1963; Flemming, 2005). Fifteen native speakers of American English read minimal pairs containing ten American English vowels in [bVd] and [bVt] syllables in a carrier phrase. All the subjects produced shorter vowels in the voiceless than in the voiced context. However, a reduction in vowel space and a raising of low vowels due to the shortened vowel duration were generally not found. To the contrary, the speakers tended to exhibit even more lowering of low vowels in the voiceless context, and vowel space was more commonly compressed in the backness dimension than in the height dimension. Many speakers, in particular, demonstrated fronting of the high back vowel [u] in the voiceless context. It was interpreted that due to a relatively large number of English vowels in the narrower low vowel space, the raising of low vowels may give rise to confusion in vowel contrasts, and therefore the degree of phonetic vowel reduction is restricted in that region. On the other hand, the high vowel region, being relatively spacious in English, allows a certain degree of phonetic vowel reduction in the F2 dimension. It is possible that heavy requirements for maintaining vowel contrasts may cause speakers to overachieve vowel target values, especially when faced with vowels which are difficult to distinguish due to shortened vowel duration, leading to an over-lowering of the low vowels.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.35-46
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• 2008

This research developed a strategy for mobile banking services based on the important factors deduced from quality assessment of mobile banking service that is experiencing rapid growth of user. SERVQUAL model and importance-performance tool were used. First, SERVQUAL model uses the important factors of mobile banking service selected from literature reviews. As a result, four dimensions that affect user satisfaction are found; assurance, customer orientation, tangibility, and reliability. Second, importance-performance analysis is to develop the strategy using the four factors. The final results revealed that assurance dimension had the strongest influence on user satisfaction. Assurance dimension of high expectation and yet low real performance needs immediate improvement. Customer orientation dimension of low expectation and performance should be reconsidered definition of satisfaction. On the other hand, tangibility dimension of higher performance than expectation is simply to maintain current level. Reliability dimension of high expectation and performance is recommended consistent management.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.53-65
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• 2014

The current research examines whether pitch contour shapes in North Kyungsang pitch accent contrasts provide a phonetic dimension for phonological discreteness in a mimicry task. Two pitch accent continua resynthesized were created for HH vs. HL and HH vs. LH. To confirm a phonetic dimension for accounting for pitch accent categories in North Kyungsang Korean, the mimicries of speakers of two dialects (i.e., North Kyungsang & South Cholla) were compared. One of the findings showed that, for North Kyungsang speakers, the range of mean f0 peak times was a phonetic dimension undergoing a continuous shift within a stimulus continuum for both HH vs. HL and HH vs. LH. On the other hand, for South Cholla speakers, there were no apparent shifts around categorical boundaries for either HH vs. HL or HH vs. LH. Regarding individual mimicries on f0 peak timing, there are many variations. For HH vs. LH, three North Kyungsang speakers showed a discrete pattern reflecting a shift in phonological categories, but for HH vs. HL, there was no such distinction showing a categorical shift, though there were statistically significant differences for two speakers. Interestingly, one of the North Kyungsang speakers showed a continuous phonetic dimension for both HH vs. HL and HH vs. LH. Lastly, the f0 valley timing did not exhibit a discrete or gradient phonetic dimension for speakers of either dialect. On the basis of these results, what is interesting is that the tonal target such as high tone in North Kyungsang pitch accent categories within the autosegmental-metrical (AM) theory may be realized within individual cognitive systems for representing the interaction of perception and production.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.15B no.5
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• pp.435-448
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• 2008

3D posture recognition is a solution to overcome the limitation of 2D posture recognition. There are many researches carried out for 3D posture recognition using 3D data. The 3D data consist of massive surface points which are rich of information. However, it is difficult to extract the important features for posture recognition purpose. Meanwhile, it also consumes lots of processing time. In this paper, we introduced a dimension reduction method that transform 3D surface points of an object to 2D data representation in order to overcome the issues of feature extraction and time complexity of 3D posture recognition. For a better feature extraction and matching process, a cylindrical boundary is introduced in meshless parameterization, its offer a fast processing speed of dimension reduction process and the output result is applicable for recognition purpose. The proposed approach is applied to hand and human posture recognition in order to verify the efficiency of the feature extraction.