• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 1988

Six steers of each breed type, Hereford ($H{\times}H$), Brahman ($B{\times}B$) and Brahman $\times$ Hereford ($B{\times}H$) were ranked on liveweight and allocated to three treatments, basal hay diet (Basal), Basal plus 1 kg/head/day of cottonseed meal (Basal + CSM) and Basal plus 1 kg/head/day of formaldehyde-treated sunflower meal, $Norpro^{(R)}$ (Basal + NPO). The hay was made from a pasture based predominantly on carpet grass (Axonopus affinus) growing in subtropical New South Wales, and had an estimated organic matter digestibility of 52% and a nitrogen (N) content of 7.8 g/kg dry matter (DM). The steers were accustomed to the Basal diet over 15 days and supplements offered over 42 days. Intake of the basal hay diet by steers was not increased by supplementation. When intakes were adjusted for differences between breed types in liveweight the $B{\times}H$ steers ate 25% (P<0.01) more hay than $H{\times}H$ steers (6.3 V 5.0 kg/head/d) and $B{\times}B$ steers ate 8% less hay than $H{\times}H$ steers. Supplementation significantly (P<0.01) increased liveweight gain during the experiment, being ($g/head/d\;{\pm}\;s.e.d.$) 290, 770 and $795{\pm}118$ respectively for Basal, Basal + NPO and Basal + CSM. There was no difference between supplements in the liveweight gain of steers nor between steers of different genotypes. However, there was a significant interaction (P<0.01) between breeds and treatments such that $B{\times}B$ steers gained most on the basal diet but least of the breed types when supplemented. The estimated non-degradeable fraction of N in the protein meals was 58.5 and 44.5%, respectively for NPO and CSM. Both meals increased (P<0.01) plasma urea N and rumen ammonia N concentrations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.349-359
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• 1997

This study was designed to study sources of variability(subjects, day by day, season, day of week, sequence, number of repeated days, compliance etc.) in multiple 24-hour dietary recall method. Dietary intakes of college women in Seoul were obtained using 24-hour dietary recalls, consecutive 7 days, 4 times for 1 year. The result of this study shows that 1) the reproducibility of multiple 24-hour recalls is low(intraclass correlation coefficient<0.3), 2) the intraindividual variations of all nutrients are more than 80%, 3) the major components of variation are interindividual vriability and intraindividual variability(within person variability and methodologic error). There were small but statistically significant season and compliance effects. 4) the ratio within-person varation to between-person variation for absolute and transformed nutrient intakes except some nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, energy from protein and fat etc, was less than 1.7 the minimum numbers of days needed in 24-hour dietary recalls to estimate usual intake for this group were 1 to 21 days. And the numbers of days needed to get the usual intake of an individual varied among individuals and within individuals for different nutrients, ranged from 1 days for log carbohydrate(% energy) to 470 days for Na. 6) There were greater than 0.7 correlation coefficients between the average nutrient intakes of 12 days and intakes of 28 days. Therefore, it was desirable to take the 24-hour recall more than 12 times, repeating 3 days every season.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.370-378
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the administration patterns of sedatives and paralytic agents for mechanically ventilated patients. Method: The participants were 18 adult patients who received mechanical ventilation therapy for more than 1 day in the MICU. Collected data were type of injected medications, administration interval, injected amount, administration purpose and patient assessment by nurses. Result: Mean age of the patients was 61 years old. Seventy-two percent were male. Only 2 drugs (midazolam and norcuron) were administered to most of subjects. The type of medication administered was less heterogeneous than in previous studies. Most of the patients received sedatives and paralytics intermittently. Six different methods were used by nurses to administer sedatives and paralytics. The mean injection frequency was 9.3 times/day for sedatives and 10.8 times/day for paralytic agents. The most common purpose for administration of the drugs was full sedation of the patient (57%). Conclusion: Since a few patients received sedatives and paralytic agents higher than usual dose and a few Patients received those drugs lower than usual dose, nurses need to use proper protocols and guidelines for sedation to avoid oversedation and undersedation.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2008

The present study was undertaken to identify changes of plasminogen activators (PAs) in porcine oviductal epithelial cells (POECs) during the estrous cycle classified with post-ovulatory stages (Post-Ov), early to mid-luteal stages (Early-mid L) and pre-ovulatory (Pre-Ov) stages. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) was only observed on day 5 and day 7 of culture in the POECs on all the estrous cycles and gradually increased according to increasing culture times, but not Early-mid L. In POECs-conditioned medium, uPA, tissue-type (tPA) and tPA-PA inhibitor (tPA-PAI) activity were observed at all culture times during estrous cycles. The uPA activity of POECs-conditioned medium on Post-Ov stage were significantly (p<0.05) decreased during prolonged cultures. On the other hand, the tPA activity of POECs-conditioned medium at Post-Ov stage was significantly (p<0.05) higher on day 5 than compared to the other days. Although was higher on day 1 at Post-Ov stage, the tPA-PAI activity of POECs-conditioned medium was significantly (p<0.05) higher on day 7 at all stage than that of day 5 of the culture. Taken together, these results suggest that uPA, tPA and tPA-PAI are produced by POECs, and the variations of the PAs activity are regulated in the different stages of the estrous cycle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of water restriction (WR) on physiological and blood parameters in lactating dairy cows reared under Mediterranean climate. Methods: The trial lasted 16 days preceded by two weeks of adaptation to the experimental condition in spring 2014 on 6 dairy cows in mid-lactation. These cows were allowed water ad libitum for 4 days (W100) (hydration period), then split into 2 groups, one group has received 25% and the other 50% of water compared to their mean water consumption during the hydration period; then rehydrated for 4 days. Feed intake and physiological parameters: respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded twice a day. Blood was collected once a day and analyzed for serum concentration of glucose (Glc), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol), urea (Ur), creatinine (Crea), and total protein (TP) by enzymatic colorimetric method and cortisol (Cort) by radioimmunoassay. Results: Total dry matter intake (TDMI) was affected by WR. A decrease in TDMI was observed in WR groups compared to W100 group (effect, group, period, day, $group{\times}day$, $period{\times}day$: p<0.001). Also, WR resulted in a significant increase in RR, HR, RT in WR groups than in W100 group (effect, group: p<0.001). In addition, an increase in the serum concentration of Glc, TG, Chol, Ur, Crea, TP, and Cort was noted in WR groups (effect, group, period, day: p<0.001). Conclusion: This study has shown the ability of cows raised in a Mediterranean climate to cope with different levels of WR and thus reach a new equilibrium. As result, elucidates the important role of water as a limiting factor for livestock in environments with low water availability.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 젓갈무첨가시료를 표준시료로하고 5종의 젓갈을 각각 첨가하여 김치를 제조한 후, $15^{\circ}C$에서 숙성하면서 젓산균의 산생성과 생육, 숙성된 시료의 관능적 특성 및 몇가지 휘발성냄새성분을 분석하였다. pH와 산도의 결과를 보면 표준시료, 멸치액젓, 까나리액젓, 액체육젓시료의 경우는 pH와 산도의 변화 pattern이 유사하였으나, 새우젓시료의 경우는 0. 2, 4일의 pH와 산도의 변화 pattern이 다소 달랐으며, 조개젓의 경우는 전 실험기간을 통하여 pH와 산도의 변화 pattern이 다른 시료와 뚜렷하게 차이를 보였다. 젖산균수의 변화를 보면, 모든 시료의 담근 직후의 젖산균수는 $1.8-2.6{\times}10^{5}\;CFU/mL$로 큰 차이가 없었으며, 4일 후의 젖산균수도 $1.0-2.5{\times}10^{9}\;CFU/mL$로 표준시료와 젓갈시료 사이에 큰 차이가 없었다. 관능검사의 결과를 보면 숙성 정도에 따라 다순 차이는 있지만 전반적인기호도와 맛은 조개젓시료를 제외한 젓갈시료, 특히 새우젓시료가 표준시료보다 우수하였다. $15^{\circ}C$에서 6일간 숙성된 시료의 휘발성냄새성분을 분석한 결과를 보면, 8개의 냄새성분이 확인되었으며 대조시료와 젓갈시료사이에는 근 차이가 없었으나, 새우젓시료의 휘발성냄새성분함량이 다른 시료보다 다소 높았다. 비숙성시료(0 day)와 비교하면 diallyl sulfide와 methyl propyl disulfide가 새로이 생성되었고, ethanol, methyl sulfide, sulfide, dimethyl disulfide는 증가하였으며, allyl mercaptan은 감소하였다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine the overflow effect and cross training effect of isometric quadriceps training that performed in specific angle of unilateral let. Ten healthy students with an average age of 24 years$(24.1\pm1.3)$, were participated in this study. Then 5 subjects in each group were chosen at random to train using only right quadriceps muscle two time per day(group 2), five times a week and the other 5 subjects(group 1) were chosen to train one times per day, five times a week for 2 weeks at only 50 degrees (contract 6 seconds, rest 10 seconds, 3 sets). Before and after the training, isometric quadriceps muscle testing of the both leg was Performed at three different angles, 60, 50 and 40 degrees respectively by BHN-COM (isokinetic dynamometer) in sitting position. The data was analyzed with paired t-test to determine significant difference between before and after training. In this study, we have found that the isometric quadriceps muscle training on specific angle of right side produced overflow effect In healthy subjects. However, increasing the peak torque of specific angle(training angle) of trained limb did not have an effect on increasing the peak torque of contralateral limb. These results demonstrate that the cross training effect did nut found in this study but a alight increase of peak torque of the untrained limb would recognized the possibility of cross training effect.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.101-117
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• 1983

The phenological phenomena in terms of year day index (YDI) in South Korea were studied. The YDI was proposed here, because the remainer index such as Nuttonson's index is unadequate for the interpretation on the phenological phenomena of early spring season in sourthern coastal area. The YDI was calculated by summing daily mean temperature of the year days (YD) above physical zero degree in centigrade, based on the data of the Monthly Weather Reports from 1967 to 1980 by the Central Meteorological Office. The pattern of YDI increase with the increase of YD was similar to that of the remainder index such as the Nuttonson's index. The some YDI distribution maps were made by Yim and Kira (1975), dividing into 30'$\times$40' meshes, in latitude and longtude, on the topographical map(1 : 500,000) of the Korea Peninsula. According to the year day of different localities flowering dates of Prunus yedoensis and other phenological phenomena in various species delayed about 3.5 day as the increase of 1 degree of latitude, which coincides with the Hopkins bioclimatic law. It was found that the YDI is useful to interprete the phenology of plant and animal species and to select the optimum range of cultivars in South Korea.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.466-478
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of music therapy on anxiety of cesarean section wemen. The research design was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The subjects of this study were 65 cesarean section wemen scheduled for surgery. The study was conducted from October 15, 1999 to January 5, 2000. Two groups consisted of subjects assigned : one the experimental group(33 wemen), and the other the control group(32 wemen). The music therapy was performed 3 times to experimental group just before surgery day, on surgery day. The level of anxiety was measured by State Anxiety Inventory, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^2-test$, t-test, Repeated measures of ANCOVA. The results of study were as fellows : 1) State anxiety scores were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after music therapy. 2) Systolic blood pressures and diastolic blood pressures were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after music therapy. 3) Pulse rates were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after music therapy. 4) Respiratory rates were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after music therapy. According to these results, music therapy can be regarded as an effective nursing intervention that relieves anxiety of cesarean section wemen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.192-195
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• 1997

Thirty adults Desi and Khaki Campbell ducks were distributed to 6 farmers of Chakcharpur village of Mymensingh district. These ducks were subjected 3 types of mating e.g. Desi ${\times}$ Desi, Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Khaki Campbell and Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi-having 10 ducks (male : female = 1 : 4) in each mating group. Each mating group was then divided into two having 5 ducks(male : female = 1 : 4) and distributed to 2 farmers. After collecting eggs from each mating category, these were hatched by broody hens from which a total of 90 day old ducklings, 30 from each genotype were raised from birth to 90 days after the onest of laying. Although the weight of the day old chicks were similar in all genotypes (40-43 g), body weight was the highest (p <0.01) for Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi (1,543) before the onset of laying followed by Khaki Campbell (1,552 g) and Desi (1,448 g) ducks. Khaki Campbell attained maturity at an earlier (p < 0.01) age (147 days) followed by Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi, (154 days) and Desi (161 days) ducks. Khaki Campbell laid maximum (p < 0.01) number of eggs (46) compared to Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi, (30) and Desi (18) ducks 90 days after the onset of laying. However, eggs were heavier (p < 0.01) in Desi (61.9) ducks compared to other genotypes. Fertility and hatchability were also higher in Desi ducks than the other two genotypes. Mortality was also lover in Desi ducks (3.33%) followed by Khaki Campbell ${\times}$ Desi (6.66%) and Khaki Campbell (16.66%) ducks. The results presented here indicated the superiority of Desi ducks over the other two genotypes with respect to egg weight, fertility, hatchability and mortality under village condition. Pure and crossbreds, on the other hand, were heavier at sexual maturity at relatively younger age and laid more eggs.