• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.1048-1052
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sodium selenite and zinc-L-selenomethionine on performance and egg Se concentration in laying hens. Two hundred and twenty-four CP Browns aged 71 weeks were divided according to a $2{\times}3$ factorial in a completely randomized design. One more group without additional Se supplementation was used as a negative control. Each treatment consisted of four replicates and each replicate contained eight laying hens. The dietary treatments were T1: basal diet; T2, T3 and T4: basal diets plus 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg Se from sodium selenite/kg, respectively; T5, T6 and T7: basal diets plus 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg Se from zinc-L-selenomethionine/kg, respectively. The findings revealed that feed conversion rate/kg eggs, egg production, egg weight, Haugh units and eggshell thickness were not affected by source and level of Se (p>0.05). Increasing level of dietary Se significantly increased (p<0.05 the Se content of eggs. Zinc-L-selenomethionine markedly increased p<0.05 egg Se concentration as compared with sodium selenite. The results indicated that Se source did not influence performance of laying hens. However, zinc-L-selenomethionine increased p<0.05 egg Se concentration more than sodium selenite.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2001

Thirty six barrows with an initial body weight of 28 kg were used to determine the effect of two dietary Se sources and a wide range of Se levels encompassing 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 10.0 mg/kg Se. The organic Se form was a Se-enriched yeast product, whereas the inorganic Se source was sodium selenite. The experiment was a $2{\times}6$ RCB design conducted in three replicates. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and provided their dietary treatment and water on an ad libitum basis for a minimum 2 wk period, whereupon feed intake was adjusted to a constant intake within replicate at approximately 90% of intake for a 4 d adjustment period. Urine and feces were subsequently collected for a 7 d period and analyzed for Se and minerals. The results demonstrated that urinary Se was approximately 25% higher when pigs were fed sodium selenite (p<0.01), whereas fecal Se was lower by 25% (p<0.01). Se retention tended to be higher when organic Se was provided (p>0.15). Urinary Se increased as dietary Se level increased for both Se sources but increased more and at a high rate when sodium selenite was fed resulting in an interaction response (p<0.01). Fecal Se increased linearly as the dietary level of both Se sources increased, but the fecal Se from organic Se increased at a faster rate resulting in an interaction response (p<0.01). Se retention increased linearly (p<0.01) as dietary Se increased for both Se sources. The apparent digestibility of Se increased by Se level when pigs were fed sodium selenite, but not when the organic Se source was provided resulting in an interaction response (p<0.05). Retention of consumed Ca, Zn increased when pigs were fed organic Se (p<0.05) whereas P and Na retention were higher when the inorganic Se was provided. Mineral retention was not affected by dietary Se level except P. These results suggest that Se excretion by urine was the main route of excretion when pigs were fed sodium selenite but the fecal route when Se-enriched yeast was provided. The excretion of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu via urine and feces was not affected by high dietary Se level or dietary Se sources.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.955-976
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary sodium nitrite and meat on human health. Sodium nitrite in processed meat is known to be one of the main precursors of carcinogens, such as N-nitroso compounds. However, we previously found that processed meat is not the primary source of sodium nitrite; nitrate or the conversion of nitrate in vegetables are contribute to generate more than 70% Sodium nitrite or nitrate containing compounds in body. Although the heavy consumption of meat is likely to cause various diseases, meat intake is not the only cause of colorectal cancer. Our review indicates that sodium nitrite derived from foods and endogenous nitric oxide may exhibit positive effects on human health, such as preventing cardiovascular disease or improving reproductive function. Therefore, further epidemiological studies considering various factors, such as cigarette consumption, alcohol consumption, stress index, salt intake, and genetic factors, are required to reliably elucidate the effects of dietary sodium nitrite and meat on the incidence of diseases, such as colorectal cancer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.305-316
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• 1988

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of the dietary nutrients to blood pressure among preschool children in Seoul and to concurrently study the effect of seasonal variance on the aforementioned relationship. The subjects of the study consisted of 203 preschool children aged four to six years. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, pulse rate and blood pressure, urinary excretion of five cations(Na, K, Ca, P, Mg), creatinine and urea nitrogen and dietary questionaires concerning sodium, potassium calcium and phosphorus were taken during the two periods of summer(Aug. 1986)and winter(Feb, 1987). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The daily urinary excretion of five cations, creatinine and urea nitrogen is summer and winter was as follows; The sodium content was 57.8 mEq in the summer and 59.4 mEq in the winter ; potassium 20.4 mEq and 23.0 mEq, respectively ; calcium, 5.5 mEq and 3.6 mEq, respectively ; and phosphorus, 27.4 mEq and 19.9 mEq, respectively. Only calcium and phosphours excretions in the urine showed significant differences per season(p<0.05). 2) The average dietary intake per day of sodium was 2349mg in the summer and 2155mg in the winter ; potassium consumption was 1425mg in the summer and 1448mg in the winter ; intake of calcium was 472mg in the summer and 500mg in the winter ; and phosphours consumption was 642mg in the summer and 634mg in hte winter. The sodium-to-potassium consumption ratio 1.6 and 1.5, respectively, in the summer and in the winter and the calcium-to-phosphorus ration was 0.7 in the summer and 0.8 in the winter. The dietary calcium intake showed significant differences between the seasons. 3) The principal source of sodium consumption among preschool children was from seasoning-including talbe salt, soy sauce and instant sauce-which accounted for higher then 45% of the sodium intake in both seasons. The main source of potassium was frutis and vegetables which accounted for 29.6% of the potassium intake in the summer and 25.7% in the winter. Milk and milk products were the primary dource of calcium(higher then 40% in both seasons) 4) In the summer, urinary phosphours levels were weakly reated to systolic blood pressures. (0.05

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to estimate the sodium and potassium intakes and their metabolisms of preschool children, and to evaluate the relationship between the blood pressure and the related variables. The subjects consisted of ninety-five preschool children aged two to six years (male 57, female 38). Twenty-four hour urines of subjects were collected for the measurements of their volume, sodium, potassium, creatinine and urea nitrogen. At the same time, the questionnaire was designed to assess the sodium and potassium intakes. The' results obtained were as follows; 1) The urinary excretion of sodium in 24 hours was 54.6$\pm$22.4mEq(orI255.8mg)and dietary sodium intake was 2147.0$\pm$518.4mg. The dietary sodium intake significantly increased with increasing age(p=O.0151). However, daily sodium intake per unit body surface area did not show significant difference by age. 2)The urinary excretion of potassium in 24 hours was 14.2$\pm$7.6 mEq (or 555.2mg) and the potassium intake was 1133.8mg. 3) The urinary excretions of creatinine and urea nitrogen were 240.2$\pm$126.2mg and 2946.7$\pm$1693.9mg, respectively. 4) The principal food SOUTce of sodium intake was the seasoning group, which con\ulcornertributed 49.9% to total sodium intake. 5) The main food source of potassium intake was milk and milk products; from which 28.6% of total potassium intake was obtained. 6) The blood pressure showed highly positive correlations with height, weight and body surface area (p$\leq$O.OOl) . In addition, the blood pressure was found to be correlat\ulcornered with urinary sodium excetion and dietary sodium intake (p$\leq$O.Ol).

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2009

A factorial feeding trial of different levels of three carbohydrate sources (wheat flour, $\alpha$-potato starch, and sodium alginate) was conducted to determine proper sources and levels of dietary carbohydrate for juvenile sea cucumbers. Three replicate groups of juvenile sea cucumbers (770 mg average weight) were fed the experimental diets once a day for 10 weeks. After feeding trial, survival of sea cucumbers was not significantly different between diets. The body weight of sea cucumbers was significantly (P<0.01) affected by both source and level of dietary carbohydrate, tending to decrease as dietary carbohydrate level increased. Body weight of sea cucumbers fed a 25% wheat flour diet was the highest but was not significantly different from that of sea cucumbers fed diet containing 10% wheat flour with 15% sodium alginate (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of sea cucumbers among dietary treatments. These results suggest that sea cucumbers utilize wheat flour and sodium alginate more efficiently than they do $\alpha$-potato starch, and that a formulated diet containing 43-60% carbohydrate may be suitable for juvenile sea cucumber culture.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1973

Sodium chloride plays an important role as the main condiment at daily meal. It is well known that humans require sodium chloride as an essential nutrient to keep the homeostasis of electrolytes. The amounts of salt intake may be a reflection of geography, culture and food habit rather than necessity. Lee has reported (1962) that Koreans ingest high amounts of sodium chloride in their meals, with an intake of excess carbohydrate (80-90% of total Calories) and low protein in their diet. This includes large amounts of rice, Kimchi and other fermented soybean products common in the Korean diet. This investigation was designed to study the dietary relations of sodium chloride to other nutrients in the Korean diet. Twenty four albino male rats, weighing from 290-300g, were divided into four dietary groups according to the amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat in the basal diet. Each diet contained a rice powder as a carbohydrate source. Diet I was a control diet, Diet II, low protein, Diet III, low protein and low fat diet and Diet IV, low fat diet. All rats were provided with 3% sodium chloride solution. Diet and salt solution were given ad libitum. The experiment was carried out for 9 weeks during which time the body weight, the food intake, and 3% sodium chloride solution consumption were determined. At the 9th week, the urine was collected the blood sample from the artery of each rat for the analysis of sodium and potassium and other chemical studies. The rats were sacrificed and the kidney, adrenal, liver and spleen were measured, and observed changes of the pathological tissue in the kidney and adrenal. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The growth rate was higher in Diet I than in the other experimental diets (II, III and IV) after 4 weeks. There was no significant difference found between the experimental Diets II, III and IV. 2) The daily food intake was greater in the experimental diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. However, there was no difference among the high carbohydrate diets Diet II, III and IV. 3) The daily water (3% sodium chloride solution) intake was also greater in the Diets II, III and IV, than in the control diet. However, there was no difference between Diets II, III and IV. 4) The concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood were within the normal range in all diets. 5) The amount of sodium chloride in the urine was significantly greater in Diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. Diets II, III, IV had a larger amount of sodium solution consumption. 6) Observation of pathological tissue in the experimental diets found a cell proliferation in the glomerlulus of the kidney, while such change was not found in the control diet.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.198-211
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• 2014

Objectives: To investigate the use frequency and amount of food sources of sodium and knowledge requirement, and job satisfaction with school food services according to the school types in Busan. Methods: A total of 98 schools were surveyed and knowledge requirement and job satisfaction were assessed using a questionnaire. In addition, the use frequency and amount of food sources of sodium for 10 school days were examined. Results: The response rate of the most difficult area among dietitians' tasks was significantly high in 'nutrition education and counseling' for elementary schools and 'hygiene management' for high schools (p < .05). The response rate of the factors to be considered in meal planning was significantly high in 'energy and nutrients requirement' for elementary schools and 'menu/taste preference of students' for middle and high schools (p < .05). The response rate of whether school food services affect health and eating habits of students or not was significant high in 'very helpful' for elementary schools (p < .001). The average sodium contents in the meals of elementary, middle and high schools was 1981.4 mg/meal/person/day, 1867.3 mg/meal/person/day and 1,329.9 mg/meal/person/day, respectively. For foods in highest sodium, Kimchi, Oribulgogi, and Kare rice were ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively. The main reason for not providing the fruits was 'price' among all groups. The knowledge requirement such as 'nutrition and menu management', 'nutrition education', and 'nutrition counseling' was significantly higher in elementary school compared with middle and high school (p < .001, p < .01, and p < .01 respectively). The dietitians and nutrition teachers of elementary schools have a higher job satisfaction compared with those of middle schools (p < .01). The job satisfaction was positively correlated with knowledge requirement of dietitians and nutrition teachers of elementary and middle schools. Conclusions: The results suggest that developing dietitians' education program about knowledge requirement contribute to increasing the school food service and job satisfaction in elementary and middle schools.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 경기지역 대학생 228명(남 71명, 여 157명)을 대상으로 음식빈도조사지(DFQ-125)를 이용하여 나트륨 섭취량을 조사하고 음식(군)별 나트륨 섭취량, 나트륨의 급원 및 변이 음식을 분석하였다. 남학생은 식사와 함께 섭취하는 국류(P<0.05), 어패류 반찬(P<0.05), 고기류(P<0.05), 콩류(P<0.05)에서 여학생보다 더 많은 나트륨을 섭취하고 있었다. 나트륨의 급원 음식 1, 2위는 남녀 모두 배추김치와 라면류였고 찌개/탕류 중에는 김치찌개가 급원 음식 순위 1위로 동일하였으나, 남학생은 라면으로부터 섭취하는 나트륨의 양이 상대적으로 높았고 여학생은 남학생과 달리 스낵 과자가 급원 음식 중 5위로 높은 순위에 속하였다. 또한 급원 음식 20위 내에 국 종류가 속하지 않은 여학생과 달리 남학생에서는 고염군이 좋아하는 음식으로 알려진 국, 볶음이나 튀김음식이 포함되어 있었다. 남녀 모두에서 고염군은 저염군보다 김치류 및 김치를 이용한 음식, 국물음식 및 자반고등어 조림으로부터 많은 나트륨을 섭취하고 있었다. 개인의 나트륨 섭취량에 큰 영향을 주는 음식인 변이 음식의 종류와 순위는 남녀 간 큰 차이가 있었는데, 남학생의 경우 갈비탕> 생선(참치)통조림> 라면류> 순대+쌈장 순이었고 여학생의 경우 순대+소금> 닭볶음탕>, 된장찌개> 배추김치> 피자 순으로 나타났다. 특히 변이 음식 1위는 남학생에서 갈비탕, 여학생에서 순대+소금이었는데 이들은 모두 기호에 따라 식탁에서 소금을 추가하는 음식으로, 대국민 저염 교육의 효과를 높이기 위해서는 이미 간이 맞춰진 음식에 소금을 더 첨가하지 않도록 하는 실천지침이 포함되어야 할 것이다. 한편, 남학생은 여학생보다 총나트륨 섭취량, 체질량지수, 수축기혈압이 모두 높았으며 음료수류 섭취량(P<0.01)은 물론 음료수로부터 얻는 나트륨의 양도 많은 것으로 나타나(P<0.01) 성별에 따라 나트륨 섭취량 및 음료수 섭취량과 혈압, 비만 간의 상호 관련성을 밝히는 후속 연구가 필요할 것이다. 추가로 효과적인 나트륨 저감 전략을 위해서는 나트륨과 혈압 간의 상관관계 연구로 대상자별 급원 음식뿐 아니라 변이 음식에 대한 조사가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.7-13
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• 1975

In the classic point of view, it has well known that the tangle is the mineral source, especially iodide. However, there are few reports that the tangle can be used the high-protein source. With the consideration whether the tangle can be used as a protein source as well as one of the foodstuff or not, this studies is done by animal experiment. The Albino rats to be examined were fed on the basal diet (Table 1) and the others including the polished tangle by weight 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%, as experimental diets, for 4 weeks, respectively. The weight gain(Fig. 1), total amount of diet intake (Fig. 2), total water intake(Fig. 3), feed efficiency ratio (Fig. 4) and protein efficiency ratio (Fig. 5) was measured by each week, respectively. In addition, organ weight (Fig. 6) and blood study (Fig. 7, Fig. 8) was also analyzed at the end of the experiment. As the results of this study, growth rate, that is, weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio in all experimental groups increased more than those of the control group. Moreover, it was also found that weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio by feeding on the 2 percent tangle group was higher than the corresponding values of all experimental groups. However, feed intake and total water gain were the most by feeding on the 5% tangle group. This result may be interpreted to show that the total content of sodium includes more than enough in the feed intakes. To obtain further information concerning the effect of the tangle-dietary conditions on the growth rate of Albino rats, it was measured the organ weight. In the adrenal and spleen, the total weight by feeding on the all experimental groups were decreased more than that in the case of the control group. In the other hand, in the liver the weight by feeding on the high concentration groups (4%, 5% tangle diets) were not higher than the control group, while in the case of the low concentration groups (2%, 3% tangle diets) were higher than that of the control group. When it was observed the blood components, total protein, hemoglobin, sodium, potassium, white blood cell and red blood cell of rats, the content of white blood cell by feeding on all experimental groups were lower than that by feeding on the control group, but it was also clear that in the other components except white blood cell in blood the contents by feeding on all experimental groups were similar to that in the case of the control groups. However, in the 5% tangle group, the content of sodium was the lowest of all experimental groups, where as the content of potassium was the highest of all experimental groups.