• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.88-91
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• 2004

New Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) forthe United States and Canada have recently been set for both macronutrients and micronutrients, and are likely to be of interest to health professionals in Korea as well. DRIs are now available for nutrients that did not have Recommended Dietary Allowances set in the past (amino acids, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, total fiber, added sugar, choline, boron, nickel, and vanadium). Furthermore, the units for the DRIs do not always match those traditionally carried on food composition tables (FCTs). FCT developers will also need to consider carrying new variables to allow the calculation of folate intake in $\mu$g of dietary folate equivalents, vitamin E intake as mg of a-tocopherol (not as mg of a-tocopherol equivalents), and vitamin A intake as $\mu$g of retinol activity equivalents (not as $\mu$g of retinol equivalents). Because the new recommendations for upper levels of intake sometimes refer to a specific form or source of a nutrient, nutrients occurring in foods must be separated from added or supplemental forms for vitamin E, niacin, and folate; pharmacological magnesium must be carried as a separate variable; and preformed vitamin A must be separated from vitamin A from carotenoids. For more information on the DRIs, see: www.nap.edu.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.967-972
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• 2004

Four Holstein$\times$Indigenous cows with ruminal canulas were used in a 4$\times$4 Latin square design with 28 d periods to determine the effect of replacing nonforage fiber source (NFFS) from cassava residues for non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) on ruminal fermentation characteristics and milk production. Dietary treatments contained 17% forage neutral detergent fiber (FNDF) from corn silage and 0, 3, 6 and 9% nonforage NDF from cassava residues and 11% nonforage NDF from other NFFS, so that levels of nonforage NDF were 11, 14, 17 and 20% dry matter (DM). Intakes of DM and net energy for lactation, average daily gain and milk fat percentage were not different (p>0.05). Ruminal pH, ammonia concentrations, acetate to propionate ratios, 24 h in sacco fiber digestibility significantly increased with increasing contents of nonforage NDF from cassava residues. Concentrations of VFA, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, milk protein percentage, production of milk and 4% FCM significantly decreased. These results suggest that NFC in diets is one of the limiting factors affecting productivity of dairy cows in the tropics and thus NFFS is better used as partial replacements for FNDF.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.158-165
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• 2014

The effects of replacing pork back fat with brewer's spent grain (BSG) pre-emulsion for physicochemical, textural properties, and sensory evaluations of reduced-fat chicken sausages are evaluated. Control was prepared with 15% pork back fat, and three reduced-fat chicken sausages were formulated with the replacement of 20, 25, and 30% pork back fat with BSG pre-emulsion. The pH level of reduced-fat sausages formulated with BSG pre-emulsion is lower than that of the control (p<0.05). The redness, yellowness, and apparent viscosity of reduced-fat chicken sausages increase proportionally with increasing BSG pre-emulsion (p<0.05). With increasing BSG pre-emulsion concentration, the fat contents and energy values are decreased in reduced-fat chicken sausages (p<0.05). The BSG pre-emulsion improves the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of reduced-fat chicken sausages (p<0.05), and the reduction in fat and the addition of BSG pre-emulsion had no influence on the cohesiveness of the chicken sausage. And there is no significant difference in the overall acceptability among control, T1 (chicken sausage with 20% of BSG pre-emulsion, 10% of fat addition), and T2 (chicken sausage with 25% of BSG pre-emulsion, 5% of fat addition) (p>0.05). Therefore, our results indicate that BSG is effective dietary fiber source for manufacturing of reduced-fat meat product and suggest that 20-25% of BSG pre-emulsion is suitable for pork back fat in chicken sausages.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.174-184
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrients intakes, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) according to obesity index in elementary school students. The study subjects included 229 elementary school students (boys=108, girls=121) who were divided into 3 groups consisting of an underweight group (obesity index<-10%, n=58), a normal weight group (10%${\leq}$ obesity index<10%, n=130) and an overweight group (obesity index${\geq}$10%, n=41) by their obesity index. The nutrient and food intakes data obtained by a 3-day food record were analyzed. Daily dietary GI and GL values were calculated from the 3-day food record. The average age of the subjects was 11.9 years. The mean daily energy intake was 2,186.8 kcal in the underweight group, 2,123.5 kcal in the normal weight group, and 2,174.2 kcal in the overweight group. The intakes of calcium and animal calcium per 1,000 kcal in the overweight group were significantly lower than in the underweight and normal weight groups (p<0.01, p<0.05), and fruit, egg and milk intakes in the overweight group were lower than those in the underweight group (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). The mean daily dietary GI of the underweight, normal weight, and overweight groups were 67.7, 68.4 and 69.5, respectively (p<0.05). The mean daily dietary GL of the underweight, normal weight, and overweight groups were 212.8, 208.1 and 213.3, respectively. The major food source of dietary GI and GL in the three groups was rice. Other major food sources of dietary GI were croquettes, hand-rolled noddle soups, instant noddles, milk, and rice cake. Dietary GI was not significantly correlated with weight, obesity or body mass index, when adjusted for energy, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber. However, GL adjusted to energy, carbohydrate and dietary fiber tended to correlate with obesity index (r=0.126, p=0.059). These results suggest that dietary GI and GL have possibility affecting obesity-related indicators in elementary school students.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.498-506
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• 2016

A croquette added with heat-treated kimchi at 20% showing higher sensory preferences was analyzed for its physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity using a croquette without kimchi as a control. Compared with the control, kimchi-added croquette had 3.3-fold higher organic acids content (p<0.001), resulting in a significant reduction of pH (p<0.001) and higher metal chelating activity (p<0.001). Upon addition of kimchi, total reducing capacity increased from 109.4 to $139.4{\mu}g/g$ gallic acid equivalents (p<0.01), and DPPH radical scavenging activity also increased 2-fold, which corresponded to 54% of the electron-donating ability of 0.35 mM gallic acid. In addition, contents of free amino acids and ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) appreciably increased by 1.6-fold (p<0.01) and 10-fold (p<0.001), respectively. This could be attributed to the ingredients of kimchi and/or enzymatic transformation of precursors by microorganisms during kimchi fermentation. Kimchi-added croquette was determined to be a good source of dietary fiber relative to its calorie content. Texture profile analysis showed no significant differences in hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness between the two croquettes with or without kimchi. Taken together, this study shows that utilization of heat-treated kimchi as a filling for croquette could be a good strategy to improve both the nutritional quality and antioxidant activity of croquette.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.411-418
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• 1997

본 연구는 식이섬유의 종류와 식이지방의 종류가 혈청 콜레스테롤과 간, 소장 조직의 지질 농도에 미치는 효과를 명확히 하기 위해 시도되었다. 콜레스테롤을 1% 첨가시킨 율무기름과 라아드식에 식이 섬유인 펙틴, 리그닌, 셀룰로스를 10%씩 첨가시킨 식이를 Sprague-Dawley종 평균 체중 135g인 흰쥐 수컷에게 28일간 자유급여 하였을 때 혈청, 간조직, 소장조직의 총지질, 콜레스테롤, 중성지방 수준을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 증체 량은 율무기름식이 라아드식보다 유의적으로 컸으며 (p＜0.05), 펙틴군이 리그닌군과 셀룰로스군보다 다소 낮았으나 유의성은 없었다. 총식이섭취량은 식이지방의 종류에 의한 차이는 없었으나 펙틴군이 다른 식이섬유 첨가군보다 유의적으로 낮았다(p＜0.05). 2. 혈청 콜레스테롤은 율무기름식이 라아드식보다 유의적으로 낮았으며(p＜0.05), 펙틴군이 가장 낮았고 다음이 리그닌, 셀룰로스군의 순으로 높았으며 이들은 식이섬유 무첨가군보다 유의적으로 낮은 수준이었다(p＜0.05). 3. 간조직의 무게는 식이지방이나 식이섬유에 의해 영향을 밭지 않았으며 소장조직의 무게는 펙틴군과 셀룰로스군이 리그닌군과 식이섬유 무첨가군보다 유의하게 높았으나(p＜0.05) 식이지방에 의한 영향은 없었다. 4. 간의 단위 무게당 총지질과 콜레스테롤, 중성지방 함량은 펙틴군이 리그닌군과 셀룰로스군이나 식이섬유 무첨가군에 비해 유의하게 낮았으며(p＜0.05), 간의 총지질 함량은 율무기름식이 라아드식보다 유의하게 낮았다(p＜0.05). 5. 소장 조직의 단위 무게당 총지질, 콜레스테롤, 중성지방 함량은 식이섬유에 의해 영향을 받지 않았으나 총지질과 중성지질 수준은 율무기름식이 라아드식보다 유의하게 낮았으며(p＜0.05), 콜레스테롤 수준은 유의하게 높았다(p＜0.05) 이상과 같은 연구결과는 식이섬유인 펙틴, 리그닌, 셀룰로스 중 펙틴만이 혈청콜레스테롤 수준을 저하시켰으며 아울러 간과 소장조직의 총지질, 콜레스테롤 및 중성지방 수준을 저하시키는 효과가 현저했으며 식이지방인 율무기름이 라아드보다 혈청 콜레스테롤 수준을 저하시키는 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 식이지방의 종류에 관계없이 식이섬유 무첨가식은 고지혈증을 초래했으며 불포화지방인 율무기름식에서는 셀룰로스 첨가군도 고지혈증을 초래하는 위험식이 임을 밝혔다. 고콜레스테롤식이에서 펙틴 첨가는 혈청 지질 수준의 저하와 함께 간과 소장조직의 지질 수준을 저하시킴으로써 펙틴식이 체내 지질 대사에 미치는 효과에 관하여는 앞으로 더욱 자세하고 분명한 연구가 요망된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.434-443
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The intake of sugar has increased worldwide, and it is well established that childhood experiences and food preferences affect lifelong eating habits. To discourage sugar intake, nutrition education was imparted, and the effectiveness of the nutrition education program was investigated by considering the nutrient density and major dietary sources of sugar intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty four-hour dietary recall and sugar intake frequency of 96 pre-school children (educated n = 47; non-educated n = 49) were collected on 3 consecutive days (1 weekend day, 2 weekdays) after 11 weeks of imparting nutrition education. Dietary intake of nutrients and total sugar were analyzed, and the intake frequency of sugar source foods were identified. All nutrition education programs were focused on a hands-on education program, and consisted of cooking lab, play, activity, animation, and visual materials. The difference between the two groups was verified by the Chi-square test or t-test. All statistical analysis was performed with significance level at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Compared to the non-educated group, the intakes of protein (P < 0.001), fiber (P < 0.01), potassium (P < 0.05), iron (P < 0.05), zinc (P < 0.05), and iodine (P < 0.001) were significantly higher, and the intakes of carbohydrate (P < 0.01) and total sugar (P < 0.05) were significantly lower in the educated group. The cumulative percent of sugar intake of top 20 sugar source foods in the educated group (82.80%) was lower than that of the non-educated group (85.75%). The contribution of beverages on total sugar intake was lower in the educated group. The average frequency of consuming sugary foods was significantly lower in the educated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that nutrition education on discouraging sugar intake is effective in reducing the amount of total sugar consumed, resulting higher nutrient density in the diets of pre-school children.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.371-377
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• 1996

감귤류에 존재하는 플라보노이드는 항알러지성, 항염성, 항바이러스성, 항암성 등의 활성을 갖고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 또한 감귤 유래 식이섬유도 다양한 생리조절 기능때문에 기능성 식품소재로 이용되어 왔다. 한국산 조생종 감귤의 과육과 과피에 나린진과 헤스페리딘이라는 두종류의 플라보이드가 존재하고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 과육부의 나린진과 헤스폐리던 함량은 각각 100g 당 2.95 mg, 6.53 mg이었으며, 과피에서는 과육부보다 함량이 높아 10.77mg, 38.90mg으로 나타났다. 과육부의 가용성 식이섬유, 불용성 식이섬유, 총식이섬유량은 신선물 기준으로 1.90%, 0.37%, 2.27%이었으며, 과피에는 각각 1.09%, 4.77%, 5.86% 함유되어 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 총펙틴 함량은 과육에 1.53%, 과피에 0.94%존재하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.244-252
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• 2010

본 연구는 충북 도내에 거주하는 남녀 중학생 282명을 대상으로 24시간회상법을 이용하여 식이섬유 섭취 수준을 조사하고 식이섬유 주요급원식품을 알아보았다. 또한 식품섭취빈도조사를 이용하여 조사방법 간의 식이섬유 섭취수준을 비교, 분석하고 식이섬유섭취수준의 타당도를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 조사대상자의 성별에 따른 열량 및 영양소 섭취량은 에너지필요추정량과 비교할 때 남학생은 75.4%, 여학생은 93.8%였다. 단백질은 평균필요량의 남녀 각각 85.8% 및 102.6%의 섭취수준을 보이며 남학생의 경우 다소 부족한 결과를 나타내었다. 한국인 영양섭취기준의 평균필요량이 남녀학생 모두 낮은 섭취량을 보인 영양소는 칼슘, 철분 및 엽산 순이다. 전반적으로 남녀학생 모두 영양소의 섭취수준이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 24시간회상법에 의한 남학생의 1일 평균 식이섬유 섭취량은 $17.6\pm5.3$ g(54.8%), 여학생은 $16.5\pm4.8$ g(68.8%)으로 나타났으며 남녀학생 모두 충분섭취량에 매우 부족한 상태로 남녀학생의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 식이섬유의 주요 급원식품 중 두 방법 간의 공통적인 섭취순위를 보인 식품은 1위 백미, 2위 배추김치이며 채소류와 곡류로부터 총 식이섬유의 68.44%의 섭취를 보였고 주요급원식품군별로 분류하면 채소류, 곡류와 그 제품, 과일류, 두류, 해조류 순이었다. 24시간회상법과 식품섭취빈도조사법 간의 Pearson 상관계수는 0.71로 높게 나타났으며, 유의적인 상관성(p<0.05)을 보였다. 백미가 0.82로 가장 높은 상관성을 보였고, 19종의 식품품목이 상관관계에서 유의성을 보였다. 식이섬유 섭취량의 Pearson 상관계수가 낮고 유의성이 없는 식품을 제외한 후 섭취량을 보정한 결과 상관성이 0.78로 높게 나타났고 유의적인 상관성(p<0.01)을 보였다. 두 방법에 의해 산출된 섭취수준에 따라 각각 4등급으로 분류하였을 때 보정 후 낮은 등급이 일치할 확률이 90.2%에서 92.4%로 높아졌고 평균 식이섬유의 Kappa값은 0.54에서 0.59로 높아졌다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 식품섭취빈도 조사지는 비교적 높은 타당성을 보였으므로 조사지의 수정보완을 통해 청소년의 식이섬유섭취상태 파악에 유용하리라 생각된다. 또한 섭취량 보정을 통해 선정된 식품품목 19종을 기초로 하여 학생들의 학교급식메뉴와 기호도를 조사하고 급식과 연계하여 식품품목을 증가시키기 위한 과정이 선행되어야 할 것이다. 따라서 식품섭취조사지의 개발과 적극적인 활용방안을 위해서는 지속적인 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1482-1488
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of fiber sources on gut development and bacterial activity in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. Eighteen crossbred (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) barrows were fed a basal diet based on corn plus soybean meal or similar diets in which a portion of the corn and soybean was replaced by 5% wheat bran or 5% sugar beet pulp. The results indicate that pigs fed diets containing 5% wheat bran or 5% sugar beet pulp had lower liver weights than control pigs (p<0.01). The relative weight of the pancreas in pigs fed diets containing 5% sugar beet pulp was greater than that of control pigs or pigs fed diets containing 5% wheat bran (p<0.05). The pH of the ileal digesta of pigs fed the diet containing 5% wheat bran was higher than that of control pigs or pigs fed the diet containing 5% sugar beet pulp (p<0.05). The lipase activity in the distal jejunum, proximal, and distal ileum of pigs fed the control diet was higher than that of pigs fed the diets containing 5% wheat bran or 5% sugar beet pulp (p<0.05). The concentration of volatile fatty acids anterior to the caecum was greater for the pigs fed the diet containing 5% sugar beet pulp, while the concentration of volatile fatty acids posterior to the ileum was greater for the pigs fed the diet containing 5% wheat bran. This means that sugar beet pulp increased the bacterial fermentation precaecum, while wheat bran increased the bacterial fermentation post-ileum. The concentration of bacterial nitrogen and bacterial protein/total protein in ileal digesta of pigs fed the control diet was higher (p<0.05) than that of pigs fed the diets contained either fiber source. Bacterial protein/total protein in the feces of pigs fed the diet containing 5% sugar beet pulp was higher than that of pigs fed the control diet. This means that inclusion of 5% wheat bran or sugar beet pulp in diets influenced the development of the digestive tract of piglet. The mechanism by which dietary fiber reduced specific activity of lipase needs further consideration. Dietary fiber influenced the bacterial activity in the digestive tract of piglets, sugar beet pulp increased the fermentation in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and while wheat bran increased the fermentation in the lower gastrointestinal tract.