• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.654-660
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• 1999

Folate, a precursor of the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate, plays an important role in DNA replication and cell proliferation, and thus could influence rapidly proliferating immune cells such as leukocytes and splenocytes. The effects of dietary folate on folate concentrations of plasma, thymus, spleen and leukocytes were investigated in rats. The animals were raised for 6 weeks on semipurifed experimental diets containing 0mg, 2mg, 4mg, 8mg folate/kg diet. Folate concentrations were determined microbiologically using Lactobacillus casei(ATCC 7469), and DNA strand breaks produced by alkaline treatment were analyzed fluorometrically. When compared to folate adequate diet, the folate deficient diet(0mg folate/kg diet) resulted in lowest folate levels in plasma, thymus, spleen and leukocytes, and the highest DNA strand breaks in spleen cells and leukocytes. Dietary folate levels significantly increased folate concentrations of immune tissues, leukocytes, and the plasma in a dose dependent manner, folate concentrations being highest with a diet providing 8mg folate/kg diet. The percentages of the double strand DNA remaining in the splenocytes and leukocytes after alkaline treatment were significantly increased with higher amounts of dietary folate in a dose dependent manner. Folate intakes of 8mg than 4mg/kg diet was found to be more effective in the prevention of DNA strand breaks. The results of this study suggest that increased folate above the requirement level could improve DNA stabilities in immune cells.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

This study was to investigate 1) the correlation of serum Ca, with depression and anxiety ; and 2) the effect of Ca intake on those symptoms. The subjects were three females and two males who were 53-66 years old with the severe subjective symptoms of depression and anxiety. They have taken more than twice Ca of RDA(recommended dietary allowances for Koreans) daily for 6 months(dietary treatment). The prestudy Ca intake of the subjects was low: 60% of RDA for Koreans. Their serum Ca concentration was also low: 6.67 $\pm$ 0.15mg/d1 before the dietary treatment. They expressed severs depression and anxiety, with high self scores in a psychological test. Their serum Ca concentration increased to 8.32 $\pm$ 0.17mg/dl after six months of dietary treatment, while the symptoms of depression and anxiety decreased significantly after two months and nearly disappeared after six months. This result seemed to be an effect of the dietary high Ca intake. Serum Ca and the psychological states of depression and anxiety correlated negatively, and the coefficients of determination were high in the results of linear regression analysis of depression and anxiety by serum Ca. Therefore the serum Ca concentration could be a good marker to predict depression or anxiety relatively well. The continuous high Ca intake could decrease the probability of developing depression or anxiety and mitigate their symptoms because serum Ca concentration increased, while the state of depression and anxiety decreased with the increased Ca intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1080-1088
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels of gestating gilts on physiological parameters and reproductive performance for primiparous sows. A total of 40 F1 gilts (Large White${\times}$Landrace) were allocated to 4 treatments using a completely randomized design (CRD). Four different experimental diets contained 3,165, 3,265 3,365 and 3,465 kcal of ME/kg and each diet was provided to gilts at 2.0 kg/d during gestation. Consequently, energy intake of each treatment of gestating gilts was 6,330, 6,530, 6,730 and 6,930 kcal ME/kg, respectively. During the whole gestation period, body weight, fat mass gain and backfat thickness of gilts were increased in proportion to dietary energy levels (p<0.01). However, estimated protein mass gain of gilts was not affected by dietary energy level (p>0.10). At farrowing, the total number of pigs born per litter did not show any significant difference among treatments. However, the number of pigs born alive per litter in treatment 6,730 kcal ME/d was significantly higher than that of other treatments (p<0.05). Moreover, litter weight at birth was improved as dietary energy level was increased (p<0.05). Feed intake of sows during lactation tended to decrease as dietary energy level of gestation was increased, but litter weight gain was not affected by dietary treatment during the gestation period. Fat content in colostrum was higher as dietary energy level was increased during gestation. The concentration of blood estradiol-$17{\beta}$ was increased and was higher at the first trimester of gestation in 6,730 kcal ME/d treatment compared to other treatments. These results suggested that increased dietary energy level during gestation resulted in higher body weight and backfat thickness of sows. In addition, reproductive performance of the sow, such as litter weight at farrowing and the number of pigs born alive, was improved when 6,730 kcal of ME/d treatment diet was provided. Consequently, the NRC (1998) recommendation of energy for gestating gilts (6,015 to 6,150 kcal of ME/d) should be reevaluated to maximize reproductive performance because recent high-producing sows require much more energy to produce a large litter size and heavier piglets from the first parity.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2003

Parathyroid hormone has clearly emerged as the most promising new anabolic treatment for osteoporosis by increasing the activation of osteoblast. It is known that chlorella increases both bone mineral density (BMD) and the rate of bone formation. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the chlorella dietary supplementation could effect the thyroid or parathyroid hormones associated with increased BMD and bone formation. Twenty-two postmenopausal woman were treated for four month with 4 gm of chlorella dietary supplementation per day, then assessed serum calcium,25 OH vitamin D$_3$, thyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone before and after treatment. The mean 25 OH vitamin D$_3$ and parathyroid hormone were shown to marked increases by 193% and 265% respectively, in contrast to decreases by 9.4%, 37%, 33% and 14% in serum calcium, triiodo-thyroxine, free thyroxine and thyroxine stimulation hormone. In conclusion, treatment of postmenopausal women with chlorella dietary supplementation resulted in an increase in BMD and bone formation through enhancement of parathyroid hormone and 25 OH vitamin D$_3$, and a decrease in thyroid hormones.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.297-321
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• 2001

Good health and longevity is the goal of huamn beings. Recently, 'Dietary treatment' has become influential as one of the means for it in western medicine. Whereas in oriental medicine, 'Dietary treatment' was not recognized as therapeutic method but care of health. in this paper, the viewpoints of 'Dietary treatment' in oriental and western medicine was compared and searched for new possibilities in oriental medicine. And the results were as follows. 1. In oriental and western medicine, food was obviously recognized as a source of nourishment, and moreover oriental medicine took even a human soul into consideration. 2. Western medicine made much of nourishment and was analytical and therapeutic-centered. on the other hand, oriental medicine took a serious view of prevention and care of health. 3. Oriental medicine considered that intake of food was a adoption of Gi(氣) and then it helped a circulation of Gi and beneficial for the production of Jeong(精). 4. The principles of diet in oriental medicine was reasonable combination of food, balance of Oh-Mi(五味), temperance of food and intake by physical constitution.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.128-143
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy and the mechanisms of dietary supplements in cellulite treatment, and then to provide the theoretical and clinical basis for the cellulite treatment in Korean Medicine. Methods: We searched for articles from Korea, China, and English electronic database (Koreanstudies Information Service System [KISS], National Digital Science Library [NDSL], KMbase, Research Information Sharing Service [RISS], Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System [OASIS], National Assembly Library, Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal, Google scholar, PubMed, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI]) until April 2018. We chose clinical trial studies by inclusion criteria through titles, abstracts and articles. Results: A total of 10 studies were selected through search. The experimental group had shown more effective cellulite improvement in 90% of studies. Also, improvement of symptoms related with cellulite like pain, edema, heaviness and increase of skin surface temperature were observed in experimental group. In addition, the density of connective tissues of the dermal layer was increased in experimental group. Conclusions: The use of dietary supplements in cellulite treatment is thought to be effective through mechanisms that antioxidant efficacy, microcirculation improvement, interstitial matrix improvement, diuretic effect, and skin metabolic activity effect.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.258-263
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary wild-ginseng adventitious root meal (WGM) on growth performance, blood profiles, relative organ weight and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 480, 2-day-old male broiler chicks (BW = $42.8{\pm}1.38\;g$) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (6 cages with 20 broilers per cage). Dietary treatments were: i) CON (basal diet), ii) WGM0.1 (basal diet+0.1% WGM), iii) WGM0.2 (basal diet+0.2% WGM) and iv) WGM0.3 (basal diet+ 0.3% WGM). Birds fed WGM0.3 diet (p<0.05) had a higher feed intake (FI) than those fed the CON diet during weeks 1 to 3. During weeks 3 to 5, dietary WGM0.1 treatment led to a higher (p<0.05) BW gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) compared with the CON and WGM0.3 treatments. Overall, birds fed WGM0.1 improved BWG and FI compared with those fed the CON treatment. A greater lymphocyte count was observed (p<0.05) in WGM0.2 and WGM0.3 treatments compared with the CON treatment; dietary WGM decreased (p<0.05) the total cholesterol concentration compared with the CON group. The inclusion of WGM increased the relative weight of spleen and bursa of fabricius (p<0.05) compared with CON, while less abdominal fat was observed in the WGM0.3 treatment (p<0.05) compared with CON. The 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of breast muscle were decreased (p<0.05) by WGM supplementation. Overall, our results indicated that the use of WGM at the 0.1% level could enhance growth performance in broilers. The supplementation of WGM could induce a decreased TBARS, abdominal fat and serum cholesterol in broiler chickens.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.255-259
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• 1998

This study was designed to evaluate the economic analysis of channel catfish production in 1998 based on fish value and total feed cost. Catfish received higher protein feeds with lesser amount based on the dietary protein levels, but received the constant total protein input for all treatments. Weight gain per pond for treatment 1 $(28\%\;protein,\;100\%\;of\;satiation)$ was higher (P<0.10) than for treatment 3 $(36\%\;protein,\;77.8\%\;of\;satiation)$, but not significantly higher than for treatment 2 $(32\%\;protein,\;87.5\%\;of\;satiation)$ at constant DE. At constant DE/P (treatments 4, 2 and 5), weight gain per pond for treatment 5 $(36\%\;protein,\;77.8\%\;of\;satiation)$ was lower (P<0.10) than for treatment 2, but not significantly lower than for treatment 4 $(28\%\;protein,\;100\%\;of\;satiation)$. At constant DE, feed conversion slightly improved as dietary protein level increased from $28\%\;to\;32\%$ and feed allowance decreased by $12.5\%$, but did not improve further as dietary protein level increased from $28\%\;to\;36\%$ and feed allowance decreased by $22.2\%$. At constant DE/P, feed conversion improved as dietary protein level increased from $28\%\;to\;32\%$ increased and feed allowance decreased by $12.5\%$, but did not improve as dietary protein level increased from $28\%\;to\;36\%$ and feed allowance decreased by $22.2\%$ Total feed cost for treatment 1 was slightly, but not significantly higher than for treatments 2 and 3 at constant DE. At constant DE/P, total feed cost for treatment 5 was higher (P<0.05) than for treatment 2, but not significantly higher than for treatment 4. Total value of fish ($ /ha) produced for treatment 1 was highest and lowest was for treatment 5. Return above feed cost was highest for treatment 1 and nearly the same as treatment 2. Return over feed cost for treatments 3 and 4 were slightly lower than for treatments 1 and 2. Economic analysis showed that feeding fish the diet containing $28\%$ protein and 3.08 kcal/g DE to satiation and the diet containing $32\%$ protein and 3.08 kcal/g DE to $87.5\%$ of satiation produced the highest profit to farmer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1451-1456
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• 2012

A total of 144 ((Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Landrace)) pigs with an average initial BW of $28.85{\pm}0.63$ kg were used in this 6-wk growth trial. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments in a completely random block design. Each dietary treatment consisted of 9 replicate pens, with 4 pigs per replicate. Dietary treatments included: i) NC (basal diet), ii) PC (NC+apramycin 0.5 g/kg), iii) BPT1 (NC+bacteriophage 0.25 g/kg) and iv) BPT2 (NC+bacteriophage 0.5 g/kg). The inclusion of antibiotics and bacteriophages did not affect the (p>0.05) ADG, ADFI and G:F compared with the basal diet. Dietary antibiotics and bacteriophages supplementation led to a higher (p<0.05) DM digestibility than the NC treatment. Pigs fed the bacteriophage supplemented diet increased (p<0.05) the N digestibility compared with those fed NC treatment. Supplementation of antibiotics led to a higher (p<0.05) energy digestibility than the NC treatment. No difference (p>0.05) was observed in the RBC, WBC, lymphocyte concentration and fecal moisture among treatments. Pigs fed PC and BPT2 treatments reduced (p<0.05) the E. coli concentration compared with those fed NC treatment. The inclusion of BPT2 treatment led to a higher (p<0.05) lactobacillus concentration compared with NC and PC treatment. Dietary antibiotic and bacteriophage supplementation reduced (p<0.05) the Salmonella concentration compared with NC treatment. In conclusion, our study suggested that bacteriophage at the level of 0.5 g/kg could be used as an antibiotics alternative for growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1439-1444
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• 2012

A total of 144 pigs ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc)] with an average initial BW of $8.45{\pm}0.57$ kg were used in a 5-wk growth trial. Pigs were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 9 replications per pen in a randomized complex block design. Dietary treatments included: i) CON (basal diet), ii) ANT (CON+tylosin 1 g/kg), iii) H1 (CON+H. cordata 1 g/kg) and iv) T1 (CON+T. officinale 1 g/kg). In this study, pigs fed the ANT and T1 treatment had a higher (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F) ratio than those fed CON and H1 treatment. Dietary ANT and T1 treatment led to a higher energy digestibility than the CON group. No difference (p>0.05) was observed on the growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility with H1 supplementation compared with the CON treatment. The inclusion of ANT treatment led to a higher (p<0.05) lymphocyte concentration compared with the CON treatment. Dietary supplementation of herbs did not affect (p>0.05) the blood characteristics (white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), IgG, lymphocyte). No difference was observed on (p<0.05) fecal microbial shedding (E. coli and lactobacillus) between ANT and CON groups. Treatments H1 and T1 reduced the fecal E. coli concentration compared with the CON treatment, whereas the fecal lactobacillus concentration was not affected by the herb supplementation (p>0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of T. officinale (1 g/kg) increased growth performance, feed efficiency, energy digestibility similarly to the antibiotic treatment. Dietary supplementation of T. officinale and H. cordata (1 g/kg) reduced the fecal E. coli concentration in weaning pigs.