• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2023

Background: Despite fall prevention strategies suggested by researchers, falls are still a major health concern in older adults. Understanding factors that differentiate successful versus unsuccessful balance recovery may help improve the prevention strategies. Objects: The purpose of this review was to identify biomechanical factors that differentiate successful versus unsuccessful balance recovery in the event of a fall. Methods: The literature was searched through Google Scholar and PubMed. The following keywords were used: 'falls,' 'protective response,' 'protective strategy,' 'automated postural response,' 'slips,' 'trips,' 'stepping strategy,' 'muscle activity,' 'balance recovery,' 'successful balance recovery,' and 'failed balance recovery.' Results: A total of 64 articles were found and reviewed. Most of studies included in this review suggested that kinematics during a fall was important to recover balance successfully. To be successful, appropriate movements were required, which governed by several things depending on the direction and characteristics of the fall. Studies also suggested that lower limb muscle activity and joint moments were important for successful balance recovery. Other factors associated with successful balance recovery included fall direction, age, appropriate protective strategy, overall health, comorbidity, gait speed, sex and anticipation of the fall. Conclusion: This review discusses biomechanical factors related to successful versus unsuccessful balance recovery to help understand falls. Our review should help guide future research, or improve prevention strategies in the area of fall and injuries in older adults.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.54-61
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• 2023

Background: Germ cells undergo towards male or female pathways to produce spermatozoa or oocyte respectively which is essential for sexual reproduction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential of trans-differentiation to the multiple cell lineages. Methods: Herein, rat MSCs were isolated from bone marrow and characterized by their morphological features, expression of MSC surface markers, and in vitro differentiation capability. Results: Thereafter, we induced these cells only by retinoic acid supplementation in MSC medium and, could able to show that bone marrow derived MSCs are capable to trans-differentiate into male germ cell-like cells in vitro. We characterized these cells by morphological changes, the expressions of germ cell specific markers by immunophenotyping and molecular biology tools. Further, we quantified these differentiated cells. Conclusions: This study suggests that only Retinoic acid in culture medium could induce bone marrow MSCs to differentiate germ cell-like cells in vitro. This basic method of germ cell generation might be helpful in the prospective applications of this technology.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.383-394
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• 2023

The ultra-fast quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed and validated to differentiate the morphologically similar ones, Oncorhynchus keta and Oncorhynchus mykiss. Species-specific primers were designed for the COI genes of mtDNA. The species-specific primers designed for O. keta and O. mykiss were selectively amplified by O. keta and O. mykiss DNA, respectively. The sensitivity of O. keta and O. mykiss primers was 1 ng/μL. Quantitative testing showed that the results met the 'Guidelines on Standard Procedures for Preparing Analysis Method such as Food' proposed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The qPCR method developed and validated in this study for identifying O. keta and O. mykiss has advantages such as speed and field applicability. Therefore, this method is expected to help control forgery and alteration of raw materials in the seafood industry.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2024

Background: Tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) and parapneumonic effusion (PPE) are often difficult to differentiate owing to the overlapping clinical features. Observational studies demonstrate that the ratio of lactate dehydrogenase to adenosine deaminase (LDH/ADA) is lower in TPE compared to PPE, but integrated analysis is warranted. Methods: We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the LDH/ADA ratio in differentiating TPE and PPE. We explored the PubMed and Scopus databases for studies evaluating the LDH/ADA ratio in differentiating TPE and PPE. Results: From a yield of 110 studies, five were included for systematic review. The cutoff value for the LDH/ADA ratio in TPE ranged from <14.2 to <25. The studies demonstrated high heterogeneity, precluding meta-analysis. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies Tool 2 assessment revealed a high risk of bias in terms of patient selection and index test. Conclusion: LDH/ADA ratio is a potentially useful parameter to differentiate between TPE and PPE. Based on the limited data, we recommend an LDH/ADA ratio cutoff value of <15 in differentiating TPE and PPE. However, more rigorous studies are needed to further validate this recommendation.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2001

A novel sterategy has been established to determine the origin of the Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) in avian embryos directly and the developmental fate of the PGCs for the application to Poultry biotechnology. Cells were removed from 1) the centre of area pellucida, 2) the outer of area pellucida and 3) the area opaca of the stage X blastoderm (Eyal-Giladi & Kochav, 1976). When the cells were removed from the centre of area pellucida, the mean number of circulating PGCs in blood was significantly decreased in the embryo at stage 15 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) as compared to intact embryos. When the cells were replenished with donor cells, no reduction in the PGCs number was observed. The removal of cells at the outer of area pellucida or at the area opaca had no effect on the number of PGCs. In case, another set of the manipulated embryos were cultured ex vivo to the hatching and reared to the sexual maturity, the absence of germ cells and degeneration of seminiferous tubules was observed in resulting chickens derived from the blastoderm in which the cells were removed from the centre of the area pellucida. It was concluded that the avian Primordial Germ cells are originated at the center of area pellucida. Developmental ability of the cells to differentiate into somatic cells and germ cells in chimeras were analyzed. Somatic chimerism was detected as black feather attributed from donor cells. Molecular identification by use of female - specific DNA was performed. It was confirmed that the donor cells could be differentiated into chimeric body and erythrocytes. Donor cells retained the ability to differentiate into germline in chimeric gonads. More than 70% of the generated chimeras transmitted donor derived gametes to their offspring indicating that the cells at the center of area pellucida had the high ability to differentiate into germ cells. A molecular technique to identify germline chimerism has been developed by use of gene scan analysis. Strain specific DNA fragments were amplified by the method. It would be greatly contributed for the detection of germline chimerism. Mixed- sex chimeras which contained both male and female cells were produced to investigate the developmental fate of male and female cells in ovary and testes. The sex combinations of donor and recipient of the resulting chimeras were following 4 pairs; (1) chimeras (ZZ/ZZ) produced by a male donor (ZZ) and a male recipient (ZZ), (2) chimeras (ZW/ZW) produced by a female donor (ZW) and a female recipient (ZW), (3) chimeras (ZZ/ZW) Produce by a male donor (ZZ) and a female recipient (ZW), (4) chimeras (ZW/ZZ) produced by a female donor (ZW) and a male recipient (ZZ). It was found that genetically male avian germ cells could differentiate into functional ova and that genetically female germ cells can differentiate into functional spermatozoa in the gonad of the mixed- sex chimeras. An ability for introduction of exogenous DNA into the PGCs from stage X blastoderms were analyzed. Two reporter genes, SV-$\beta$gal and RSV-GFP, were introduced into the PGCs. Expression of bacterial/gal was improved by complexing DNA with liposome detectedcc in 75% of embryos at 3 days embryos. At the embryos incubated for 1 day, expression of the GFP was observed all the embryos. At day 3 of incubation, GFP was detected in about 70% of the manipulated embryos. In case of GFP, expression of the transgene was detected in 30 %e of the manipulated embryos. These results suggested that the cells is one of the most promising vectors for transgenesis. The established strategy should be very powerfull for application to poultry biotechnology.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2004

Purpose: The recent development of MR has made to possible radiological diagnosis in various soft tssue tumors. But multifarious components within soft tissue tumors and their periodic change have made to difficult even differentiation of malignant from benign soft tissue tumors solely on the MR. So authors retry to differentiate malignant from benign soft tissue tumors with clinical and MR finding complex. Materials and methods: We were analysed 82 pathologically confirmed soft tissue solid tumors (37 cases as malignancy including intermediate tumors and 45 cases as benign including inflammatory masses) which are correlated with clinical findings such as age, size, and location, MR findings such as tumor border, texture on T2 and contrast-T1 images, and enhancement area retrospectively. Many typical lipoma and cysts including of ganglion and abscess are rejected in the benign soft tissue tumor group because not difficult to diagnose on MR. Results: Malignant soft tissue tumors were more frequent in 21~40 and 61~80 years old of the age, above 3.0 cm of the size, trunk-pelvis-lower extremities of the location, and MR findings with irregular border and above 50% of the enhancement area than those of benign soft tissue tumors. Conclusion: The clinical finding that divided to two locations as trunk-pelvis-lower extremities and upper extremities-shoulder-spine was statistically significant to differentiate malignant from benign soft tissue solid tumors. However, the others would provide some useful informations to differentiate them never specific.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.229-236
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• 2003

The five different foodborne pathogenic bacterial genera of Escherichi, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio and Listeria are important sources of foodpoison. However, the method was not developed to simultaneously differentiate these five bacteria at molecular level. The optimized concentrations of the four major PCR cocktail components of $MgCl_2$, dNTPs, primers and template DNA were determined when ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus)-PCR reactions were carried out to differentiate the five differnet foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The optimized concentration of $MgCl_2$ was determined to be 2 mM in order to obtain a consistent fingerprinitng pattern. The similar fingerprinting pattern was obtained when ERIC primers and dNTPs were added up to the concentrations of 2 ${\mu}M$ and 200 ${\mu}M$, respectively. As for template DNA, the numbers of PCR fragments were not affected, but their intensities were increased as the concentrations of the DNA were increased.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2013

Objectives: As a newcomer to the medical tourism industry, Korea needs to differentiate itself from the leading competing countries to vitalize its early-stage medical tourism industry. This study aims to introduce a strategic plan to vitalize the Korean integrated medical tourism so that Korea can differentiate itself from competing countries and create high added value. Methods: The concept and actual conditions of medical tourism and Oriental medical tourism were examined. A plan to differentiate Korea from the competing countries in the medical tourism industry was studied to create high added-value through strategic vitalization of its medical tourism industry. Results: Korean integrated medical tourism must be developed differently from those of other South-East Asian countries in order to strategically promote the cash-cow medical tourism industry. In order to develop such medical tourism, Korean medical practice, which integrates Western and Oriental medicine, is to be developed through mutual understanding and fusion of other disciplines among medical doctors and Oriental medical doctors who are working in local healthcare for health promotion of local residents and disease prevention and control. This will play a key role in developing a unique medical tourism product of Korea by means of strategic alliances as an integrated medicine. Manpower specialized for integrated medicine is to be specially supplied for Oriental medicine-related business lines at city, county and borough levels, among local governments, that are enthusiastically carrying forward Oriental medical tourism with an interest to promoting more active and strategic business development and raise the effectiveness and efficiency of public health centers handling related medical tourism. Manpower specialized for Korean integrated medical tourism is to be specially supplied for the Ministry of Culture, Health and Tourism, a policy control tower to develop and vitalize high value-added fusion (theme) tourism products such as the Korean integrated medical tourism, in order to discover, promote and support Korean integrated medical tourism's differences from existing medical tourism. Conclusions: The differentiated integrated medical tourism that only Korea can offer in a variety of forms, in order to create a key area of high value-added medical tourism, should be strategically vitalized through a liaison between integrated medicine and tourism and the realization of patient-centered health care services with medical technology developed based on mutual understanding of Western and Oriental medicine.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2004

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo. Human ES cells have the capacity to differentiate into various types of cells in the body. Human ES cells are indefinite source of cells for cell therapy in various degenerative disorders including neuronal disorders. Directed differentiation of human ES cells is a prerequisite for their clinical application. The objective of this study is to develop the culture condition for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells. Neural precursor cells were derived from human ES cells in a stepwise culture condition. Neural precursor cells in the form of neural rosette structures developed into neurospheres when cultured in suspension. Suspension culture of neurospheres has been maintained over 4 months. Expressions of nestin, soxl, sox2, pax3 and pax6 transcripts were upregulated during differentiation into neural precursor cells by RT-PCR analysis. In contrast, expression of oct4 was dramatically downregulated in neural precursor cells. Immunocytochemical analyses of neural precursor cells demonstrated expression of nestin and SOX1. When induced to differentiate on an adhesive substrate, neuro-spheres were able to differentiate into three lineages of neural systems, including neurons, astrocytes and oligo-dendrocytes. Transcripts of sox1 and pax6 were downregulated during differentiation of neural precursor cells into neurons. In contrast, expression of map2ab was elevated in the differentiated cells, relative to those in neural precursor cells. Neurons derived from neural precursor cells expressed NCAM, Tuj1, MAP2ab, NeuN and NF200 in immunocytochemical analyses. Presence of astrocytes was confirmed by expression of GFAP immuno-cytochemically. Oligodendrocytes were also observed by positive immuno-reactivities against oligodendrocyte marker O1. Results of this study demonstrate that a stepwise culture condition is developed for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.503-514
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• 1997

The morphogenesis of panicle and spikelet in paddy rice has been studied in high yielding Indica$\times$Japonica hybrid cultivar, Milyang 23 and a Japonica type cultivar, Koshihikari. Germinated seeds planted in $5000^{-1}$ a pots filled with submerged soil and cultured under natural conditions. The young panicle of main stem were continuously dissected and observered by Cryo-SEM from the panicle initiation stage until heading stage. Although the date of panicle differentiation and heading in Koshihikari earlier than those of Milyang 23. the sequence of panicle development in two cultivars begins when first bract primordium at opposite side of flag-leaf primordium differentiated, synchronously followed by growth of the primary branch primordia (PBPs) and secondary branch primordia (SBPs), spikelet primordia(SPs), glumes as lateral organs on rachilla and organs composing single floret, and successive sporogenesis in the young spikelets continue after the enclosure by lemma and palea. The PBPs are acropetally initiated from the base of the panicle primordium, and the SBPs alternately differentiate from the base of upper PBP which differentiate later than the lower PBP. Spikelet development starts at the top of upper side PBP of the young panicle and continue basipetally even though SBPs continue to develop at the lower primary branch. Each PBP, SBP and SP differentiate with differentiation bract or bract hair cell around the base of each their primordia. The observation could confirm that Milyang 23 has not only 2~3 more defferentiated PBPs, but also more SBPs and SPs especially from middle-lower primary branch, at end of their differentiation stages, as compared to those of Koshihikari.