• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of functional MRI (fMRI) of visual cortex in patients with ischemic infarction in the occipital lobe. Materials and Methods : Four patients with the symptoms and signs of visual cortical ischemia were included. Functional MRI was performed by 2D-FLASH technique with the parameter of 90/56msec TR/TE, $40^{\circ}$ flip angle, $240{\times}240{\;}FOV,{\;}64{\times}128$ matrix number, 8.32 seconds acquisition time, 8mm slice thickness. An axial slice including both visual cortices was selected and alternative activation and resting of the visual cortex was performed using red color photostimulator. all patients undertook visual field test, and vascular abnormality was examined by MRA (n=4) and DSA (n=2). fMRI results were compared with the results of a visual field test, conventional MRI and cerebral angiography. Results : On fMRI, decreased activity of the visual cortex was found in the occipital lobe corresponding to stenosis of the posterior cerebral artery or its branch noted on angiogram. However, 2 of 4 patients showed no abnormal findings on conventional MRI. Visual field defect was noted in 3 patients, one and of whom showed no abnormality on conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted image, but revealed decreased activity in the corresponding visual cortex on fMRI. Conclusion : fMRI may be a sensitive method for detection of the status of decreased blood flow or vascular reserve which other methods can not.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.537-548
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of 9 kinds of medicinal plants against crown gall in grapevine. The medicinal plants extracted with several solvent systems were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion method. The ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from magic lily flowers, tachys roots, asian plantain flowers and seeds, sweet wormwood leaves, stems and flowers, immature bitter melon fruits, cockscomb flowers, and peach tree resin showed in vitro antimicrobial activities against Rhizobium vitis with growth inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 27 mm in diameter. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of extracts against R.vitis ranged from 10,000 in Asian plantain flower and 50,000 fold diluted extracts in sweet wormwood flowers, stems, leaves, cockscomb leaves and immature bitter melon fruits. The active fractions of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts from the medicinal plants were partially separated through silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The active fractions were separated at Rf 0.36, 0.69, 0.75, 0.84, and 0.94 in sweet wormwood extracts, Rf 0.96 and 0.99 in cockscomb flower extracts, Rf 0.92 and 0.97 in cockscomb leaf extracts, and Rf 0.85 in immature bitter melon fruit extracts in TLC analysis developed with hexane:ethyl acetate (20:80, v/v) and methanol:chloroform (20:80, v/v). Among extracts from plants with in vitro antimicrobial activities, sweet wormwood, cockscomb leaves, and immature bitter melon fruits showed in vivo antimicrobial activities with inhibition activity of 100, 67, and 83.3%, respectively, in 'Kyoho' grapevine inoculated with R. vitis compared with the untreated control. These findings indicate that extracts of medicinal plants could be used as sustainable candidates to control crown gall disease caused by R. vitis in grapevines.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.574-582
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• 1998

Background: Bronchofiberscopy is a procedure with a chance of airway irritation and it may cause pathophysiologic changes of respiratory system. So we tried to evaluate the influence of bronchofibercopy on $O_2$ saturation, ABGA and PIT by patient's basal status and procedure type. Method: $O_2$ saturation was measured every 1 minute from the left index finger tip with percutaneous oximetry. ABGA was done before and right after the bronchofiberscopy and PIT was done before and within 10 minutes after the bronchofiberscopy. Results: The mean time for bronchofiberscopy procedure was 14.5mim and $SaO_2$ maximally fall to 89.0 below 8% of the baseline after mean time of 8.4min, which was recovered at the end of the procedure. $SaO_2$ change amount was 8.4 % on Non-$O_2$ supply group, which was lower compared to 6.4 % of the $O_2$-supply group without statistically significance. Biopsy Group and BAL group showed more $SaO_2$ fall than washing only group. The level of $PaO_2$ and FEV1 of the patient didn't influence significantly on $SaO_2$ fall during the procedure. ABGA taken before and after the bronchofiberscopy showed mild fall of $PaO_2$ and mild rise of $PaCO_2$. Whereas PFT showed decrease of FEV1(P<0.05) and increase of RV without changes in airway resistance and pulmonary diffusion capacity. Comparing before and after the bronchofiberscopy, the washing group showed no significant changes on PIT, while the biopsy group and the BAL group showed increase of RV & decrease of $FEV_1$ after the bronchofiberscopy. BAL group showed more changing tendency rather than biopsy group although not statistically significant. Conclusion: Bronchofiberscopy is considered as a relatively safe procedure, but it would be better to be done with $O_2$ supply especially in the patient with low $PaO_2$ and in the case of biopsy and BAL.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.459-466
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• 2003

Purpose : AOM is the most common bacterial URI in children. The bacteriology and antibiotic Tx of AOM in children has been studied in many countries. But, there is few study of causative pathogens and antibiotic Tx of AOM in our country. In this aspect, we performed prospective clinical study to confirm the causative pathogens and assess the clinical responses of cefprozil in AOM patients. Methods : Thirty three AOM patients enrolled in this study. Tympanocentesis for isolation of causative pathogens were performed before Tx of cefprozil. The study patients received cefprozil with dose of 15 mg/kg/bid.po/day for 10-12 days, and initially assessed the clinical response at 4-5 days after receiving cefprozil and finally at the end visit. In vitro susceptibility tests of cefprozil to isolated pathogens were done by disc diffusion method, and in vitro susceptibility tests of cefaclor and cefixime to isolated pathogens were simultaneously performed. Results : Bacterial pathogens[S. pneumoniae(10), H. influenzae(5), S. aureus(2), M. catarrhalis(1) and Group A stretococcus(1)] were isolated from 19 patients. Clinically, all patients had history of abrupt high fever except one. Tympanic perforation was dominant in pathogens isolated cases, and otalgia was significantly developed in non-pathogens isolated cases. The ages of pathogens isolated cases were usually below 2 years. Eighty four point nine percent of the patients including two cases with isolation of intermediate resistant S. pneumoniae were clinically improved. Antimicrobial in vitro activity to S. pneumoniae of cefprozil were superior than that of cefacor and cefixime. Conclusion : We confirm that bacteria has the causative role in about 60% cases, and S. pneumoniae is the most common pathogen. Clinically, there were some differences in symptoms, signs and ages between pathogens isolated and non-pathogens isolated cases. The clinical responses of cefprozil in our patients revealed similar outcomes to other countries. And we reconfirm that cefprozil may be clinically effective in cases of AOM due to intermediate resistant S. pneumoniae.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.1 s.246
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• pp.13-22
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• 2005

It has been known that pulsatile flow is physiologic and more favorable to tissue perfusion than nonpulsatile flow. The purpose of this study is to directly compare the effect of pulsatile versus nonpulsatile blood flow to renal tissue perfusion in extracorporeal circulation by using a tissue perfusion measurement system. Material and Method: Total cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was constructed to twelve Yorkshire swines, weighing 20$\~ $30 kg. Animals were randomly assigned to group 1 (n=6, non pulsatile centrifugal pump) or group 2 (n=6, pulsatile T-PLS pump). A probe of the tissue perfusion measurement system $(QFlow^{TM}-500)$ was inserted into the renal pa­renchymal tissue. Extracorporeal circulation was maintained for an hour at a pump flow of 2 L/min after aortic cross-clamping. Tissue perfusion flow of the kidney was measured at baseline (before bypass) and every 10 minutes after bypass. Serologic parameters were collected at baseline and 60 minutes after bypass. Result: Baseline parameters were not different between the groups. Renal tissue perfusion flow was substantially higher in the pulsatile group throughout the bypass (ranged 48.5$\~$ 64 in group 1 vs. 65.8$\~$88.3 mL/min/100 g in group 2, p=0.026$\~$ 0.45) The difference was significant at 30 minutes bypass $(47.5{\pm}18.3\;in\;group\;1\;vs.\;83.4{\pm}28.5$ mL/min/100 g in group 2, p=0.026). Serologic parameters including plasma free hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine showed no differences between the groups at 60 minutes after bypass (p=NS). Conclusion: Pulsatile flow is more beneficial to tissue perfusion of the kidney in short-term extracorporeal circulation. Further study is suggested to observe the effects to other vital organs or long-term significance.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.560-567
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• 1997

A new approach to obtain stable $W_1/O/W_2$ multiple emulsions has been studied ; The basis of the interfacial interaction between a PCL-PEO-PCL triblock copolymer and a lipophilic emulsifier in the dispersed oil phase was examined. $W_1/O/W_2$ multiple emulsions were prepared by the two-step method. Arlacel P-l35 was used as a liphophilic emulsifier and Synperonic PE/F 127 as a hydrophilic one. Eutanol-G was used as an oil phase. NaCl was encapsulated within the multiple emulsion droplets as the internal marker and its release rate studies were carried out. The suability of the multiple emulsions have been assessed by measuring Separation Ratios(%) and microscopic observations. The release of NaCl was significantly reduced in $W_1/O/W_2$ multiple emulsions containing PCL-PEO-PCL triblock copolymer(2k-4k-2k or 6k-4k-6k) in the oil phase. It may be concluded that the copolymer and the emulsifier form effective interfacial complex to enhance stability and to control the release rate. The effective diffusion coefficients of the NaCl were estimated as $2.64{\times}10^{-15}s$and $3.23{\times}10^{-16}gcm^2/s$ for the $W_1/O/W_2$ multiple emulsion containing 1.2 wt % of PCL-PEO-PCL triblock copolymers with compositions of 2k-4k-2k and 6k-4k-2k, respectively. The rate of release decreased with the increase of the initial concentration of NaCl. The results were examined in view of Higuchi mechanism. A kinetic model which is similar to the model for release of dispersed drugs from a polymeric matrix was found to be suitable for the release of NaCl from $W_1/O/W_2$ multiple emulsions.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2017

The majority of freshwater ornamental fish are imported and distributed domestically, causing high risk of exposure to exotic pathogens and drug resistant bacteria in Korea. Aeromonas hydrophila is known as a common species of fresh water bacteria and opportunistic fish pathogen, as well as a species causing zoonotic infection. In this study, we isolated motile aeromonads from various imported freshwater ornamental fish and studied the characters of the isolates. Imported freshwater ornamental fish were purchased on day 1 after the fish were deposited in the aquarium. Bacteria were isolated from the liver, kidney and spleen of fish using 0.5% NaCl containing tryptic soy agar medium. Bacteria were grouped on the basis of their morphological characteristics. The colonies with clear zone on starch-ampicillin agar (SA agar) were tentatively identified as Aeromonas spp. Two hundred and twenty-six strains, about 70% of total isolates were assumed to be Aeromonas spp. Nine isolates were further identified based on the result of the API 20E test and PCR using primers specific for A. hydrophila 16S rRNA gene. The isolates were identified as A. hydrophila and the API 20E test showed differences in trisodium citrate, D-sucrose, D-melibiose, amygdalin and L-arabinose availability between the nine isolates and standard A. hydrophila. The susceptibilities of the isolated bacteria to 10 antibacterial agents were confirmed by the disk diffusion method. Isolated strains were found to be resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin and sensitive to florfenicol. However, 7 isolates showed multiple drug resistances to erythromycin, oxytetracycline, nalidixic acid etc. Pathogenicity of the isolates was determined by the artificial challenge test on goldfish (Carassius auratus). Three isolates caused 60 ~ 80% mortality in goldfish within 5 days after the initiation of challenge. These results indicate that multiple drug resistant, highly pathogenic and exotic A. hydrophila can spread to domestic aquarium and the preventive treatment of fish before sale is necessary.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2003

Purpose : Streptococcus pneumoniae is part of the normal flora but is also responsible for causing many invasive diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in addition to noninvasive diseases such as otitis in children. Multi-drug resistant strains has raised a lot of concern worldwide and thus the importance of prevention has been emphasized. We have analyzed the current serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity of each serotype as a baseline study to estimate the efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine in Korean children. Methods : One hundred sixteen cases of pneumococcus cultured at Yonsei Medical Center from September 2001 to January 2003 were analyzed. The serotyping was done with the Quellung reaction and penicillin resistance was tested using the oxacillin disc diffusion method. Results : Pneumococcus were cultured from the sputum in 76 cases(65.5%), from the blood in 13 cases(11.2%), from the ear discharge in 12 cases(10.3%), from the throat in 7 cases(6.0%), from the nasal cavity in 2 cases(1.7%), and one case(0.9%) each from the cerebrospinal fluid, eye discharge, peritoneal fluid, post-operational wound, brain abscess, and catheter tip. Serotyping was possible with 98 cases and the following serotypes were found; 15 cases of type 19F(15.3%), 11 cases of 19A(11.2%), 8 cases of 11A(8.2%), 7 cases each of 6A, 14 and 3(7.1%), 6 cases each of 35, 6B and 23F(6.1%). Eighty two cases(70.7%) out of 116 cases were penicillin resistant and serotypes 19F, 19A, 11A, 23F, 6A, 9V constituted the majority, 48 cases(59.8%). These serotypes showed resistance to cotrimoxazole (74.4%), tetracycline(69.5%), and erythromycin(90.3%) as well. In the 22 cases cultured from children, 19A and 19F were found in 25.0%, 6A, 6B, and 23F in 10.0%, 11A, 14, 19, and 29 in 5.0%. Fifty percent(10/20) of the clinical isolates were represented in the current 7-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine, and 85%(17/20) when the cross-reacting serotypes were included. Penicillin resistance was found in 86.4%(19/22). Conclusion : The percentage of serotypes included in the 7 valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine found in our study was 40.8% which was less than other prior studies. In anticipation of a change of pneumococcal serotypes, a nationwide multicenter study is needed before the initiation of pneumococcal vaccines in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.2_2
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• pp.249-261
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• 2020

Coastal monitoring using multiple platforms/sensors is a very important tools for accurately understanding the changes in offshore marine environment and disaster with high temporal and spatial resolutions. However, integrated observation studies using multiple platforms and sensors are insufficient, and none of them have been evaluated for efficiency and limitation of convergence. In this study, we aimed to suggest an integrated observation method with multi-remote sensing platform and sensors, and to diagnose the utility and limitation. Integrated in situ surveys were conducted using Rhodamine WT fluorescent dye to simulate various marine disasters. In September 2019, the distribution and movement of RWT dye patches were detected using satellite (Kompsat-2/3/3A, Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-3 OLCI and GOCI), unmanned aircraft (Mavic 2 pro and Inspire 2), and manned aircraft platforms after injecting fluorescent dye into the waters of the South Sea-Yeosu Sea. The initial patch size of the RWT dye was 2,600 ㎡ and spread to 62,000 ㎡ about 138 minutes later. The RWT patches gradually moved southwestward from the point where they were first released,similar to the pattern of tidal current flowing southwest as the tides gradually decreased. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) image showed highest resolution in terms of spatial and time resolution, but the coverage area was the narrowest. In the case of satellite images, the coverage area was wide, but there were some limitations compared to other platforms in terms of operability due to the long cycle of revisiting. For Sentinel-3 OLCI and GOCI, the spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were the highest, but small fluorescent dye detection was limited in terms of spatial resolution. In the case of hyperspectral sensor mounted on manned aircraft, the spectral resolution was the highest, but this was also somewhat limited in terms of operability. From this simulation approach, multi-platform integrated observation was able to confirm that time,space and spectral resolution could be significantly improved. In the future, if this study results are linked to coastal numerical models, it will be possible to predict the transport and diffusion of contaminants, and it is expected that it can contribute to improving model accuracy by using them as input and verification data of the numerical models.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 2010

ATP is the energy source synthesized at the electron transferase that consist of complex I, II, III, IV and V in mitochondrial cristae. The complex V functions as ATPase which composed of sub-complex $F_0$ and $F_1$. Porin or VDAC (voltagedependent anion-selective channel), is a family of small pore-forming proteins of the mitochondrial outer membrane, and play important roles in the regulated flux of anion, proton and metabolites between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. The channel allows the diffusion of negatively charged solutes such as succinate, malate, and ATP in the fully open state, but of positively charged ions in subconducting state. In this study, in order to investigate the relationship of the function and localization between porin and ATPase we observed the distribution of porin and ATPase in the mitochondria of the bovine heart. Monoclonal antibodies against porin and ATPase ${\beta}$-subunit were used to detect porin and ATPase using light microscope with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and using electron microscope with immunogold-labeling. ATPase were stained in longitudinal section region in cardiac muscle, porin were stained in longitudinal section region in cardiac muscle. We viewed more specific pattern of localization and distribution of these proteins using immunofluorescence method. There were some region which were labeled with porin or ATPase respectively, and others which were labeled both proteins in cardiac muscle. The electron microscope results showed that immunogold labeled porin were labeled locally at mitochondrial outer membrane and ATPase were labeled evenly at mitochondrial cristae. But ATPase was not labeled at mitochondria cristae. These results confirmed the subcellular localizations of porin and ATPase in mitochondrial outer membrane and cristae. Also, we assumed that ATP synthesis always does not activation in all mitochondria exist in the bovine cardiac muscle.