• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 2011

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is heavily dependent on dietary and lifestyle practices, is prevalent in Korean adults. Because dietary practices are unique for each race, nationality, and culture, it is important to identify Korean adult dietary practices that are associated with MetS. Macronutrient intake patterns were analyzed and compared across health status using the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (8,143 adults who had dietary data and biomarkers related to MetS). Although intake levels were different by age, gender, and health status, carbohydrate intake was high and fat intake was low among Korean adults. The carbohydrate energy ratio was higher and the fat energy ratio was lower for subjects > 60 years old who were diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, or MetS than those in other age groups. The main source of fat from food differed depending on the group. These results demonstrated that macronutrient intake patterns were different between age, gender, and health status subgroups. Hence, it is recommended that nutritional policy and practices aimed at controlling MetS should be based on the dietary characteristics of the target group.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2002

A survey of how dietary patterns and living habits were related to individual health status was undertaken amongst the elderly in Jeon-ju the results were analyzed in order to collect information which would be useful in preventing chronic diseases and promoting health in the general population. Two hundred and thirty elderly people, 73 min (31.7%) and 157 women (68.3%) from the colleges and households in the Jeon-ju area, were studied in truly and August, 1999. Average scores for men and women, respectively, in nutrition-related questions were as follows: 4.98 $\pm$ 0.24 and 5.24 $\pm$ 0.13 in a nutrition knowledge test (maximum score= 10), 25.92 $\pm$ 0.39 and 26.04 $\pm$ 0.26 for nutrition attitudes (maximum=50), and 11.25 $\pm$ 0.15 and 10.70 $\pm$ 0.12 for dietary habits (maximum= 15). The percentages of smokers and drinkers in the sample were 23.3% and 31.5% among men, and 3.2% and 10.8% among women, respectively, while those who took regular exercise were 67.1% among men and 34.8% among women. Average scores of clinical symptoms for men and women were 27.62 $\pm$ 0.62 and 33.36 $\pm$ 0.47, respectively. Analysis was carried out on the effects of individual dietary patterns and lifestyles on current health status in a healthy group (below the 25 percentile in clinical symptom scores) and an unhealthy group (above the 75 percentile in clinical symptom scores). The results show that the healthy elderly group had relatively good nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, and dietary patterns, ate with family, took nutrition supplements and snacks, and did not smoke. The most healthy group ate out once a month, drank small quantities of alcohol occasionally, and exercised once or twice a week. We believe that the results of this study will be helpful in developing or coordinating plans or programs f)r improving the health of elderly people.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 2006

This is an analysis of the dietary behavior, nutrient intake status and INQ(Index of nutritional quality) of 129 college women according to their residences in the Daegu area. The average height and weight were 160.0 cm and 54.5 kg respectively. Diet intake data were obtained by using the 24-hour recall method to evaluate the usual diet of the subjects. The energy intake of the group, living alone was higher than that of living a roommate and living at home. Ca, Fe, Zn and folate intakes were low in all the groups. The composition rate of carbohydrate, protein and fat for energy intake was 58.9 : 15.5 : 25.6 in living alone, 59.9 : 15.1 : 25.0 in living with a roommate and 61.2 : 15.5 : 23.3 in living at home, compared with the preferred of 65 : 15 : 20. The group living alone showed significantly better mean adequacy ratio(MAR, 0.7) than the other groups (p<0.05). The group living with a roommate showed significantly better INQ in vitamin $B_6$ (p<0.01) and Fe (p<0.05) than the other groups did In conclusion, this study indicates that nutrient intake in college women in Daegu is considerably lower than the RDA values. Furthermore the group living alone showed better dietary behavior and nutrient intake status than the other groups. A nutrition education program for college women is necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.286-295
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between household economic changes by COVID-19 and dietary habits in Korean adolescents. The study analyzed data from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 2021. A total of 54,848 middle and high school students, 28,401 males and 26,447 females, participated in this study. COVID-19 lead to deterioration of household economy in the lower level of household economic status (p<0.001). The deterioration of household economic status by COVID-19 was associated with dietary habits such as lower breakfast intake, and higher fast food, soda drinks, and sweet drinks consumption (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that deterioration of household economic status was significantly decreased in frequency of breakfast intake (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.67~0.80). The deterioration of household economic status by COVID-19 was also significantly associated with increased frequency of fast food (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.16~1.41), soda drinks (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.30~1.56) and sweet drinks (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.24~1.46) consumption (p<0.001). In conclusion, it was confirmed that the change in household economy caused by COVID-19 was associated with dietary habits in adolescents. As the household economy deteriorated, there was an increase in undesirable dietary habits including skipping breakfast and fast food consumption.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.297-307
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• 2010

This study was intended to investigate the relation between nutrient status and food diversity of elementary school students in Daegu-Kyungpook area. The subjects were 164 elementary school students (82 boys, 82 girls) who participated in "Dietary Intake Survey of Infants, Children and Adolescents" conducted by Korea Food & Drug Administration and Korea Health Industry Development Institute. We analyzed the nutritional status for two non-consecutive days by 24 hour recall method. Adequacy of dietary intake was evaluated by the proportion of subjects consuming nutrients less than Estimated Average Requirements (EAR). Food diversity was compared by using Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and Dietary Variety Score (DVS). Nutrients intake was significantly higher in boys than girls. Subjects who consumed all food groups showed higher intake of energy and other nutrients. Boys maintained better diet quality than girls, measured by Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) as well as Dietary Variety Score (DVS). Based on these results, nutrition education for elementary school students should focus on the importance of consuming all food groups with more attention for girls.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.920-928
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• 2001

Malnutrition is a common problem in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis(HD) and compromised food intake is an important cause. Malnutrition is one of the important factors influencing mortality in chronic HD patients. We investigated the nutritional parameters of 50 Korean HD patients(mean age: 46.9 $\pm$ 10.3y, men : 23, women : 27) by measuring anthropometric and biochemical blood indices and assessing food intake using 24-h recall method. Also we administered two questionnaires, one for assessing nutritional knowledge about renal disease and dietary therapy, the other for measuring dietary habits related to dietary therapy. According to the distribution of BMI, 21.3% of HD patients were underweight. The hematological values of HD patients, such as plasma hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total lymphocyte count were below the normal range. The serum cholesterol levels were 133.2 $\pm$ 30.5mg/dl. HD patients took energy and protein only 77.5% and 83.1%, respectively, of their RDA. There were significantly positive correlations between nutritional knowledge and intake of nutrients, such as energy, fat, cholesterol, iron, potassium, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, and niacin. Also, there was a significantly positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and dietary habits(r = 0.317, p < 0.05). In conclusion, Korean HD patients showed mild malnutrition and suboptimal nutrition intake. It can be postulated that the dietary intake can be increased by nutrition education improving nutritional knowledge and correcting the dietary habits of HD patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.77-90
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• 1992

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.598-609
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine effects of a dietary program based on self-efficacy theory on dietary adherence, physical status and quality of life (QoL) in hemodialysis patients. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pre-post test design was used. The intervention group received the dietary program for 8 weeks from August 4 to September 26, 2014. The control group received only usual care. Results: ANCOVA showed that dietary adherence (F=64.75, p <.001) was significantly different between the two groups. Serum albumin (F=12.13, p =.001), interdialytic weight gain (F=56.97, p <.001), calories (F=15.80, p <.001) as physical status indices were significantly different, but serum potassium (F=2.69, p =.106) and serum phosphorus (F=1.08, p =.303) showed no significant difference between the two groups. In terms of health-related QoL, the physical component scale (F=10.05, p =.002) and the mental component scale (F=16.66, p <.001) were significantly different between the two groups. In addition, in terms of diet related QoL, diet level (F=35.33, p <.001) and satisfaction level (F=15.57, p <.001) were significantly different between the two groups, but dietary impact level (F=1.23, p =.271) was not significantly different. Conclusion: Findings show that the dietary program based on self-efficacy theory is an effective nursing intervention program to improve adherence to diet, and to maintain physical status and QoL for hemodialysis patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.318-326
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• 2009

We evaluated the vitamin A and E status of type 2 diabetic patients and normal adults living in Daegu area. Dietary intakes for two non-consecutive days were measured by 24-hour recall method for 76 diabetic patients and 72 normal adults. Plasma levels of retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol were measured using HPLC method. Dietary intakes of vitamin A were not significantly different between the diabetic and the normal adults. However, the diabetic patients had significantly lower vitamin E intakes than the normal adults. Major food sources for vitamin A intake were red pepper powder and carrot. Half of the subjects from diabetic as well as normal adults consumed less than estimated average requirement of vitamin A. Plasma levels of retinol and tocopherol were maintained within normal ranges for most of the subjects regardless of diabetic status. Dietary intake of vitamin A was associated with vitamin E intake, however, there was no significant correlations between vitamin E intake and plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol levels. It seems that diabetic patients should try to increase dietary intake of vitamin E, as prolonged lower-level intake of vitamin E could eventually lead to vitamin E depletion. Further studies are needed to identify the magnitude of dietary variance at individual and seasonal levels, and to understand the discrepancies in dietary intake and plasma levels before establishing the dietary reference intake based on Korean dietary pattern.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.498-506
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to determine the stress and the dietary habits of elementary school children and assess the associations with mother's employment status. The subjects were 423 students of 5th and 6th grade students (210 boys and 213 girls) in Seoul and Gyeonggi-Do. Two hundred fifty-two mothers had some kinds of job and 171 mothers were housewives. The students had stress the most from their studies/schoolwork (M = 2.37), while the least from "teacher/school" (M=1.51). The average stress score of the subjects was 1.76. The average score of dietary habits was 3.43. More specifically, the statement "not skipping breakfast" had the highest score (M = 4.04) and the statement "not substituting cereals, breads or drink milk for any meal" had the lowest score. Students with employed mothers had higher stress level than students with unemployed mothers. Students with employed mothers who have blue color job showed the lower dietary habits score than those with employed mothers who had other types of job. Students of employed mothers who go to school at dawn showed the lowest dietary habits score. In both employed and unemployed mothers, the stress score of students negatively correlated with the score of dietary habits. It was important for the mother to be at home when the students go to school and return. Based on this study, mothers should be aware of the stress level of their children get depending on their employment status. They should also provide their children to have good dietary habits and nutritional education regularly.