• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1997

The fine needle aspiration biopsy(FNAB) has become a popular method to diagnose mass lesions of the liver. Although many reports have listed FNAB criteria to be used to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), a diagnostic dilemma still exists at the extreme ends of the spectrum, particularly for well differentiated HCC. The authors reviewed a series of FNAB specimens of the liver to distinguish well differentiated HCC from nonneoplastic liver. Fifteen cytologic features were examined in this study: high cellularity, large sheet formation, trabecular pattern, acinar pattern, dispersed pattern, irregular arrangement, increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, naked nuclei, irregular chromatin, irregular nuclear contour, multinucleation, uniform macronucleoli, multiple nuclei, uniform small cytoplasm and monotony of atypia. These features were examined in a series of 76 FNAB specimens. Fifty two specimens were from patients with HCC and 24 specimens were from patients with nonneoplastic lesion or tumors other than HCC containg adequate amount of nonneoplastic hepatocytes in smear. All specimens were coded as to the presence or absence of the above cytologic features. With the use of step-wise logistic regression analysis, three features were identified as the key cytologic features predictive of HCC: irregular chromatin, monotony of atypia and absence of large sheet formation. When these criteria were used, the sensitivity diagnosing HCC by FNAB was 94.2%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100% and negative predictive value was 88.9%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1025-1037
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• 2009

This study- 1) identifies the distribution of customer equity in luxury brands, 2) identifies customer equity dimensions of luxury brands, 3) identifies the properties that influence the customer equity of a luxury brand, and 4) compares the differences in the properties of the luxury brands that influence customer equity by brand type and relationship duration. In this research, the survey method was conducted in Seoul and 500 responses were used for analysis. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics (i.e. frequency and percentage), t-test, factor analysis, and multiple-regression analysis were used through the utilization of the SPSS 12.0 program. The results of this study are as follows: First, the distribution of customer equity are found to be 50.8% of the customer equity distributes under 1 million Korean won and 34.8% between 1 million won and 3 million won. Second, the luxury brand dimension consists of 6 factors, 'differentiated brand image', 'personal ties', 'qualitative trust relation', 'rational price value', 'store value', and 'convenience value'. Third, the higher 'differentiated brand image', 'personal ties', 'qualitative trust relation', 'store value', and 'convenience value' were related to a higher customer equity. Fourth, in the case of the consumer group having a long-term relationship, the higher' differentiated brand image', 'personal ties', and 'store value' were related to a higher customer equity. Also, in the case of the consumer group of the traditional luxury brands, the higher 'personal ties', 'differentiated brand image', 'qualitative trust relation', and 'store value' were related to a higher customer equity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Information Technology Applications Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.123-135
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• 2002

Being in era of the digital economy, the influence of IT that effects on our economy is getting greater. Along with this effect, IT becomes origin of predominance of competition in every category of industry. Regarding new trends in industry, how companies mutate their IT skill become important factor. Every industry has their own color and environment of IT and uncertainty is different. For a company, It is most important to plan own strategy with strategic view on industrial environment. The idea of this study is to find the difference of Skill Requirement and Job Requirement in every category of industry by find what are the most important jobs and skills of IT in every industry and to analyze the results. The second idea is to find what kinds of skill are required in every sector of job. Base on the analyzed data, we classified the uncertainty in every industry by Duncan′s "classification of environment", and extracted some pattern within the skill and job in industry that found in our study by applying OIP model. We set skills by categorized curriculum of specialized IT education center, then with IT specialist, checked and retouched the results and surveyed with IT people in every industry on skill set and job of IT. The summery of this study is as follow : 1. Importance of IT skill is differentiated in each industry. It shows that IT skills, which requested in a field are differentiated by uncertainty of environment that comes from the character of industry. 2. Importance of IT job differs by the fields of industry. It shows as IT skills are differentiated, the importance of job that apply these skills is differentiated. 3. As the character of each job that work on is diversified, the importance of skills are diversified in each field of jobs. The Result of this study can give the idea to who designs curriculum and builds educational contentsthat would fulfill the need of fields. Also this study would be meaningful that it opens the field of study of skill requirement in Korea.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.8C no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2001

In order to support various QoS, IETF has proposed the Differentiated Services Model which provides discrimination service according to t the user’s requirements and payment intention intention for each traffic characteristic. This model is an excellent mechanism, which is not too c complicated in terms of the management for service and network model. Also, it has scalability that satisfies the requirement of Differentiated Services. In this paper, We define the Differentiated Services Model using feedback control, propose its control procedure, and analyze its p performance. In conventional model, non-adaptive traffic, such as UDP traffic, is more occupied the network resource than adaptive traffic, such a as TCP traffic. On the other hand, the Differentiated Services Model using feedback control fairly utlizes the network resources and even p prevents congestion occurrence due to its ability of congestion expectation.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to make it sure how pupils' science inquiry skills and attitude are influenced when they are taught by using the work-sheets for the differentiated learning according to their ability. In order to accomplish this aim, two classes of the fourth grade in the elementary school were distinguished into two groups: one was the experimental class and the other, the comparative class. The experimental class was given 52 hours of science lessons using the above sheets, and the comparative class, the general method of teaching. In order to compare their scientific interest and learning ability of the two groups each other, pupils were tested the standardized achievement in advance. The two groups were also given "ex post facto test" to measure the variation of their inquiry skills and attitude after the lessons. In addition, the experimental class was tested to measure their learning attitude after they are teamed the science with the sheets. The results of this study are as follows: 1. According to the percentile statistics of the science inquiry skills test between the two groups, the work-sheets for the differentiated teaming helped pupils develope their inquiry skills remarkably. 2. The work-sheets did not lead to significant difference between the learning ability of boys and girls. 3. The science lesson using the work-sheets showed positive influences in increasing pupils' scientific attitude. 4. About 77.2 percent of pupils accepted the excellent records of the evaluation in the science lesson using the sheets. It can be, therefore, concluded that the science lesson using the work-sheets for differentiated teaming is one of effective science lessons to increasing pupils' science inquiry skills, compared with the general teaching method.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2004

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytological examination is an appropriate method for the evaluation of pulmonary nodules. In major types of lung cancer, Its diagnostic accuracy is quite high. However, it is sometimes difficult, using this technique, to differentiate between some unusual phenotypes including adenosquamous carcinoma, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), neuroendocrine tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and sclerosing hemangioma. Here, we present a case involving extremely well differentiated adenosquamous carcinoma, mimicking benign lesions, such as pulmonary scar and adenomatoid malformation with squamous metaplasia. The patient was a 68-year-old man presenting with a solitary pulmonary nodule$(1.6\times1.6cm)$, which was incidentally found at the periphery of the right lower lobe. FNA revealed some clusters of glandular cells with minimal atypia, in addition to squamous cells at a nearly full maturational state. Histological examination verified the cytological diagnosis on a lobectomy specimen. The tumor exhibited a well differentiated adenocarcinoma component, mimicking the bronchioles in scarred lung tissue. and a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma component, mimucking the squamous cell nests of adenoacanthoma, in the other organs. In the present case, the possibility of adenosquamous carcinoma should have been considered if squamous cells were seen in the FNA from the peripheral pulmonary nodule, even though they appeared to be benign.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.23
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• pp.10489-10493
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• 2015

Background: Gastric cancer is the second most common gastrointestinal cancer and is largely attributed to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. In addition, studies have also shown association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 10% of gastric cancers. This study assessed the characteristics of EBV associated gastric cancers (EBVaGC) in Brunei Darussalam. Materials and Methods: This study included gastric cancers diagnosed between 2008 and 2012, registered with the Department of Pathology RIPAS Hospital, Brunei Darussalam. Clinical case notes were systematically reviewed. Histology specimens were all stained for EBV and also assessed for intestinal metaplasia and H. pylori. Results: There were a total of 81 patients (54 male and 27 females) with a mean age of $65.8{\pm}14.8years$ included in the study. Intestinal metaplasia and active H. pylori infection were detected in 40.7% and 30.9% respectively. A majority of the tumors were proximally located (55.6%), most poorly differentiated (well differentiated 16%, moderately differentiated 30.9% and poorly differentiated 53.1%) and the stages at diagnosis were; stage I (44.4%), stage II (23.5%), stage III (8.6%) and stage IV (23.5%). EBV positivity (EBVaGC) was seen in 30.9%. Between EBVaGC and EBV negative gastric cancers, there were no significant differences (age, gender, ethnic group, presence of Intestinal metaplasia, tumor locations, stages of disease and degree of tumor differentiation). Conclusions: This study showed that a third of gastric cancers in Brunei Darussalam were positive for EBV, higher than what have been reported in the literature. However, there were no significant differences between EBVaGC and EBV negative gastric cancers. This suggests that the role of EBV in gastric cancer may be mostly incidental rather than any causal relation. However, further studies are required.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.77-82
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• 2008

Innate immune response is initiated by the recognition of unique microbial molecular patterns through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The purpose of this study is to dissect the expression of various PRRs in gingival epithelial cells of differentiated versus undifferentiated states. Differentiation of immortalized human gingival epithelial HOK-16B cells was induced by culture in the presence of high $Ca^{2+}$ at increased cell density. The expression levels of various PRRs in HOK-16B cells were examined by realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and flow cytometry. In addition, the expression of human beta defensins (HBDs) was examined by real time RT-PCR and the amounts of secreted cytokines were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In undifferentiated HOK-16B cells, NACHT-LRR-PYDcontaining protein (NALP) 2 was expressed most abundantly, and toll like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1, and NOD2 were expressed in substantial levels. However, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, ICE protease-activating factor (IPAF), and NALP6 were hardly expressed. In differentiated cells, the levels of NOD2, NALP2, and TLR4 were different from those in undifferentiated cells at RNA but not at protein levels. Interestingly, differentiated cells expressed the increased levels of HBD-1 and -3 but secreted reduced amount of IL-8. In conclusion, the repertoire of PRRs expressed by gingival epithelial cells is limited, and undifferentiated and differentiated cells express similar levels of PRRs.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.335-351
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• 2014

The 96 elementary school teachers' the degrees of understandings about the characteristics of the currents according to the connection methods of batteries in simple electric circuits were investigated. In this study, the concepts on the characteristics of currents according to the connection methods of batteries were divided 'the learned concepts' and 'the differentiated concepts'. The characteristics of the currents in the region of the larger resistance of load than the internal resistance of a battery were called the learned concepts, they are taught in the science curriculum. While the characteristics of the currents in the region of the smaller resistance of load than the internal resistance of a battery were called the differentiated concepts, they are not exposed clearly in the science curriculum. The results obtained in this study are as follows: The average score related to the learned concepts was relatively high, while the degree of the teachers' cognitions of the internal resistance of a battery and the resistance of wires were low. Also the average score related to the differentiated concepts was very low because it seems so new to the elementary school teachers. It strongly suggests that the elementary school teachers did not understand meaningfully the characteristics of the currents related to the connections of batteries on the ground of the cognitions of the internal resistances of batteries and the resistances of loads in simple electric circuits. Hence, they might experience difficulties due to the problems occurred in relation to the connections of batteries in the elementary school science lessons.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.71-77
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• 2009

Endoscopic resection is one of the curative options for early gastric cancer. However, based on large-scale data about the risk of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer, endoscopic resection has been attempted for the following: differentiated intramucosal gastric cancer, regardless of size and without ulcers; differentiated intramucosal cancer, 30 mm in size with ulcers; minute submucosal differentiated cancer <30 mm in size; and undifferentiated intramucosal cancer, <20 mm in diameter without venous or lymphatic involvement. However, undifferentiated early gastric cancer exhibits different biologic behavior from differentiated early gastric cancer. Thus, the application of endoscopic resection for undifferentiated early gastric cancer remains controversial. In this review, we discuss the application of endoscopic resection for undifferentiated early gastric cancer based on analysis of biologic behavior and data of endoscopic resection.