• 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.3-16
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• 2002

We examined some problems in speaker identification procedures: transformation of acoustic parameters into auditory scales, invalid measurement values, and comparability of spectral energy values across the frequency range. To resolve those problems, we analyzed the acoustic spectral energy of three Korean numbers produced by ten female students from narrow-band spectrograms at 19 proportional time points of each voiced segment. Then, cells of the first five spectral matrices were averaged to form a matrix model for each speaker. The correlation coefficients and sum of the absolute amplitude difference in each pair of the spectral models of the ten subjects were obtained. Also, some individual matrix models were compared to those of the same subject or the other subject with a similar spectral model. Results showed that in numbers '2' and '9' subjects could not be clearly distinguished from the others but in number '4' it shed some possibility of setting threshold values for speaker identification if we employed the coefficients and the sum of absolute difference. Further studies would be desirable on various combinations of the range of long-term average spectra and the degree of signal pre-emphasis.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제38호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2003

The purpose of this study Is to find out the design guideline for women's hospital focusing on the patient needs. The results of research are as follows: 1) As a basic frame of evaluation model, the quality of service of medical facilities and patients' reaction to the physical environment are fixed as a variable called' satisfaction degree'. This study analyzes the influence on space efficiency evaluation according to the difference of types through basic model (Model I-1,2) as verification model to identify the difference between satisfaction degree of outpatients and that of inpatients. 2) The difference of satisfaction degree about the hospital facilities by space evaluation matrix is according to the types of inpatients and to space importance. 3) The control of importance degree about the interior facilities of the hospital according to the specific character of the hospital is necessary. Maintenance of the status quo, or reduction, or expansion is needed according to the satisfaction degree corresponding to the importance degree. Finally, the model is used to for the planning & design for the future women's hospital.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.643-667
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• 2010

The classical flexibility difference method detects damage by observing the difference of conventional deflection flexibility matrices between pre- and post-damaged states of a structure. This method is not able to identify multiple damage scenarios, and its criteria to identify damage depend upon the boundary conditions of structures. The key point behind the inability and dependence is revealed in this study. A more feasible flexibility for damage detection, the Angle-between-String-and-Horizon (ASH) flexibility, is proposed. The physical meaning of the new flexibility is given, and synthesis of the new flexibility matrix by modal frequencies and translational mode shapes is formulated. The damage indicators are extracted from the difference of ASH flexibility matrices between the pre- and post-damaged structures. One feature of the ASH flexibility is that the components in the ASH flexibility matrix are associated with elements instead of Nodes or DOFs. Therefore, the damage indicators based on the ASH flexibility are mapped to structural elements directly, and thus they can pinpoint the damaged elements, which is appealing to damage detection for complex structures. In addition, the change in the ASH flexibility caused by damage is not affected by boundary conditions, which simplifies the criteria to identify damage. Moreover, the proposed method can determine relatively the damage severity. Because the proposed damage indicator of an element mainly reflects the deflection change within the element itself, which significantly reduces the influence of the damage in one element on the damage indicators of other damaged elements, the proposed method can identify multiple damage locations. The viability of the proposed approach has been demonstrated by numerical examples and experimental tests on a cantilever beam and a simply supported beam.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.869-880
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• 2021

Herein, we estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of non-Gaussian signals for nested arrays (NAs) by implementing the fourth-order difference co-array (FODC) and successive methods. In particular, considering the property of the fourth-order cumulant (FOC), we first construct the FODC of the NA, which can obtain O(N⁴) virtual elements using N physical sensors, whereas conventional FOC methods can only obtain O(N²) virtual elements. In addition, the closed-form expression of FODC is presented to verify the enhanced degrees of freedom (DOFs). Subsequently, we exploit the vectorized FOC (VFOC) matrix to match the FODC of the NA. Notably, the VFOC matrix is a single snapshot vector, and the initial DOA estimates can be obtained via the discrete Fourier transform method under the underdetermined correlation matrix condition, which utilizes the complete DOFs of the FODC. Finally, fine estimates are obtained through the spatial smoothing-Capon method with partial spectrum searching. Numerical simulation verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.94-100
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• 2010

$^{99m}Tc$-DTPA를 이용한 사구체 여과율(Glomerular Filtration Rate, GFR) 측정은 간편한 방법으로 신장의 기능평가를 할 수 있는 장점이 있다. GFR 값은 순 주사기 계수, 신장 깊이, 교정 신장 계수, 영상획득 시간, 감마카메라의 특성 등 여러 원인에 의해 그 결과가 달라질 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA를 이용한 GFR 측정에서 행렬크기(matrix size)와 주사 전 방사능 양의 변화가 계수 값에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 영상 획득에 사용된 장비는 GE사의 Infinia이며 확대계수(zoom factor)는 1.0으로 하여 저에너지 범용성 콜리메이터를 사용하였다. 촬영조건으로 행렬 크기(matrix size)는 $64{\times}64$, $128{\times}128$, $256{\times}256$으로 변화를 주었고, 주사 전 방사능 양은 $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA를 222 (6), 296 (8), 370 (10), 444 (12), 518 MBq (14 mCi)로 각각 74 MBq (2 mCi)단위로 증가시켜 각각의 행렬 크기에 따라 계수치를 얻었다. 주사기는 검출기로부터 30 cm 거리를 두고 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60초까지 영상을 얻은 후 그 계수치를 비교하였다. 행렬 크기와 주사 전 방사능 양의 변화로 얻은 계수치를 실제 GFR 공식에 적용하였다. 행렬 크기 $64{\times}64$에서의 단위시간 당 계수치는 26.8, 34.5, 41.5, 49.1, 55.3 kcps, $128{\times}128$는 25.3, 33.4, 41.0, 48.4, 54.3kcps, $256{\times}256$의 경우는 25.5, 33.7, 40.8, 48.1, 54.7 kcps로 나타났다. 5초 동안 얻은 총 계수치는 $64{\times}64$에서 134, 172, 208, 245, 276 kcounts, $128{\times}128$는 127, 172, 205, 242, 271 kcounts, $256{\times}256$의 경우에는 137, 168, 204, 240, 273 kcounts로 나타났다. 그리고 60초 동안 얻은 총 계수치는 $64{\times}64$에서 1,503, 1,866, 2,093, 2,280, 2,321 kcounts, $128{\times}128$는 1,511, 1,994, 2,453, 2,890, 3,244 kcounts, $256{\times}256$의 경우에는 1,524, 2,011, 2,439, 2,869, 3,268 kcounts로 각각 나타났다. 총 계수치의 백분율 차이(% Difference)에 있어 $64{\times}64$는 최소 0%에서 최대 30.02%의 차이를 보였으며, $128{\times}128$와 $256{\times}256$은 각각 최소 0%에서 최대 0.60와 0.69%의 차이를 보였다. 행렬크기 $64{\times}64$의 계수 값에서 GFR 값은 주사 전 방사능 양이 222 MBq (6 mCi)에서 20초와 60초에서 0.37과 6.77%, 518 MBq (14 mCi)에서 20초와 60초에서 0.18과 42.89%로 얻었다. 그러나 $128{\times}128$와 $256{\times}256$에서는 0.60과 0.63%로 각각 나타났다. 행렬크기의 변화에서 $128{\times}128$과 $256{\times}256$은 주사 전 방사능 양과 계수 시간 변화에 따라 계수치 백분율과 GFR 값에 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 행렬크기가 $64{\times}64$에서는 주사 전 계수치가 1,500 kcounts를 초과할 때, 222 MBq (6mCi)에서는 50초와 518 MBq (14 mCi)에서는 30초 이상에서 주사 전 방사능 양과 시간의 변화에 따라 과잉계측이 서로 다르게 나타났으며, GFR 값에서는 더 큰 차이의 변화를 보였다. 따라서 $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA GFR 검사에서 주사 전 선량계측 시간에 따른 방사능 정량분석 검사에서는 행렬 크기, 주입 방사능 양, 그리고 획득시간 간의 변화 값을 정확히 알고 있어야 검사 결과에 대한 신뢰성을 확보 할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2005

4-Aminopyridine (AP) is a potassium channel blocker used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease. AP‘s window of therapeutic effect appears to correlate with its plasma halflife (3.5 hours). It demonstrates pH-dependent solubility because of a weakly basic drug. In addition, the resulting release from conventional matrix tablets decreases with increasing pH-milieu of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study is to design sustained release matrix tablet containing AP, overcoming this problem. $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ L 100 (EuL) and sodium alginate were used in an effort to achieve pH independent drug release. The effect of sodium alginate and EuL on drug release from matrix tablet was investigated. The drug release behavior from the different tablets was analyzed by $t_{20%},\;t_{40%},\;t_{60%}$, The exponential diffusion coefficient n, kinetic constant K were calculated according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation. The drug release from matrix tablets prepared with sodium alginate was decreased with increasing the content of sodium alginate in pH 7.4 while there is no significant difference in pH 1.2. The exponent n values were determined to be approximately 0.5 and 0.8 respectively, in both pH 1.2 and 7.4. These values indicate diffusion-based anomalous mechanism and erosion-based anomalous mechanism, respectively. The drug release from sodium alginate matrix tablets prepared with solid dispersion of EuL containing drug showed a slow drug release in an acidic medium and a more fast drug release in phosphate medium, compared with sodium alginate matrix tablets prepared with physical mixture. These results may be attributed to the gel forming ability of sodium alginate and pH dependent solubility of EuL. Therefore, sustained-release AP matrix tablets using sodium alginate and EuL were successfully prepared.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.330-338
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• 2021

This paper focuses on the improvement of the influence coefficient matrix method for estimation of local ice load on the icebreaking research vessel ARAON. The influence coefficient matrix relates ice pressure on the hull plate to the measured/calculated hull strain/stress. Conventionally von Mises equivalent stresses representing hull stresses and ice pressure acting on the hull plate are utilized to assemble the influence coefficient matrix. Because of the three dimensional features of the ship-ice collision process, an enhanced method to assemble the influence coefficient matrix is derived considering ice loads in the X, Y, and Z direction simultaneously. Furthermore the location of ice loads acting on hull-plate may fall outside the measuring sensor area, and the enhanced influence coefficient matrix is modified to reduce the difference between the actual and the estimated ice loads by expanding the domain outward from the sensor area. The developed method for enhanced influence coefficient matrix is applied to IBRV ARAON during the 2019 Antarctic ice field test and the local ice loads in three directions are efficiently calculated compared to those by a conventional method.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficiency of bone regenerative abilities of silk fibroin nanomembrane(Nanoguide-S) Material and Methods: The objects were 38 patients who had large defect at extraction sockets caused by chronic periodontitis and silk fibroin nano matrix were used on experimental group(N=19) and PLA/PLGA matrix were used on control group(N=19). The width, height, and length by crown-apical direction(socket depth) of defects were measured with the occlusal plane as a reference plane, and tooth axis direction, perpendicular to tooth axis direction were measured on radiographs at 3 months pre-operative, 3 months post-operative. Result: Tissue response to silk fibroin nano matrix and Biomesh were clinically satisfactory and complications such as swelling, exudation, ulceration and vesicles were not found except the ordinary discomfort of operated portion. 3 months later, the width, height, and length by crown-apical direction (socket depth) of defects were clinically improved in both groups with no significant difference. 3 months later radiolucency of tooth axis direction and perpendicular to tooth axis direction were all increased in both groups with no significant difference. Conclusion: By these results biodegradadable silk fibroin nano matrix was efficient in GBR on alveolar bone resorption caused by periodontitis compared to Biomesh.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2001

Previous OD matrix estimation methods from link traffic counts have focused on the formulation of mathematical model and its solution algorithm. Thereby those methods have assumed that true or real OD is similar to the target OD and paid little attention to the properties of the change of OD structure. Although it is general situation that each OD pair increases or decreases due to significant land use and to large time variation between target OD with real OD, those methods have set unrealistic assumptions that target OD increases or decreases uniformly and that the OD structure does not change. Therefore those methods have showed poor performance of OD estimation in general situation. To cope with the problem. this paper suggests a new concept of OD matrix structure and shows the shortcomings of previous method′s dependancy on target OD matrix. We divide "OD trips" into "OD scale" and "OD structure". Where OD scale is a quantitative magnitude of OD trips and "OD structure" is ordinal OD scale. This paper use the same solution algorithm developed by Baek et al. (2000) for analysing the OD structure. Results of numerical examples show that the performance of the method is better than that of previous methods, while the previous methods have better performance in estimation only when OD trips increase or decrease. In addition to, if OD structure does not change, the results show that the error of estimation is low relatively regardless of the large difference of trips between target OD and real OD. This paper also shows that the model performance on OD structure and on OD trips is low as the number of origins that OD structure is changed increase. From the results we suggest that the change of OD structure can be more important information than the difference between target OD and real OD in OD estimation steps.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2000

Time series analysis results show the SVD is a candidate of on-line monitoring of welding penetration when the covariance matrix of a full penetration is used as a mapping function. As the reconstructed embedding vectors from the chaotic scalar time series are manipulated by the covariance matrix, the mapped tim series lie on a hyper-ellipsoid which the lengths of semi-axes are the squared eigenvalues of the covariance matrix in the case of full penetration. These visualize by two dimensional stroboscope views. The other cases like partial penetration, are different in the sense of sizes and shapes. Here we test two types of time series; the ion current and the X-ray. The ion current is better than the X-ray as an on-line monitoring signal, because the difference of the eigenvalue spectrum of the ion(between the pull penetration and partial penetration) is bigger than those of the X-ray.