• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1989

Changes in lipid components of powdered Katsuobushi during processing such as boiling, smoke-drying were examined. The total lipid (TL) in raw skipkack was $1.8\%$ and it consisted of $79.2\%$ neutral lipid (NL), $7.8\%$ glycolipid (GL) and $12.5\%$ phospholipid (PL), while powdered Katsuobushi product showed $4.5\%$ TL which consisted of $82.5\%$ NL, $9.2\%$ GL and $8.3\%$ PL. The contents of triglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine decreased when free fatty acid, diglyceride and monogalactosyl diglyceride increased during processing. Also formation of Iysophosphatidyl choline was identified in PL of product. Total fatty acid contents of raw fishes, boiled sample, 1st smoked sample and powdered Katsuobushi were 721.8mg, 589.8mg, 549.6mg and 473.1mg expressed in $C_{23:0}$ as the equivalents of fatty acid contents. Most fatty acid contents of TL revealed a tendency to decrease during processing, there were about $43\%$ decrease in polyenes, $36\%$ decrease in monoenes, and $26\%$ decrease in saturates quantitatively. The major fatty acids in TL, NL, GL and PL of samples were generally $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{20:5}$ and $C_{22:6}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1984

Lipids in oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) were extracted by the mixture of chloroform-methanol (2: 1, v/v) and fractionated into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids by silicic acid column chromatography. Components and fatty acid composition of each fraction were deter- mined by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographies. Fresh oyster mushroom contained 0.5% total lipid in which the contents if neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were 33.8%, 19.7% and 45. 6%, respectively, Triglycerides(38.2%), free fatty acids (20%) and free sterol (10%) were the major components among the neutral lipids. Diglycerides, monoglycerides, sterol esters and three unidentified neutral lipids were the minor components. Major components of glycolipids were steryl glycosides(35.9%) and esterified steryl glycosides (23.7%). Digalactosyl diglycerides, mono-galactosyl diglycerides and two unknown components were also present. Of the phospholipids, phosphatidyl cholines and serines (48.2%), and phosphatidyl ethanolamines(44.4%) were the major components. On the other hand, the major fatty acids of neutral lipids we.e linoleic, palmitoleic, oleic and palmitic acid. Linoleic and palmitic acid were the predominant fatty acids of both glycolipids and phospholipids.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.75-84
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• 1987

Lipids in Bush Clover (Lespedza bicolor) seed were extracted with the mix ture of chloro-form-methanol (2 : 1, v/v) and then fractionated into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids by silicic acid column chromatography. Components and fatty acid composition of each fraction were determined by thin layer and gas chromatographies. The results were summarized as follows. In Bush Clover seed, the contents of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were 71.75%, 23.26% and 4.99% respectively. Triglycerides(61.90%) and free fatty acids(22.04%) were the major components among the neutral lipids. Esterified sterols, free sterols, diglycerides and monoglycerides were the minor components. The major components of glycolipids were monogalactosyl diglycerides(38.19%) the others were esterified steryl glycosides, cerebrosides and digalactosyl diglycerides. The major components of the phospholipids were phosphatidyl cholines(36.46%), phosphatidyl inositols(21.52%) and phosphatidyl ethanolamines(17.29%). The major fatty acid of total lipid, neutral lipids and glycolipids were linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. On the other hand, predominate fatty acid of phospholipids were linoleic acid, palmitic acid, linolenic acid and stearic acid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.493-495
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• 1999

Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6) acids of gull eggs were analyzed and the results are summarized as follows: 1. EPA and DHA were 2.25% and 4.35% in the total fatty acid of gull eggs. 2. Triglyceride fractions in the fatty acids had 0.56% in EPA and 1.59% DHA. 3. Diglyceride fractions contained 1.10% EPA and 1.97% DHA. 4. Phospholipid fractions had the most abundant amounts of 4.26% EPA and 8.13% DHA.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.105.1-105.1
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• 2010

바이오디젤 보급 활성화에 따른 식물성 원료유의 가격 상승 및 수급 불안정성 문제를 해결하고자 폐유지를 원료로 바이오디젤을 생산하고자 하는 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 폐유지의 사용은 폐자원 활용 측면에서 의미가 있으며 바이오디젤 생산 단가를 낮출 수 있다. 다양한 폐유지가 산업체로부터 배출되며 이 중에서 dark oil은 식용유 공장에서 식물성 원료유의 정제 과정에서 생기는 부산물로 바이오디젤로 전환 가능한 성분을 포함하고 있다. 본 연구에 사용된 dark oil은 54.9%의 유리지방산과 28.0%의 triglyceride, 4.4%의 diglyceride, 그리고 1% 이하의 monoglyceride를 함유하고 있다. Dark oil의 초기 산가는 109.8 mg KOH/g이었다. 본 연구에서는 dark oil의 유지 부분(triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride)을 유리지방산으로 전환시켜 HAAO(high acid acid oil)을 생산한 후, 고체 산 촉매에 의한 에스테르화 반응을 통하여 바이오디젤을 생산하고자 하였다. 유지 부분의 유리지방산 전환 반응을 위하여 음이온성 계면활성제인 SDBS(sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate)가 사용되었다. Dark oil:황산:물의 질량비가 10:2:10이고 SDBS가 오일 대비 3%인 조건에서 dark oil의 산가는 190.8 mg KOH/g까지 증가하였고, dark oil:황산:물의 질량비가 10:4:10이고 SDBS가 2%인 조건에서는 산가가 194.2 mg KOH/g까지 증가하였다. 생산된 HAAO을 이용하여 오일 대비 30%의 Amberlyst-15 촉매 하에서 HAAO:메탄올 몰비 1:9인 조건에서 에스테르화 반응을 수행하였을 경우 FAME(fatty acid methyl ester) 함량은 81.3%까지 증가하였다. 고체 산 촉매로써 Amberlyst-15와 가격 면에서 저렴한 PC101을 비교하였을 경우 FAME 함량은 각각 80.7%, 77.9%로 비슷한 효율을 나타내었다. 생산된 바이오디젤의 FAME 함량을 높이기 위해 증류 공정을 필요로 하였다.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 2004

Diglyceride (DG) was prepared by reaction of soybean oil and glycerol in the presence of lipase. The initial rate of DG production was greatly affected by the amount of lipase. However the DG content at equilibrium was hardly affected by the amount of lipase added to the reaction mixture. The initial rate of FFA formation was highly affected by the moisture content between 0.5 and 2.3%, but at higher water content (3.3-5.2%), there was a small increase in the rate. And DG content at equilibrium slowly increased with the increase of the water content in glycerol up to 4.4%. However, there was a sharp decrease in DG content at higher water content (5.2-6.4%) due to higher free fatty acid production. The highest yield of DC was obtained at the temperature ranges of 30-5$0^{\circ}C$. The final yield of DG was not dependent on the glycerol (GL) to triglyceride (TG) molar ratio. However, at the molar ratio of 0.75:1 (GL/TG), the enzyme-catalyzed reaction was highly efficient and utilized all the glycerol. In optimized conditions for glycerolysis a yield of approximately 45% DG was obtained. 66% of total DG was 1,3-DG.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1989

Effects of cooking and drying methods on the composition of glycolipids and phospholipids of shrimp, Metapenaeus joyneri, were investigated. Major components of the glycolipids were esterified steryl glycosides, monogalactosyl diglycerides and steryl glycosides. Hot air drying enhanced the esterified steryl glycosides content substantially with the reduction of the monogalactosyl diglycerides content. However, reversed pattern was shown for freeze drying. Main components of the phospholipids were phosphatidyl ethanolamines, phosphatidyl cholines, phosphatidic acids, phosphatidyl inositols and phosphatidyl serines. Phosphatidic acids content for hot air and freeze dried shrimp without tooting was 8.3% and 5.9%, respectively. On the other hand, freeze dried shrimp with microwave heating was higher in phosphatidyl ethanolamines contents but lower in phosphatidyl cholines contents than hot air dried shrimp. Major fatty acids of the glycolipids and phospholipids fractions were pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, nervonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in fresh shrimp.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.433-438
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• 1985

Lipids extracted from two kinds of sun-dried laver samples, wild Porphyra suborbiculata and cultured Porphyra tenera, produced at Wan-do in Korea were studied. Dried P. suborbiculata contained $0.8\%$ total lipid(TL) which consisted of $21.4\%$ neutral lipid(NL), $53.4\%$ glycolipid(GL) and $25.2\%$ phospholipid(PL), and dried P. tenera contained $1.2\%$ TL which consisted of $30.5\%$ NL, $50.3\%$ GL and $19.2\%$ PL. Among the NL of dried P. suborbiculate and P. tenera, free fatty acid ($41.4\%,\;39.0\%$), triglyceride($25.6\%,\;28.8\%$) and free sterol ($22.1\%,\;16.7\%$) were predominant. Digalactosyl diglyceride ($34.7\%,\;46.6\%$) and monogalactosyl diglyceride ($19.2\%,\;18.0\%$) were the major components among the GL. Sulfoquinovosyl digylceride ($4.2\%$) was also identified in P. tenera only. And main lipids in the PL of P. suborbiculata and P. tenera were phosphatidyl ethanolamine ($40.3\%,\;35.7\%$) and phosphatidyl choline ($28.6\%,\;30.7\%$) and followed by phosphatidyl serine($15.1\%,\;19.2\%$) and phosphatidyl inositol ($16.0\%,\;14.4\%$). The major fatty acids in the TL of the dried P. suborbiculata were 20:5 ($29.4\%$), 16:0 ($23.4\%$) and 20:4 ($13.0\%$), and those of the dried P. tenera were 20:5 ($36.7\%$), 16:0 ($16.2\%$), 16:1 ($10.7\%$) and 18:1 ($9.7\%$). The fatty acid composition of the both samples in the NL fraction were similar to the pattern in those of the TL. The abundant fatty acids in the PL of the both dried laver were 20:5, 16:0 and 18:1. In case of the GL fraction, the main fatty acids of the dried P. suborbiculata were 16:0, 20:5, 18:1 and 20:4, while those of the dried P. tenera were 20:5, 16:0 and 18:1.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.320-325
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• 2009

The present study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity and anti-obesity effects of a diglyceride preparation containing conjugated linoleic acid (DG+CLA). To test its acute oral toxicity, the DG+CLA was injected into 30 rats (15 males and 15 females) at dosage of 2,000 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg. Mortality rates, clinical signs, and body weight changes were monitored for 14 days following administration. According to the results, the lethal dose ($LD_50$) of DG+CLA was determined as >5,000 mg/kg in both sexes. There were no significant changes in general conditions, clinical signs, body weight, and gross lesions between the vehicle control and DG+CLA groups. For the anti-obesity studies, obese Zucker rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and fed saline, soybean oil, diglyceride, and DG+CLA, respectively, for 8 weeks. The DG+CLA groups presented significant differences in body weight, food efficiency ratio, serum lipid levels, and fat weight. Overall, the results showed that the DG+CLA did not have acute oral toxicity and reduced body weight, serum lipid levels, and fat gain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 1983

Changes of lipid composition in the Improvement-Meju inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae were examined. To investigate those changes systematically, silicic acid column chromatography was used for analysis of glycolipid, neutral lipid, phospholipid, and gas chromatography to examine the change of those fatty acid content. Following results were obtained. The lipid fraction obtained from soaked soybean and cooked soybean were mainly composed of about 93~94% neutral lipid, whereas phospholipid and glycolipid was 4.0~5.0%, 2.0~2.1% level, respectively. During meju incuvation period, neutral lipid decreased gradually, but glycolipid and phospholipid increased. Among the nonpolar lipids prepared from cooked soybean and soaked soybean, triglyceride content was mainly composed of 88~89%, and the content of sterol ester, free fatty acid, diglyceride and sterol was higher in soaked soybean than in cooked soybean. During meju incuvation period, triglyceride content decreased remarkablely, whereas content of sterol ester, free fatty acid and diglyceride increased gradually. From the soaked soybean and the cooked soybean, the fatty acids content of crude lipid, neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid were composed of linoleic acid 54~70%, oleic acid 20.0~22.6%, palmitic acid 11.0~12.4%, linolenic acid 6.0~7.8% and stearic acid 3.4~4.3% in turn and myristic acid showed the trace, palmitic acid was a little higher in glycolipid and phospholipid than in crude lipid and neutral lipid. During meju incuvation period, the change of fatty acid content showed linoleic acid and linolenic acid reduction gradually in the neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid. On the other hand, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid increased gradually, the maximum value was at the 4-days. The change of glycolipid fatty acid and phospholipid fatty acid was examined. 9-kinds including traced 3-kinds was detected. It was supposed that traced 2-kinks was occurred for incuvation, and those are the matter investigating in the future.