• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fructose-1,6-bis phosphate aldolase (SMALDO) DNA vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni infection using different routes of injection. The SMALDO has been cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1/V5-His TOPO-TA and was used in injecting Swiss albino mice intramuscularly (IM), subcutaneously (SC), or intraperitoneally (IP) ($50{\mu}g/mouse$). Mice vaccinated with non-recombinant pcDNA3.1 served as controls. Each group was immunized 4 times at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6. Two weeks after the last booster dose, all mice groups were infected with 80 S. mansoni cercariae via tail immersion. At week 8 post-infection, animals were sacrificed for assessment of parasitological and histopathological parameters. High anti-SMALDO IgG antibody titers were detected in sera of all vaccinated groups (P<0.01) compared to the control group. Both the IP and SC vaccination routes resulted in a significant reduction in worm burden (46.2% and 28.9%, respectively, P<0.01). This was accompanied by a significant reduction in hepatic and intestinal egg counts (41.7% and 40.2%, respectively, P<0.01) in the IP group only. The number of dead eggs was significantly increased in both IP and IM groups (P<0.01). IP vaccination recorded the highest significant reduction in granuloma number and diameter (54.7% and 29.2%, respectively, P<0.01) and significant increase in dead miracidia (P<0.01). In conclusion, changing the injection route of SMALDO DNA vaccination significantly influenced the efficacy of vaccination. SMALDO DNA vaccination via IP route could be a promising protective and antipathology vaccine candidate against S. mansoni infection.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2000

This study was designed to verify the efficacy of garlic extracts for protecting the infecton of influenza and Japanese B encephalitis virus. Influenza virus (AO/PR8 strain) and Japanese B encephalitis virus (JaGAr O1 strain) were used to attack mouse through nasal route and each vaccines were injected subcutaneously. 0.002 and 0.2 mL/day of garlic extracts were orally administered to mice. The blood and serum samples were taken from the mice to measure LD50, Defense Index (DI), virus-neutralizing antibody for comparing virus influence inhibiting activities. Defense indices of the male and female mice were not significantly different at every experiment. Vaccination effectively inhibited the influence of influenza virus and 0.002 mL/day garlic extract (0.55$\pm$0.05) resulted in significantly higher DI than the control (0$\pm$0.05) (p<0.05). Although 0.002 mL/day garlic extract (0.55$\pm$0.05) resulted in significantly lower DI than the vaccination (1.10$\pm$0.05), 0.2 mL/day garlic extract (2.05$\pm$0.05) resulted in 10 times higher DI than the vaccination (1.10$\pm$0.05). Garlic extract did not affect DI in Japanese B encephalitis virus influence of the vaccinated mouse, but significantly reduced DI of the non-vaccinated mouse (p<0.05). Garlic extracts did not affect the production of the neutralizing antibody against influenza by vaccination. However, neutralizing antibody production of Japanese B encephalitis was accelerated by vaccination. Consequently, the current study proved the efficacy of garlic on inhibition of influenza virus. Finally, it is very hard to show the higher preventing effect on flu through ingestion of garlic as a food than vaccination.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.110-117
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• 2003

Background: The usefulness of DNA vaccine at priming step of heterologous prime-boost vaccination led to DNA vaccine closer to practical reality. DNA vaccine priming followed by recombinant viral vector boosting via systemic route induces optimal systemic immunity but no mucosal immunity. Mucosal vaccination of the reversed protocol (recombinant viral vector priming-DNA vaccine boosting), however, can induce both maximal mucosal and systemic immunity. Here, we tried to address the reason why the mucosal protocol of prime-boost vaccination differs from that of systemic vaccination. Methods: To address the importance of primary immunity induced at priming step, mice were primed with different doses of DNA vaccine or coadministration of DNA vaccine plus mucosal adjuvant, and immunity including serum IgG and mucosal IgA was then determined following boosting with recombinant viral vector. Next, to assess influence of humoral pre-existing immunity on boosting $CD8^+$ T cell-mediated immunity, $CD8^+$ T cell-mediated immunity in B cell-deficient (${\mu}K/O$) mice immunized with prime-boost regimens was evaluated by CTL assay and $IFN-{\gamma}$-producing cells. Results: Immunity primed with recombinant viral vector was effectively boosted with DNA vaccine even 60 days later. In particular, animals primed by increasing doses of DNA vaccine or incorporating an adjuvant at priming step and boosted by recombinant viral vector elicited comparable responses to recombinant viral vector primed-DNA vaccine boosted group. Humoral pre-existing immunity was also unlikely to interfere the boosting effect of $CD8^+$ T cell-mediated immunity by recombinant viral vector. Conclusion: This report provides the important point that optimally primed responses should be considered in mucosal immunization of heterologous prime-boost regimens for inducing the effective boosting at both mucosal and systemic sites.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.322-325
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• 1994

To optimize the immunological efficacy of CFC-101, an outer-membrane protein vaccine purified from relatively less pathogenic 4 different Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, we investigated to establish its dose, administration route, interval and frequency of vaccination in mice. As expected, the 4 CFC-101 producing strains were less pathogenic than the challenging organism, P. aeruginosa GN11189. CFC-101 completely protected the death caused by P. aeruginosa at above 0.05 mg/kg vaccinized by 3 times with 7-day intervals. At the optimally effective dose of 0.2 mg/kg of CFC-101, at least 3 immunizations were necessary for complete protection against P. aeruginosa-induced death. If immunized 3 times, the immunization interval could be shortened up to 2 days to acquire the best protection against P. aeruginosa. CFC-101 was effective either by intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular but not by oral administration. The present results show that the newly developed Pseudomonas vaccine, CFC-101, is highly effective for the protection from death caused by pseudomonal infections.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.77-89
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• 1981

The experimental study was undertaken to confirm the effect of vaccination of birds with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines on the Market by use of th. various vaccination programs. Sixteen groups of birds varying from 2 to f days of age, which were originated from hyper-immunised hens against ND were immunised by three different ways, a live vaccine only, a killed vaccine only, and the combination of a live and killed vaccine according to the each schedule of employed programs. In the administration of a live vaccine only, birds were immunized by one of following methods, the combination of intranasal and intraocular inoculation, intramuscular inoculation, via drinking water and the double inoculation by spray and drinking water application. Except for the double application, all the birds were vaccinated 2,3 or 4 times with two volumes of the virus dose (drinking water application) instructed by the commercial vaccine laboratory, until 21, 28 or 30 days of age, and all the immunized birds 19, 21 or 28 days postvaccination were challenged intramuscularly with 1.0$m\ell$ of 10,000 MLD per $m\ell$ of a virulent ND virus. In the administration of the combination of a live and killed vaccine, birds were immunized 2 or 3 times intranasally at first until 14 or 28 days of age with the same dose of the above experiment of a live vaccine, and then inoculated intramuscularly 1 or 2 times until 60 days of age with 1.0 $m\ell$ of a killed vaccine. And all immunized birds 11 days postvaccination were challenged with the same procedure of the above experiment. In the administration of a killed vaccine only, birds were immunized 3 times intramuscularly until 28 days of age with varied dose (0.2-0.5 $m\ell$) of a killed vaccine and all immunized birds 33 days postvaccination were challenged with the same procedure of the above experiment. The results obtained are summerised as follows: All birds vaccinated by using the combination of a live and killed vaccine program or a killed vaccin only appeared to be refractory. without any sign of illness, to the challenge exposure with 1.0$m\ell$ of 10,000 MLD per $m\ell$ of a virulent ND virus. On the other hand, the survival rates of birds of live vaccine groups immunized by a number of vaccine program such as Salsbury's day old program, 3-3-3 program, the Institute of Veterinary Reserch program and Multiple inoculation program, were 39.58%, 43.7%, 43.75% and 47.80%, respectively. And the survival rates of birds vaccinated with a live vaccine by 4 different ways of administration, i.e., double inoculation by water and aerosol application, intramuscular injection, intranasal instillation and via 4.inking water were 87.50%, 64.06%, 42.18% and 25.00%, respectively.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.484-489
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• 2005

Streptococcus pmeumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia and bacterial meningitis. The current polysaccharide vaccine has been reported ineffective in elderly adults and children less than 2 years of age. Thus, in recent many researchers have been focused on a different approach, DNA vaccine. In our laboratory we developed a Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA (SPDNA) vaccine. This SPDNA vaccine was formulated by inserting the region encoding part of the capsule in the S. pneumoniae into the LAMP-1. In present work, with use of the SPDNA vaccine we attempted to establish a certain methodology useful for evaluation of effectiveness and immunoresponse of a DNA vaccine. Results showed that the subcutaneous route was the most effective for production of antisera specific for S. pneumoniae in mice. By isotyping analyses, IgM, IgGl, IgG2a, and IgG2b were determined. In addition, INF-$\gamma$ and IL-4 were predominantly detected. Combination of those data resulted in a pattern of IgGl < IgG2a=IgG2b and INF$\gamma\>$ >IL-4, which indicates the inmmunity towards the Thl response predominantly; furthermore, the SPDNA vaccination induced resistance of the CD4+T lymphocyte-depleted mice against disseminated pneumococcal infection. These data appear to be possibly due to activation of CDS8+T cell-activation. Taken together, this methodology can be applied for evaluating efficacy and mode of action of a DNA vaccine as minimum critera.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.125-146
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• 1968

Throughout the studies the following experimental results were summarized. 1. It was impossible to infect and kill the mice, weighing 10 to 12 gm, by inoculating 0.2ml of virulent Cl. chauvoei, diluted 1 to 10 with physiological saline, via subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intraveonus, route. 2. The mice which were inoculated in brain with 0.03ml of Cl. chauvoei diluted 1 : 5120 with physiological saline were resulted in all death after infection, but not in case of attenuated strain even in dilution of one to five. 3. Virulent Cl. chauvoei were diluted with each of those of whole blood, erythrocytes and serum of horse, calf, swine, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, chicken and duck, human plasma and 2% CaCl solution, and inoculated subcutaneously 0.25 to 0.5ml in mice, weighing 12 to 15gm. It was resulted in significant increase in virulence as comparing with the case of physiological saline solution except when horse and pig sera were used. Such a phenomena were not seen in attenuated strain. 4. Virulence of virulent Cl. Chauvoei could be increased significantly in rat, as the procedures used in mice, by suspending in whole blood, erythrocytes, serum, or plasma of various animals, or 2% $CaCl_2$ solution and by inoculating subcutaneously 0.5 to 10ml in rat, weighing 30 to 60 gm, as compared with those of control group which used physiological saline solutionos diluent. 5. Mice resisted 100 and 80 percent against challenge of $10^3$ and $10^4$ M.L.D.. respectively, 24 hours after inoculation of 0.5ml black leg antiserum. 6. Immune response to the black leg living vaccine in mice could be obtained more favorably in the group of respected vaccination rather than those of single inoculation and the most profitable inoculm size of the vacine was 0.5 to 1.0ml. 7. Challenge for the immunized mice could be carried out effectively 3 weeks after first vaccination. 8. Satisfactory results could be obtained by inoculating subcutaneously for the immunization and intracerebrally or subcutaneously for the challenge. 9. Mice which were inoculated with 0.5ml of black leg living vaccine via subtaneucously two times at seven days interval and 21 days after first inoculation and challenged with 5 and 10 M.L.D. of virulent strain, resited 100 and 70 to 80 percent respectively. Same results were obtainable in black leg killed vaccine as the procedures used in living vaccine. 10. There were significantly different resistances against the definite challenge does between the mice groups which were immnuized with the living vaccine diluted five or 10 times and the undiluted. 11. For the biological assay of black leg living vaccine and antiserum, satisfactory results could be obtained using mice.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 1981

본 연구는 오늘날 뉴캣슬병(ND) 예방접종 목적에 널러 쓰여지는 Adjuvant가 불활화예방약과 약독주 생독예방약(LV)의 두가지 중 특히 논의가 많은 LV의 접종경로에 따르는 면역효과를 밝혀. 그 결과를 일반에게 명확히 제시하여 본병방과에 도움을 주는 목적으로 시행하였다. 이 연구를 위해서 먼저 LV생산재료로 사용되는 $B_1$ 접종 발육계묘에서 얻은 장요막질액의 접종경로별 면역력가를 30일영추를 공시하여 측정한 후, 그 유효량을 사용하여 분무, 비강내적하 근육주사, 음수투여의 4가지 경로를 통해서 상기시험일때와 동일하게 30일추에 각각 접종, 접종경로별로 면역효과를 비교 검토하였다. 그리하여 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. $10^{8.5}$ EI $D_{50}$$m\ell$의 역가를 가진 $B_1$독주장요막강액재료의 10진희척 각단계액을 30일추에 대하여 업종경로별 각소정량을 분무, 비강내적하, 근육주사하였을 때 상기재료의 $10^{-2}$ 희척($10^{6.5}$ EI $D_{50}$$m\ell$) 응용은 만족한 면역성을 부여하였으나 $10^{-3}$희척($10^{5.5}$ EI $D_{50}$$m\ell$)에서는 만족스럽지 못하였으며 I $D_{50}$(-log)는 근육주사=2.8, 분묘＞4.1, 비강내적하＞4.2이었다. 2. $10^{-2}$ 희포장요막강($10^{6.5}$ EI $D_{50}$$m\ell$)의 접종경로별 각소정량을 30일령 공시추에 접종경로를 달리하여 접종하였을 때 10,000MLD/$m\ell$ ND 병독/$m\ell$의 근육내접종공격에 대한 내과율은 분무가 93.75%, 비강내적하가 95.3%, 근육내접종이 92.6%의 좋은 성적이었는데 반하여 식수투여는 47.18%로 극히 불량하고, 시험한 4가지 접종경로 중 가장 낮은 성적이었다. 낮은 성적이었다.은 성적이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2002

Cells infected With equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) Produced both infectious and non-infectious Virus-related particles. Compared to the whole virion, non-infectious particles termed L-particles were deter-mined to lack 150 kDa protein, commonly known as nucleocapsid protein. The potential of L-particles to induce immune responses was studied in mice and foals. Intranasal immunization with L-particles or whole virions induced poor IgG antibody responses in mice. Interestingly, despite the poor antibody response, the conferred immunity protected the host from challenge infections. This was indicated by a significant reduction in virus titers in line with recovery towards normal body weight. Subsequently, the test on the usefulness of L-particles as immunizing agents was extended to foals. Immunization of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) foals resulted in similar results. As determined by a complement-fixing-antibody test (CFT), foals seroconverted when they were immunized either with inactivated L-particles or whole virions via intramuscular (i.m.) injections. The presence of the antibody correlated with the degree of protection. Beyond day 1 post challenge infection (p.i.), there was no virus shedding in the nasal mucus of foals immunized with whole EHV-1 virions. Virus shedding was observed in foals Immunized with L-particles but limited to days 6 to 8 p.i. only. In contrast, extended vim shedding was observed in non-immunized foals and it was well beyond day 14 p.i. Viremia was not detected for more than four days except in non-immunized foals. Immunization in mice via intranasal (i.n.) conferred good protection. However, compared to the i.n. route, a greater degree of protection was obtained in foals following immunization via i.m. route. Despite variation in the degree of protection due to different routes of immunization in the two animal species, our results have established significant evidence that immunization with L-particles confers protection in the natural host. It is suggested that non-infectious L-particles should be used as immunizing agents for vaccination of horses against EHV-1 infection.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2011

본 구에서는 백신을 넙치 양식 현장에 적용하기 위한 기초연구로서 항원의 투여방법 및 항원 투여 후 사육환경 변화에 따른 넙치의 특이 항체 반응에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 항원의 투여방법에 따른 항체 반응을 조사하기 위해 넙치에 BSA를 복강 및 근육 주사한 후 주기적으로 혈액을 취해 BSA에 대한 항체기를 측정한 결과, 근육 주사법이 복강 주사법보다 항체형성 초기시점에서 약간 높은 항제기를 나타났으나 그 이후의 항체 반응에는 유의적인 차이가 관찰되지 않아, 백신을 투여하는 방법으로 근육주사법 뿐만 아니라 복강 주사법도 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다. 사육환경 변화에 따른 백신의 영향을 조사하기 위해 BSA를 면역시킨 넙치에 사육수온의 급하강, handling 및 중유에 노출시킨 후 항체기를 측정한 결과, 수온변화 및 handling 실험구가 양성 대조구보다 항체형성 초기시점에서 약간 높은 항체기를 나타났으나, 그 이후의 항체 반응에는 서로간의 유의적인 치아는 관찰되지 않아, 위의 환경 변화는 넙치의 특이 항체반응에 영향을 거의 끼치지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 결과, 넙치 양식현장에서 백신은 일시적인 수온변화, 중유노출 및 handling에 의한 환경변화에서도 유용하게 사용 될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.