• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the feeding mixture of linseed oil, rich in n-3 PUFA and the sunflower seed oil, rich in n-6 PUFA on the lipid metabolism in the dietary hyperlipidemic rats. After male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced hyperlipidemia by feeding the diet containing lard, butter and cholesterol for 3 weeks, then they were fed with the diet containing lard 3.0 % and butter 12.0% for control, the mixture in different proportion of both linseed oil and sunflower seed oil and antihyperlipidemic drugs for 2 weeks. Analysis of the lipid component of the serum showed following results. Concentration of total cholesterol in serum was significantly lower in the other groups except group 2 (lard 3.0 % + olive oil 12.0%) than in the control group , especially in groups 3 (cholestyramine 2.0%) and 5 (lard 3.0% + linseed oil 12.0%). HDL-C and the ratio of HDL-C to total cholesterol concentration were higher in groups 1, 3, 5 and 9 (lard 3.0% + sunflower seed oil 12.0%) , while the atherosclerotic index was low in groups3, 5. Concentrations of free cholesterol and choesteryl ester in serum were significantly lower in the other groups except group 2 than in the control group, especially lower in grop 5. Concentration of LDL was significantly higher in group 2 while it was remarkably lower in groups 3 and 5, while those of triglyceride in groups in 3 and 4 (lipraroid) were significantly higher than in the control groups. From the data on concentration of total choelsterol , HDL-cholesterol, LDL, phospholipid and triglyceride in serum, the results suggested that the feeding mixed with 3.0% lard and 12.0% linseed oil or 2.0% cholestyramine were most effective for the improvement of the serum lipids.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.379-386
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• 2012

In this study, the in vitro fermentation parameters of whole crop barley (WCBS-TMR) and Italian ryegrass (IRGS-TMR) silage total mixed rations were compared. A rice straw based diet (RSBD), which was a mixture of rice straw and concentrate (60:40), was used as the control. The feeds were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours at $39^{\circ}C$. At the end of each incubation period the following parameters were determined, total gas, pH, ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and then the acetate to propionate ratio (A/P) was calculated. The dietary treatments did not affect (p>0.05) the overall production of $NH_3$-N, gas, total VFA and all the individual VFA, with the exception of n-butyrate (p<0.001). The treatment diets significantly affected the A/P ratio (p<0.01). The control diet resulted in the lowest A/P ratios, followed by WCBS-TMR and lastly IRGS-TMR had the highest ratios. Gas production was not different between treatments, suggesting a probable similar level of digestibility when treatments are fed to animals. It can therefore be concluded from the present study that WCBS and IRGS are of almost an equivalent nutritional value when incubated in a TMR form. WCBS-TMR however resulted in lower A/P ratios than IRGS-TMR, which is indicative of a more energy efficient diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.622-629
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• 2010

The effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal (FM) and pyridoxine ($B_6$) on the taurine content of egg yolk and performance of laying hens were investigated. A feeding trial was conducted in nine hundred 31-wk-old $Hy-Line^{\circledR}$ Brown layers over 4 wk. The hens received 6 dietary treatments: Control, FM 3% supplemented diet (FM 3%), FM 3%+$B_6$ supplemented diet (FM 3%+$B_6$), FM 6% supplemented diet (FM 6%), FM 6%+$B_6$ supplemented diet (FM 6%+$B_6$), and synthetic taurine 0.25% supplemented diet (Taurine). Parameters of production were significantly (p<0.05) affected by treatments. The egg production of hens fed FM 3% was the highest and hens fed FM diets were more productive than the Taurine and Control groups. The egg weights of the Taurine group were significantly lower than those of the FM 3% and FM 6% groups, but not significantly different from those of other treatments. The feed intake of the Control group was highest among all groups. The feed conversion ratio of the Control group was higher than in groups receiving other treatments of which FM 6% was the lowest. The broken egg production of the Taurine group was highest, while that of the Control group was lowest among treatments. The taurine content of egg yolk was significantly (p<0.01) increased by supplementation of taurine (64.7%), FM 6%+$B_6$ (57%), FM 3%+$B_6$ (32.1%), and FM 6% (16.6%) over a 4 wk average. Sensory evaluation data of the Taurine group showed the highest score in all of the sensory attributes and those of other treatments were not significantly (p<0.05) different. In conclusion, taurine can be enriched in egg yolk by supplementation of 6% FM and $B_6$, as well as 0.25% synthetic taurine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.222-226
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• 2003

The effects of dietary sources of C18:2 n-6 or C18:3 n-3 fatty acids on the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and time-dependent changes of free fatty acid fractions in rumen contents were investigated. Sheep (n=4) fitted with rumen fistula were used in a 44 Latin square design wxith each 14 d period. Sheep were fed one of four diets consisting of grass hay and concentrates in a ratio of 70:30. Dietary treatments were 100% concentrates (served as the control), and concentrates were replaced by safflower seed at 30% (SFS), safflower meal at 18% - safflower oil at 12% (SFO), and safflower meal at 18%-linseed oil at 12% (LNO). At the end of each experimental period, rumen contents from each sheep were collected before feeding and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after feeding. The levels of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in free fatty acid fraction were considerably increased in all treated groups relative to the control, but not significantly. The increase in cis-9, trans-11 CLA was slightly higher in SFS and SFO groups than group fed diet containing linseed oil. The level of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in free fatty acid fraction was reached to the maximum value at 1hr after feeding and, thereafter gradually decreased to near the value before feeding. The generation of trans-11 C18:1 was significantly higher in all treated groups than that of control. The level of trans-11 C18:1 was linearly increased after feeding of experimental diets, reaching the maximum value at 3 h. Feeding of diets containing polyunsaturated fats to sheep resulted in a marked increase in the levels of trans-11 C18:1 and a slight increase of CLA in free fatty acid fraction of rumen contents. Our results support that endogenous synthesis of CLA from trans-11 C18:1 may be involved the primary source of CLA in dairy product. (Asian-Aust.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.351-359
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• 1992

This study was conducted to compare the effects of perilla oil or corn oil on lipid peroxidation and eicosanoid productions which are associated with the promotion of carcinogenesis. in liver or blood in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley8 weaning rats were fed on semisynthetic diets containing 15%(w/w) beef fat(BF). corn oil(CO) or perilla oil(PO) Three weeks after the half of rats in each diet group were injected with a single dose of 50mg 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)/Kg BW hepatocarcinogen intraperitoneally 3 times at 2-day interval and all of the rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks from the first injection. The rats fed on different dietary fats without 2-AAF treatment had not different MDA produc-tion and conjugated diene content in liver microsome. CO+AAf group had significantly higher conjugated diene content than BF+AAF and PO+AAF groups. and lower glucose-6-phospha-tase activity than BF+AAF group But PO+AAF had similar conjugated diene content to BF+AAF group and significantly lower MDA production than BF+AAF and CO+AAF groups. The hepatic mocrosomal lipid peroxidation was slightly greater in CO group than in PO group though perilla oil(P/S=9.67) has much more polyunsaturated fatty acids than corn oil(P/S=2.92) PG E2 level in liver and TX B2 level in plasma were significantly higher in CO group than in BF and PO groups. TX B2 level was lowered in CO and BF groups by 2-AAF treatment. These results reach to the contclousion than the type of dietary fatty acid as well as the P/S ratio has effect on hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation and eicosanoid production and perilla oil or linolenic acid(n3) might be less effective on lipid peroxidation or PG E2 and TX B2 mediated tumor promotion than corn oil or linoleic acid(n6).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.645-657
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• 2008

This study was conducted to study the relationship between food intakes, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and body weight with high school boys residing in Seoul. The subjects of 329 boys were divided into normal weight group (BMI < $23\;kg/m^2$, n = 212) and overweight group (BMI ${\geq}\;23\;kg/m^2$, n = 117) by body mass index (BMI). The food intakes data obtained by the 3-day food record were analyzed by Can pro 3.0 software. Anthropometric measurements and physical activities were collected from each subject. Daily dietary glycemic index (DGI) and dietary glycemic load (DGL) were calculated from the 3-day food record. Body weights and BMI of normal weight group were 58.8 kg and $19.9\;kg/m^2$ and those of overweight group were 79.2 kg and $26.8\;kg/m^2$, which were significantly different between two groups (p < 0.05). Total food and animal food intakes of normal weight group were significantly higher than overweight group (p < 0.05), and vegetable food and other food intakes of normal weight group showed higher than overweight group. All nutrient intakes of normal weight group were higher than overweight group. Dietary fiber, calcium, potassium and folate intakes of normal weight group and overweight group were under 65% of the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Major food sources of energy intake for both groups were rice, pork and instant noodle in order. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.83 in normal weight group and 0.79 in overweight group, which showed significantly higher in normal weight group than overweight group (p < 0.05). Mean daily dietary GI of normal weight group and overweight group were 67.7 and 68.2, respectively. Mean daily dietary GL of normal weight group and overweight group were 214.6 and 202.7, respectively, and which was significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). Major food sources contributed to DGI and DGL were rice ($\geq$ 55%) in both groups. DGI and DGL were not significantly correlated with anthropometric data. Activity adjusted to energy intake was negatively correlated with percentage of body fat (r = -0.1308, p < 0.01) and that was positively correlated with height (r = 0.1227, p < 0.05) and lean body mass (r = 0.1351, p < 0.05).

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.824-832
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• 2002

The present study was conducted to evaluate nutritional intake by lunch-box of middle school girls who live in Chonbuk area. Anthropometric measurements and food intake from lunch-box over a three day period were investigated in a total of 110 middle school girls from rural (n＝37) and urban (n＝73) areas. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Not all the steamed rice in the lunch-box had enough mixed-cereal. 2. In the survey of food intake by food groups, 70.5% of the food came from the cereal group. 3. The intake of protein, phosphate, Vitamins $B_1 and B_2$, niacine and Vitamin E were adequate, however, the intake of other nutrients was significantly lower than those of one-third of the Korean RDA.4. Protein, lipid, and zinc intakes of the students from the rural area were significantly lower than those of students from the urban area. however, the carbohydrate and dietary fiber intakes of those in the rural area were significantly higher than those of the students in the urban area. 5. The percentage of calories from carbohydrate : protein lipid ratio was 67.6 : 12.2 : 16.9 for students in the rural area and 59.2 : 14.9 : 22.5 respectively for those in the urban area. In Summary, the intake of calcium, iron, Vitamins A, $B_6$, and D, folate and zinc from lunch-box in middle school girls was much lower than that of one-third of the Korean RDA. The intake of carbohydrate and dietary fiber of the students in the rural area was significantly higher, but that of protein, lipids, and zinc was lower than that of the students in the urban area. Therefore, nutritional education programs for both students and their parents should be provided to improve the daily food intake from lunch-box.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.465-477
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• 1997

The purpose of this article is to know the effects on bowel function of the kind of fiber and the amount of fiber in SD-rats. To do this experiment, we select of $\alpha$-cellulose as n insoluble cellulose source and alginic acid and pectin as soluble cellulose source. The rats diets contained callolose camcentrations of 1.0%, 3.6%, 6.0% and 10.0%. After that, we raised the SD-rats for 4weeks and measured the amount of food intake, body weight, the food effciency ratio, the length of liver and stomach the weight of the intestines, the transit time through the intestines, pH in feces, and the amount of bile acid and Ca, Mg, pp. 1) The amount of food intake was 15.75-31.00g/day. It was highest in the 10.0% cellulose group and the lowest in the 3.6% and 6.0% alginic acid group (p<0.05). The body weights of rats were 277.50-349.809. It was highest in the 1.0% pectin group and lowest in the 3.6% alginic acid group, 6.0% cellulose group, and 10.0% pectin group. It had differences according to the content fiber and the kind of dietary(p<0.01). The food efficiency ratio was (p<0.01). The higher the content of dietary fiber, the lower the calory and the food efficiency ratio. 2) Transit time was 446.0-775.0 minutes and it showed signidicant ifferences according to the content and kind of dietary fiber(p<0.01). It was long in the 1.0% cellulose group and 1.0% pectin group but short in the 10.0% alginic acid group. As the content of dietary fiber increased, the transit time through the intestines was shortened. The length of small intestine was 101.03-120.40cm and there were no difference cegardloss of the content and kind of fiber. The length of the large intestine was 20.92-25.42cm and there were significant differences according to the content and kind of the fiber. High-fiber diets resulted in increases in the length of the large intestine. 3) The weight of the liver was 8.68-10.96g and there were no differences according to the content and kind of fiber. The weight of stomach was 1.28-1.74g and there were no differences resulting from the kind of dietary fiber, but it was highest in the 10.0% alginic acid group. The weight of the small intestine was 5.52-8.04g with no difference resulting from to the kind of fiber. It was highest in the 10.0% the alginic acid group and lowest in the 1.0% alginic acid group(p<0.05). The weight of large intestine was 2.50-3.30g with no differences related to the kind of dietary fiber. It was heaviest in the 6.0% and 10.0% alginic acid groups and in the 10.0% pectin group with differences related to the content of fiber(p<0.05). 4) The pH of the feces was 5.82-6.86 according to the kind of dietary fiber, alginic acid group was high at 6.66, the cellulose group was 6.26. but the pectin group was low at 6.30. There were difference according to the content of fiber, but no consistency. The content of bile acid was 6.25-34.77umol per 1g of dry feces. According to the kind of dietary fiber, the alginic acid group was low at 12.91umol, cellulose group was 18.64umol and, the pectin group was the highest at 27.78umol(p<0.001). Based on the content of dietary fiber, alginic acid group was low at 1.0%, but high at 3.6% pectin group(p<0.001). 5) The amount of feces was 1.00-5.10g/day. The weight of rat feces was 2.23g/day in the alginic acid goup, 2.75g/day in the cellulose group, and 1.82g/day in the pectin group. According to the content of fiber, cellulose group was high at 10.0% but alginic acid group was 1.0%, and there were significant difference according to the dietary fiber. The more the content of fiber, the more increase the content of feces in alginic acid, cellulose and pectin group. The content of Ca in the feces was 80.10-207.82mg/1g of dry feces. In the dietary fiber, alginic acid group was 193.08mg, cellulose group was 87.5mg, pectin group was 138.16mg. In the content of fiber, alginic acid group was high at 1.0% and 3.6% but low at 10.0% of Pectin group. The content of Mg was 19.15-44.72mg/1g of dry feces. According to the kind of dietary fiber, alginic acid group was 35.33mg, cellulose group was 23.60mg, and pectin was 36.93mg. According to the content of fiber, pectin group was high at 1.0% and low at 10.0% of cellulose group. The content of P was 1.65-4.65mg/1g of dry feces. According to the kind of dietary fiber, alginic acid group 2.23mg/g dry feces, cellulose group was 2.29mg/g, pectin group wa 4.08mg/g dry feces. In the content of fiber, pectin group was high at 6.0% and low at 6.0% alginic acid group, but there were significant difference among the analysis value. The conetnt of Ca and MG was higher in soluble alginic acid group and pectin group than in insoluble cellulose group. The high the content of the dietary fiber, the lower the food efficiency ratio and the short the transit time through intestine with the increase of the length of large intestin as well as the higher level of the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine. According to the content of the dietary fiber, the amount of the feces, Ca, Mg and P was increased but the length the small intestin, the weight of liver, pH of the feces and the amount of bile acid showed no differences and consistency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1111-1119
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• 2016

Mao seed is a by-product of the wine and juice industry, which could be used in animal nutrition. The current study was designed to determine the effect of supplementation of mao (Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg.) seed meal (MOSM) containing condensed tannins (CT) on rumen fermentation, nitrogen (N) utilization and microbial protein synthesis in goats. Four crossbred (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) goats with initial body weight (BW) $20{\pm}2kg$ were randomly assigned to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were MOSM supplementation at 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% of total dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. During the experimental periods, all goats were fed a diet containing roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40 at 3.0% BW/d and pangola grass hay was used as a roughage source. Results showed that supplementation with MOSM did not affect feed intake, nutrient intakes and apparent nutrient digestibility (p>0.05). In addition, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) were not influenced by MOSM supplementation, whilst blood urea nitrogen was decreased quadraticly (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with MOSM at 2.4% of total DM intake. Propionate was increased linearly with MOSM supplementation, whereas acetate and butyrate were remained the same. Moreover, estimated ruminal methane ($CH_4$) was decreased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Numbers of bacteria and protozoa were similar among treatments (p>0.05). There were linear decreases in urinary N (p<0.01) and total N excretion (p<0.01) by MOSM supplementation. Furthermore, N retention was increased linearly (p<0.05) when goats were fed with MOSM supplementation at 1.6% and 2.4% of total DM intake. Microbial protein synthesis were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). From the current study, it can be concluded that supplementation of MOSM at 1.6% to 2.4% of total DM intake can be used to modify ruminal fermentation, especially propionate and N utilization in goats, without affecting the nutrient digestibility, microbial populations and microbial protein synthesis.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.1335-1343
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• 2013

초등학교 4~6학년의 학령기는 정신적, 신체적으로 급격히 성장하는 중요한 시기로 영양태도 및 식습관 형성이 확립되고 이는 곧 성인기까지 이어진다. 본 연구는 세종특별자치시 초등학교에 다니는 4~6학년 550명을 대상으로 학생들의 과외학습 실태, 수강 시간에 따른 식태도 및 식행동을 조사하여 과외학습의 정도가 학령기 아동의 생활습관, 식태도 및 식행동에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 조사대상자 중 남학생 270명(49.1%), 여학생 280명(50.9%)이었으며, 과외를 받지 않는 무수강군은 66명(12.0%), 과외를 받고 있는 학생은 484명(88.0%)이었다. 주당 평균 수강 시간은 7.34시간이었으며, 과외학습 종류의 수는 저수강군 2.11개, 중수강군 2.51개, 고수강군 3.27개였다. 기상시간은 아침 6~7시가 가장 많았고, 고수강군은 기상시간이 가장 늦었으며, 깨워야 일어난다는 학생비율이 높았다. 취침시간은 수강군별 유의한 차이를 보여 밤 11~12시에 취침하는 학생이 고수강군에서 가장 많았다(P<0.01). 수면 만족도에서 '수면이 부족하다'는 비율은 고수강군이 더 높았으나, 유의적 차이는 없었다. 스트레스가 많다는 학생은 유의적 차이는 없었으나 저수강군보다 고수강군이 많았다. 식태도의 평균 점수는 무수강군 3.88점, 저수강군 3.90점, 중수강군 3.80점, 고수강군 3.85점으로 저수강군이 가장 높았다(P<0.001). 식사 빈도는 수강군 간에 유의적 차이는 없었으나, 고수강군이 저수강군보다 아침을 먹지 않는다는 학생들이 많았다. 과외학습을 받는 학생에서 '학원에 굶고 간다'와 '사 먹고 학원에 간다'는 고수강군일수록 많았으며(각 P<0.01), '내가 챙겨 먹는다'는 학생은 고수강군일수록 많았으나 유의적 차이는 없었다. '학원가기 전 먹는 간식이 영양적으로 괜찮다고 생각한다'는 질문에 '그렇다'고 응답한 학생은 고수강군이 더 많았고, '아니다'라고 응답한 학생은 저수강군이 가장 많아 4군 간 유의한 차이를 보였다(P<0.001). 과외학습을 받기 전 주로 먹는 음식의 종류는 과일, 우유, 떡, 감자 등을 먹는 학생이 가장 많았다. 반면 패스트푸드와 인스턴트를 자주 먹는 비율이 고수강군이 높게 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합하면, 과외학습 수강 시간이 많아질수록 수면이 부족하고 스트레스를 더 많이 받는 경향을 보였다. 식태도는 수강상태에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않은 반면, 실제적인 식행동은 과외수강 상태와 유의적인 관련성을 보여, 고수강군의 학생들일수록 학원에 굶고 가거나 외식을 하는 비율이 높고, 패스트푸드나 인스턴트 음식을 사먹는 비율이 높았다. 본 연구결과를 통해 지나친 과외학습은 아동의 생활습관 및 식습관에 영향을 주어 건강 및 정상적인 성장발달에도 좋지 않은 영향을 미칠 가능성이 제시되었다. 따라서 가정에서 자녀들의 학습에 대한 관심 증가에 따라서 식생활 및 영양문제에도 많은 관심을 가져야 하며, 가정과 학교 및 지역사회가 연계된 아동들의 식사 및 영양지도가 강화되어야 할 것이다.