• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2010

We investigated the effect of Cu exposure on the activities of protective antioxidant enzymes in the gills and digestive glands of the manila clam Ruditapes phillippinarum exposed to subchronic concentrations (0, 20, 40, and $80{\mu}gL^{-1}$) of waterborne Cu. No mortality occurred during the experimental period, and no significant condition index differences were observed in any exposure group compared with the control. No significant differences were observed in the digestive glands and gills of the clams observed during 15 days of exposure, but after 30 days, the SOD activity in the gill showed a significant difference between the $80{\mu}gL^{-1}$ Cu-exposed group and the control. GPx activities in the digestive glands and gills were significantly lower after 30 days of Cu exposure. Gill GR activity in the high-exposure group ($80{\mu}gL^{-1}$) was significantly elevated compared with that in the control group. GST activities in the digestive glands of all groups did not change over 30 days. However, GST activity in the gill at $80{\mu}gL^{-1}$ Cu was significantly higher after 15 and 30 days of exposure. GSH activities in the gill showed patterns similar to those of GST activities during exposure periods. In the digestive glands, GSH activity was higher only at $80{\mu}gL^{-1}$ after 30 days exposure. In digestive glands and gills, the MDA levels of clams exposed to $80{\mu}gL^{-1}$ Cu were significantly higher after 30 days of exposure.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2011

연구는 3종의 이매패류를 대상으로 당면체의 소화효소 활성에 대해 조사하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 이매패류는 꼬막(n=61), 지중해담치 (n=30) 및 개조개 (n=30) 이며, 이들은 한국 남해안에서 2010년 5월에 채집하였다. 당면체의 소화 효소 활성 분석은 분광광도계를 이용하였다. 꼬막, 지중해담치, 개조개의 당면체를 구성하는 소화효소는 amylase와 cellulase가 약 90%로 대부분을 차지하였다. 그리고 꼬막, 지중해담치, 개조개의 당면체를 구성하는 소화효소 중 protease 의 활성도가 가장 낮았으며, 각각 0.02, 0, 0.08%로 나타났다. 당면체를 구성하는 소화효소 활성도는 3종 모두 cellulase > amylase > chitinase > laminarinase의 순으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1303-1313
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• 2017

Objective: This study evaluated the change and function of the pancreas, and small intestine in relation to growth performance of broilers on diets supplemented with raw soybean meal (RSBM) and protease. Samples of test ingredients and diets, after mixing and prior to being used were also assessed on contents of anti-nutritional factors. Methods: A $3{\times}3$ factorial study was used, with three levels of RSBM (commercial soybean meal [SBM] was replaced by RSBM at 0, 10%, or 20%) and protease (0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 g/kg). Each treatment was replicated six times with nine birds per replicate. Birds were housed in cages, in climate-controlled room and fed starter, grower and finisher diets. Results: Levels of trypsin inhibitors in the diets, containing varying levels of RSBM ranged between 1,730.5 and 9,913.2 trypsin inhibitor units/g DM. Neither RSBM nor protease supplementation in diets significantly affected (p>0.05) the body weight of broilers in the entire periods (0 to 35-d). Increasing the level of RSBM in diets increased the weight of the pancreas at d 10 (p<0.000), d 24 (p<0.001), and d 35 (p<0.05). Increasing levels of RSBM in the diets reduced the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP), and amino acid (AA) at d 24. Increasing level of RSBM in the diets decreased (p<0.01) pancreatic protein content, but this was increased (p<0.05) when protease was added to the diets (0 to 10-d). Increasing the level of protease improved the pancreatic digestive enzymes, including trypsin (p<0.05), chymotrypsin (p<0.01), and general proteolytic enzymes (p<0.05). Conclusion: The commercial SBM could be replaced at up to 20% by RSBM for broilers. Although protease supplementation slightly improved the digestive enzymes, and the ileal digestibilities of CP and AA, the CP and AA were negatively affected by increasing RSBM.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2020

상기생(Loranthus parasiticus)은 뽕나무에 기생하는 겨우살이로 전세계에 널리 분포되어 있으며, 수 세기 동안 전통 의학의 성분으로 사용되어 왔고, 최근까지 항암, 항산화, 항비만, 항염증 효과 등이 연구되었으나, 탄수화물 효소나 식후 혈당 수치에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 Loranthus parasiticus 추출물 (LPE)이 탄수화물 분해 효소(α-glucosidase, α-amylase) 활성 억제와 streptozotocin (STZ)으로 유도된 당뇨병 마우스에서 식후 고혈당 완화 효과를 조사하였다. 그 결과 LPE는 농도에 비례하여 α-glucosidase와 α-amylase 활성을 억제 하였고, 각각의 IC₅₀ 값으로 0.121±0.007 및 0.157±0.004 mg/ml을 나타내어 양성 대조군인 acabose 보다 유의하게 강한 억제 효과가 있음을 보여주었다(p<0.05). 또한 STZ으로 유도된 당뇨병 마우스에서는 대조군의 높은 혈당과 달리 LPE 첨가군에서는 혈당이 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 따라서, 이들 결과는 LPE가 α-glucosidase와 α-amylase 억제 효과로 식후 고혈당을 감소시킬 수 있는 천연 항고혈당 식품으로 사용 가능성을 시사한다.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.520-526
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of NRM granules which were newly developed as a combination product containing antacids, digestive enzymes and herb drugs for the treatmet of various symptoms of upper gastrointestinal disorders taking SGN granules of similiar but different composition as a control. One hundred and twenty one patients were randomly allocated to receive one pack of either NRM granule(80 cases) or SGN granules(41 cases) three times a day after meal and undergone symptomatic, endoscopic and clinical laboratory assessment before and after two weeks of treatment. The results were as follows; 1. All symptoms except anorexia showed improvements in more than 90% of total cases with each symptom in the NRM group. 2. The general improvement rate was 97.5% in NRM group, and was superior to the(92.5%) of SGN group. 3. Two cases of NRM group and one case of SGN group developed mild nausea, and onecase of SGN group developed mild epigastric soreness. No cases of the two groups developed laboratory(blood, biochemical, urine) abnormalities. 4. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 95.0% in NRM group, 87.8% in SGN group. kccording to the result of this trial, it was concluded that NRM granule was an effective and safe drug and(but not statistically significant) was slightly more efficient than SGN for treatment of various symptoms in upper gastrointestinal disorders.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제24권
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• pp.29-35
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 갈근 및 그의 주 이소플라본인 puerarin의 활성을 세포 수준에서 분석하였다. 먼저 갈근에 함유된 이소플라본의 양을 분석한 결과, puerarin이 총 이소플라본의 90 % 차지하였다. 다음으로는 puerarin의 항당뇨 활성을 검정한 결과 먼저 탄수화물 및 지방소화효소 저해활성에 대해서는 거의 미비한 것으로 나타났으나 인슐린 감수성 및 지방세포의 분화의 유도에 대해서는 농도 의존적으로 작용하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 따라서 puerarin은 지방조직내로 포도당의 흡수를 촉진함으로서 항당뇨 효능을 발휘하는 것으로 추정된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2003

Phytoestrogens, especially soy-derived isoflavones, are receiving great scrutiny as a food supplement for preventing hormone dependent disease such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. Their beneficial effects are derived from aglycone form of isoflavones, such as daidzein, genistein or glycitein. In contrast to the common usage of soybean, black bean (Rhynchosia Molubilis : Yak-kong) has been used as a supplement for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis in oriental medicine. To investigate the effects of the saliva, artificial stomach fluid, and digestive enzymes on the conversion of glycosidic isoflavone to aglycone form, soybean and black bean were extracted with 70% methanol and freeze-dried. The recovery yield of methanol extracts of black bean was 14.1% which was higher than that of soybean, 13.5%. In terms of total isoflavones, we routinely obtained larger amount of isoflavones from black bean than those from soybean. By incubating methanol extracts of soybean and black bean with IN HCI for 180 min, the proportions of aglycones relative to the total isoflavone were significantly increased (32.4% and 52.4%, respectively). In vitro conversion, digestive enzymes ($\beta$-glucosidase and $\alpha$-glucosidase) may hydrolyze glycosidic bond of isoflavone more effectively than saliva or artificial stomach fluid did. It seems to say that the activity of $\beta$-glucosidase was higher than those of $\alpha$-glucosidase. The rate of conversion of glucoside form to aglycone form in black bean and soybean was low in physiological condition (pH) tested, although the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucoside was active. These results demonstrated that the composition of aglycone in food may be the important factors in terms of the bioavailability of isoflavones. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1): 32-39, 2003)

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.273-282
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• 2009

Cadmium (Cd) and tributyltin (TBT) are common contaminants of marine and freshwater ecosystems, and can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS can, in turn, cause oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated time-related effects of Cd (0.05 and 0.1 ppm) and TBT (5 and 10 ppb) treatment on antioxidant enzyme activity, i.e., the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the gills and digestive glands of the ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii. In addition, hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) concentrations, lysozyme activity, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels were measured in the hemolymph. We found that Cd and TBT treatment significantly increased antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression and activity in the digestive glands and gills in a time-dependent manner. In response to the Cd and TBT treatments, antioxidant enzymes mRNA expression and activity increased up to day 5 in the digestive glands and then decreased by day 7. In the gills, antioxidant enzymes mRNA expression and activity increased up to day 3 and then decreased by day 5. Likewise, $H_2O_2$ concentrations significantly increased up to day 5 and then decreased by day 7. Finally, lysozyme activity decreased during the experimental period, whereas GOT and GPT levels were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. These results suggest that antioxidant enzymes play an important role in decreasing ROS levels and oxidative stress in ark shells exposed to Cd and TBT.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2008

Four hundred and forty 1-day-old Arbor Acre broilers were fed commercial starter diets with 0, 250, 750 and 2,250 mg/kg of an alpha-amylase preparation from 1 to 21 days of age to investigate the effects of an exogenous enzyme on growth performance, activities of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and anterior intestinal contents and pancreatic amylase mRNA expression. Body weight gain (BWG) and average daily gain (ADG) increased linearly (p<0.01) with increasing levels of supplementary amylase but feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not affected. There was a negative quadratic change of protease and amylase in the small intestinal contents with the increase of supplementary amylase level. The activity of intestinal trypsin was also increased (p<0.05). Lipase was unaffected by amylase supplementation (p>0.05). The pancreatic protease, trypsin, and lipase were not affected by exogenous amylase levels. Consistent with the tendency for a linear depression of amylase activity, pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase mRNA was down-regulated by dietary amylase supplementation. The present study suggested that oral administration of exogenous amylase affected activities of intestinal enzymes and the production of pancreatic digestive enzymes in a dose-dependent manner.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.564-573
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• 2019

Objective: Evaluate the effects of i) dehulling of lupine seed on chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and ii) soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine seed in broiler diets with enzymes on productive performance, size of digestive organs and welfare-related variables. Methods: Experiment 1, chemical composition and AME were determined in whole and dehulled lupine seed. Experiment 2, two hundred eighty-eight one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. The experimental diets were maize-soybean meal (MS), MS with enzymes (MSE) and maize-dehulled lupine seed with enzymes (MLE). Diets were assigned to the experimental units under a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet). The body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, feed conversion, digestive organ weights, gait score, latency to lie down and valgus/varus angulation were evaluated. Results: The dehulling process increased protein (25.0% to 31.1%), AME (5.9 to 8.8 MJ/kg) and amino acid contents. The BW gain of broilers fed the MLE diet was similar (p>0.05) to that of those fed the MS diet, but lower than that of those fed the MSE diet. Feed intake of broilers fed the MLE diet was higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS diet and similar (p>0.05) to those fed the MSE diet. Feed conversion of broilers fed the MLE diet was 8.0% and 8.7% higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS and MSE diets, respectively. Broilers fed the MLE diet had the highest (p<0.05) relative proventriculus and gizzard weights, but had poor welfare-related variables. Conclusion: It is possible to substitute soybean meal by dehulled lupine seed with enzymes in broiler diets, obtaining similar BW gains in broilers fed the MLE and MS diets; however, a higher feed intake is required. Additionally, the MLE diet reduced welfare-related variables.