• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.118-128
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determination of the endocrine distruptor function of 'Parabens' by dosing ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, butyl paraben and isobutyl paraben to the immature SD rats. 18 groups were given vehicle control group, negative control group (Dibutyl phthalate), postive control group ($1'7-{\alpha}$ Ethynylestrdiol) and each paraben groups involved 3 dose level. Rats were injected with 62.5, 250 and 1,000mg/kg from postnatal day 19 till 21 once a day in subcutaneous and a total 3, times. There was no treatment related death. but, subcutaneous nodule, edema, alopecia and scrub formation on injection site was observed. These signs was become worse in high dose level. these signs was cause from physical stimulation by test substance which parabens were mix with com oil as vehicle. In the analysis of organ weights, absolute and relative weights of brain, spleen, liver, thymus, heart, kidneys, adrenals, ovaries and vagina were no difference with control group. but, wet and blotted weight of uterus was increased in every high dose parabens treat group. Especially, all dose level of isobutyl paraben was showed increment of uterus weight. uterus dilatation of parabens treated group was observed in gross anatomic pathology and these result was agree with wet and blotted weight of uterus. In the result of this study, estrogenic effect as endocrine distruptor was observed in ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, butyl paraben and isobutyl paraben. and it was considered isobutyl paraben has highest estrogrnic effect under the condition of this study.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.62-73
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• 2000

Purpose: Esophageal cancer patients have a difficulty in the intake of meals through the blocked esophageal lumen, which is caused by an ingrowth of cancer cells and largely influences on the prognosis. It is reported that esophageal cancer has a very low survival rate due to the lack of nourishment and immunity as the result of this. In this study a new radioactive stent, which prevents tumor ingrowth and restenosis by additional radiation treatment, has been developed. Materials and Methods: Using ${\ulcorner}HANARO{\lrcorner}$ research reactor, the radioactive stent assembly ($^{166}Ho$-SA) was prepared by covering the metallic stent with a radioactive sleeve by means of a post-irradiation and pre-irradiation methods. Results: Scanning electron microscopy and autoradiography exhibited that the distribution of $^{165/166}Ho\;(NO_3)$ compounds in polyurethane matrix was homogeneous. A geometrical model of the esophagus considering its structural properties, was developed for the computer simulation of energy deposition to the esophageal wall. The dose distributions of $^{166}Ho$-stent were calculated by means of the EGS4 code system. The sources are considered to be distributed uniformly on the surface in the form of a cylinder with a diameter of 20 mm and length of 40 mm. As an animal experiment, when radioactive stent developed in this study was inserted into the esophagus of a Mongrel dog, tissue destruction and widening of the esophageal lumen were observed. Conclusion: We have developed a new radioactive stent comprising of a radioactive tubular sleeve covering the metallic stent, which emits homogeneous radiation. If it is inserted into the blocked or narrowed lumen, it can lead to local destruction of the tumor due to irradiation effect with dilatation resulting from self-expansion of the metallic property. Accordingly, it is expected that restenosis esophageal lumen by the continuous ingrowth and infiltration of cancer after insertion of our radioactive stent will be decreased remarkably.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2009

Clonorchis sinensis is the most important widely distributed parasite of the human bile duct in East Asia and the most prevalent parasitic helminth in Korea. The prevalence rate of human clonorchiasis has remained at about 2.9% in Korea. C. sinensis induces dilatation of the duct, hyperplasia of the mucosa, metaplasia or neoplasia of the mucosal epithelium, periductal inflammation and fibrosis, and thickening of the ductal wall. Fibroblast are the most common cells in connective tissue and are responsible for the synthesis of extracellular matrix components. The fibrosis associated with chronic inflammation and injury may also contribute to cholangiocarcinoma pathogenesis, particularly through an increase in extracellular matrix components, which participate in the regulation of bile duct differentiation during development. In this study, ultrastructural changes, the distribution of lectin receptors and actin protein in cultured SD rat bile duct fibroblast after infection of C. sinensis were observed. Experimental group had been divided into four groups: normal bile duct fibroblast cultured in basal media (G1); C. sinensis infected bile duct fibroblast cultured in basal media (G2); normal bile duct fibroblast cultured in basal media containing excretory-secretory product (ESP) (G1-1); C. sinensis infected bile duct fibroblast cultured in basal media containing ESP (G2-1). Overall, once a host is infected by C. sinensis, it affects the host to the extent that sialic acid of ductal fibroblast is increased. Number of cytoplasmic process of SD rat bile duct fibroblast was increased. Actin protein and sialic acid were located in cell surface. Fibroblast induced by C. sinensis was not recovered to normal fibroblast. The cytoplasm bulk and cytoplasmic process were increased whereas the growth rate of the fibroblast of infected SD rat was reduced rather than that of normal fibroblast. In result, it inhibits fibroblast proliferation and increases actin protein on fibroblast cytoplasm, and so causes fibroblast metamorphosis and cellular mutation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.422-427
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• 1999

Background: Tachycardia induced heart failure model would be the model of choice for the dilated cardiomyopathy. This more closely resembles the clinical syndrome and does not require major surgical trauma, myocardial ischemia and pharmacological or toxic depression of cardiac function. When heart failure is progressive, application of new surgical procedures to the faling heart is highly risky. It has been shown that recovery trajectory from heart failure is a new method in decreasing animal mortality. The purpose is to establish the control datas for recovery trajectory in the canine heart failure model. Material and Method: 21 mongrel dogs were studied at 4 stages(baseline, at the heart failure, 4 and 8 weeks after recovery). Heart failure was induced during 4 weeks of continuous rapid pacing using a pacemaker. Eight weeks of trajectory of recovery period was allowed. Indices of left ventricular function and dimension were measured every 2 weeks and the hemodynamics were measured by use of Swan-Ganz catheterization and thermodilution method every 4 weeks. Values were expressed as mean${\pm}$standard deviation. Result: 4(20%) dogs died due to heart failure. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume at the 4 stages were 40.8${\pm}$7.4, 82.1${\pm}$21.1, 59.9${\pm}$7.7 and 46.5${\pm}$6.5ml. Left ventricular end-systolic volume showed the same trend. Ejection fractions were 50.6${\pm}$4.1, 17.5${\pm}$5.8, 36.3${\pm}$7.3, and 41.5${\pm}$2.4%. Blood pressure and heart rate showed no significant changes. Pressures of central vein, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillary wedge showed significant increase during the heart failure period, normalizing at the end of recovery period. Stroke volumes were 21.5${\pm}$8.2, 12.3${\pm}$3.5, 17.9${\pm}$4.6, and 15.5${\pm}$3.4ml. Blood norepinephrine level was 133.3${\pm}$60.0pg/dL at the baseline and 479.4${\pm}$327.3pg/dL at the heart failure stage(p=0.008). Conclusion: Development of tachycardia induced heart failure model is of high priority due to ready availability and reasonable amenability to measurements. Recovery trajectory after cessation of tachycardia showed reduction of cardiac dilatation and heart function. Application of new surgical procedures during the recovery period could decrease animal mortality.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2005

Purpose : Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ purpura(HSP) is a systemic vasculitis, characterized by cutaneous palpable purpura, gastrointestinal(GI) symptoms, arthritis and renal involvement. In general, the prognosis is determined by GI complication as well as the severity of nephritis. In this study, we analyzed the statistical relationship between the GI symptom and other clinical findings for assessing the prognosis, and evaluated abdominal ultrasonographic findings for early diagnosis of this disease with atypical clinical presentation and early detection of serious GI complications. Methods : One hundred seventy seven patients with HSP in the Department of Pediatrics, Wonkwang University Hospital from January 1994 to June 2004, were enrolled. We retrospectively analyzed charts about clinical and abdominal ultrasonographic findings, and classified our patients into two groups(GI-Sx(-), GI-Sx(+)) for statistical analysis. Results : The ratio of female to male is 1.5 : 1. The peak age incidence was five to eight years in 95 cases(53%). The GI symptoms appeared in 117 cases(66%), which include abdominal pain 115 (98 %), tenderness 45(38%), nausea and vomiting 35(30%), bloody stool 10(8.5%), diarrhea four(3.4%), rebound tenderness four(3.4%), and also intussusception and appendicitis were complicated in five and two cases respectively. GI-Sx(+) group had an increased risk of renal involvement and relapse than the GI-Sx(-) group. But there were no relationships about sex and age incidence, or other clinical and laboratory findings between two groups. Ultrasonographic findings in 98 patients with GI symptoms included small bowel thickening in 70 cases(71%) in which duodenum, jejunum and ileum were involved in 71%, 45.7%, 40% respectively, small bowel dilatation in 41 cases(42%), lymph node swelling in 46 cases(47%), and ascites in 25 cases(25.5%). Conclusion : GI symptoms in patients with HSP suggested increased risk of renal involvement and relapse. Abdominal ultrasonography could be helpful in the early diagnosis on atypical clinical presentation and early detection of serious GI complication in these patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.653-658
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• 2006

Purpose : Because voiding cystourethrography(VCUG) is an invasive method, we studied whether VCUG could be postponed through evaluation of alternative non-invasive tests including renal ultrasonography and $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan. Methods : We reviewed the medical records of 175 patients initially diagnosed with febrile urinary tract infection during the one year period of 1999, and compared 3-tests : renal ultrasongraphy, $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan, and VCUG. Results : Renal ultrasonography didn't contribute to the prognostication of pyelonephritis(photopenic areas) or vesicoureteral reflux(VUR). Presentation of photopenic areas in $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan was related to VUR. If both findings of renal ultrasonography and $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scans were normal, this condition was closely related to normal results in VCUG. And if both examinations were abnormal, the condition was closely related to VUR. But this state could not always guarantee the normal result from VCUG because of low sensitivity in finding VUR. Conclusion : In cases in which acute phyelonephritis is demonstrated by $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan, VCUG is required. In addition to this, if the conditions of hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral dilatation, increases of renal volume, and changes of echogenesity are shown by renal ultrasonography, VCUG should be performed. If a patient has difficulty undergoing VCUG, temporary postponement of VCUG can be taken into consideration, but only in cases where both examinations of renal ultrasonography and $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan are normal. Nevertheless, close observation is be advised even in this case.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.635-642
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to determine whether the new pulmonary valve reconstruction technique prevents short-term postoperative pulmonary regurgitation and improves early and mid-term clinical outcome. Methods : We reviewed postoperative echocardiographic variables and chest X-ray films from 31 patients who had undergone valve reconstruction(pulmonary valve reconstruction group : PVR) for the repair of TOF between April 2000 and August 2004. We compared the clinical data of these patients with those from 47 patients who had right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with a monocusp valve(monocusp ventricular outflow patch group : MVOP) and 22 patients who had a transannular patch repair without a monocusp valve(transannular patch group : TAP). Results : In the PVR group, 25 patients(81 percent) had trivial or mild pulmonary regurgitation in their early post operative echocardiogram. Only 12 patients(26 percent) in the MVOP group had mild pulmonary regurgitation; and no patient in the TAP group had it. Pulmonary valve function was good in 96 percent of the PVR group, 36 percent of the MVOP group, and none in the TAP group in early post-operative echocardiogram. Follow-up echocardiogram(1, 2, 3, 4 years later) of the MVOP and TAP groups showed moderate pulmonary regurgitation and severely decreased valve function in almost all cases. However, in the PVR group 54 percent(16/28), 50 percent(14/28), 37 percent(9/24), and 31 percent(5/16) of the patients had trivial or mild pulmonary regurgitation 1, 2, 3 and 4 years after operation, respectively. The valve function remained good in 80 percent(24/30), 64 percent(18/28), 57 percent(12/21), and 31 percent(5/16) of the patients 1, 2, 3 and 4 years after operation respectively. Conclusion : Pulmonary valve reconstruction is effective in reducing pulmonary regurgitation and right ventricular dilatation in the repair of TOF, even though regurgitation increases with time. Further study is needed to determine long-term results.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.1085-1089
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• 2008

Purpose : This study aims to examine and compare the features of rolandic epilepsy. Methods : Of 158 patients selected retrospectively, 116 had typical (group A) and 42 had atypical (group B) rolandic epilepsy, as defined by Worrall's criteria. Results : The age at onset of the seizures in group A was $8.6{\pm}2.0y$ and $6.2{\pm}1.7y$ in group B (P>0.05). Among the 40 patients who underwent neuroimaging studies (25 patients in group A and 15 patients in group B), abnormal findings in group B included ventricular dilatation, mild cortical atrophy, and partial agenesis of corpus callosum. group A had no abnormal findings. The frequency of seizures was $2.0{\pm}1.0$ and $2.3{\pm}1.2$ per month in groups A and B respectively. Seizure control from the initial anticonvulsant treatment was achieved within 3 months in group A, and 3 to 12 months in group B. A 2-year remission rate was noted in 105 patients in group A and in 38 patients in group B. Of these, the recurrence rate after 2 y was 13 in group A and 12 in group B. Conclusion : Age of onset of seizures, gender, frequency of seizures before therapy, and 2-y remission rate were not significantly different in the 2 groups. However, neuroimaging abnormalities, the time to achieving seizure control from the initial anticonvulsant treatment, and the recurrence rate after being seizure-free for 2 y were significantly different in the 2 groups.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2008

The purposes of this study are to analyze abnormal dilatation of the extrahepatic bile ducts by using transabdominal ultrasound, to confirm the existence of bile ducts diseases and their interrelationship, and for it to give a new theoretical basis for the technical access to extrahepatic bile ducts, upon which to analyze the ripple effects of the scan training. After teaching technical access process based on the new theory about extrahepatic bile duct to the thirty students who are studying ultrasonography, we allocated three hours per one student (30 mins ${\times}$ 6 times) to focus on the training of scanning skill. Training has been performed by one-to-one method. For evaluation, all the students have to perform the scans on (1) confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts (extrahepatic bile ducts and cystic duct), (2) the suprapancreatic bile duct, (3) the intrapancreatic bile duct, (4) intrapapilla Duct, based on the clearly divided concept. The existing training and methods have had low confidency about transabdominal ultrasonography of the extrahepatic bile duct and had limitation with which they could image only the suprapancreatic bile duct. The evaluation after finishing the train based on the new theory, however, all the students (30students) can access to (1) confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts(extrahepatic bile ducts and cystic duct), (2) the suprapancreatic bile duct objectively. 24 students can access to (3) the intrapancreatic bile duct and only one student can even make an image for (4) the intrapapilla Duct Though the evaluation on extrahepatic bile duct has to be performed with multi-sided method considering intrahepatic cause, bile duct cause and pathophysiological cause, only if we can image the extrahepatic bile duct to ampular of Vater objectively and confidently, we can greatly reduce invasive procedure such as ERCP, which is for the purpose of simple differential diagnosis and painful to the patients. Therefore if we concentrate on the scanning train based on the new theory to raise the confidency about ultrasonography, the effect will be doubled.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2009

Background: Mitral valve abnormalities in the pediatric population are rare. Mitral valve replacement or pediatric mitral lesions can cause problems such as a lack of growth potential. There re only limited experiences with mitral valve repair at any institution, so the purpose of his study is to evaluate the outcomes of mitral valve repair n pediatric patients. Material and Method: Sixty-four consecutive children (28 males and 36 females) with a mean age of $5.5{\pm}4.7$ years underwent mitral valve repair for treating their congenital mitral valve disease between January 1996 and December 2005. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (34 patients (53.1%)) had isolated disease (mitral anomaly with or without trial septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus) and group 2 (30 patients (46.9%)) had complex disease (mitral anomaly with concurrent intracardiac disease, except atrioventricular septal defect). Result: The overall in-hospital mortality was 6.3%; group 1 had 5.9% mortality and group 2 had 10.0% mortality. The postoperative morbidity was 18.8%; group 1 and 2 had 14.7% and 23.3% postoperative morbidity, respectively, and there as no significant difference among the groups. The median follow-up was 4.6 years range: $0.5{\sim}12.2$ years). The 10-year survival rate was 95.3%. The 10-year freedom from re-operation rate was 76.1% with 10 re-operations. The majority of the functional classifications were annular dilatation and leaflet prolapse. A mean of $2.1{\pm}1.1$ procedures per patient were performed. The echocardiography that was done at the immediate postoperative period showed a significant improvement in the mitral valve function. The follow-up echocardiographic results were significantly improved. However, mitral stenosis newly developed over time, and there ere significant differences according to the repair strategies. Conclusion: The patients who underwent mitral valve repair for congenital mitral anomalies showed good results. The follow-up echocardiography revealed satisfactory short-term and long-term results. Close follow-up is necessary to detect the development of postoperative mitral stenosis or regurgitation.