• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.376-386
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sodium-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutritional knowledge in university students according to the practice of dietary guidelines for Koreans established by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea. Based on the total practice score related to the dietary guidelines (PDG), we classified subjects into a "low practice of the dietary guidelines (LPDG)" group (n=94, male=43, female=51) (total score of PDG ${\leq}13$) and a "high practice of the dietary guidelines (HPDG)" group (n=56, male=32, female=24) (total score of PDG >13). Subjects were asked about general characteristics, lifestyle, salt-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutritional knowledge using a questionnaire. The LPDG group had more subjects who were breakfast skippers (p<0.001) compared to the HPDG group. The LPDG group (31.26) had a significantly lower score in terms of salt-related dietary attitudes compared to the HPDG group (33.77) (p=0.0042). The score for salt-related dietary attitudes was significantly higher in the HPDG (32.52) group than in the LPDG (29.91) group (p=0.0041). There was no significant difference in the total score for salt-related nutrition knowledge between the groups. The correlation analysis indicated that the dietary guidelines practice score had a positive correlation with the salt-related dietary attitude score (r=0.3593, p<0.0001) and the dietary attitude score (r=0.3443, p<0.0001) after adjustments for sex. These results show that the degree of adherence to the dietary guidelines for adults may be related to sodium-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutrition knowledge.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.420-429
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• 2009

The purposes of this study were to investigate the perception of nutrition labeling on restaurant menus, and to analyze the differences among subject's characteristics, eating-out behaviors, and dietary attitudes. Information concerning general characteristics, health status, eating-out behaviors and dietary attitudes of subjects was collected by a structured questionnaire. From January 5th to February 27th in 2009, 406 questionnaires were completed by 157 males and 249 females. Statistical analyses were performed using by SPSS 14.0 package program. The perception of the importance of nutrition labeling was 3.89, while knowledge of whether restaurants provided sufficient nutrition information scored 2.26 indicating that being highly conscious of nutrition labeling, respondents did not view the supplied information as sufficient. Nutritional perception was greater in females and varied in both genders with age and health status. Significant differences concerning the perceptions of nutrition labeling were evident, based on eating-out behaviors and dietary attitudes. The results imply that nutrition labeling on restaurant menus should be based on consumer characteristics. Relevant nutrition labeling might help improve health by encouraging proper dietary habits and providing valuable nutritional information. Recognition of the importance of nutrition labeling and strategic implementation of labeling in menus would be prudent strategies for restaurant managers. (Korean J Community Nutrition 14(4) : 420${\sim}$429, 2009)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.652-660
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary behaviors among high school students by gender. The subjects were 275 students (127 male, 148 female) in Incheon metropolitan area. Self-administered questionnaires consisted of general characteristics and anthropometric data, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary behaviors. The average score of nutrition knowledge was significantly higher in female subjects (9.4) compared to male subjects (8.2) (p<0.01). Male subjects had a higher score for dietary attitudes than female subjects (p<0.001). Frequency of meals was significantly higher in male subjects compared to female subjects (p<0.05). Duration of meal time in male subjects was significantly higher ('5-10 minutes') compared to female subjects (p<0.001). Unbalanced diet was significantly higher in female subjects (66.3%) compared to male subjects (48.9%) (p<0.01). Male subjects showed significantly higher consumption frequency of 'dairy' (p<0.001) and 'beans' (p<0.001) compared to female subjects. For snack consumption, male subjects showed higher consumption frequency of 'nuts' (p<0.001), 'soda' (p<0.05), 'fast foods' (p<0.001), and 'ramyeon' (p<0.01), but lower consumption frequency of 'biscuits and bakery' (p<0.01) compared to female subjects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a systemic nutrition education program for high school students by gender.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine dietary attitudes of students and changes in their attitudes toward the school lunch service. The participants of the study were 483 students ranging from third grade elementary school students to middle school sophomores living in the Seoguipo area of Jeju Island. The subjects were asked to complete questionnaires under the supervision of their teachers or dietitians, and data were grouped into elementary school 3rd and 4th grades, elementary school 5th and 6th grades; and middle school 1st and 2nd grades for each gender. There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to their regularity of food intake, dietary considerations, or the frequency of imbalance in their diets. In the case of female participants, their frequency of snacking decreased as their grade level increased. In general, the overall changes in dietary attitudes became more negative as their grade level increased. Male students demanded increased serving sizes of both staple food and side dishes, while female students demanded increased serving sizes dishes, but not staple food as their grade levels increased. there was also an increase in the number of student sin higher grades who discarded or did not eat enough their entire meals. The major reasons for not eating the food were : no taste to the food and not proper saltiness of food. These results may suggest that school dietitians need to pay more attention to increased taste and proper seasoning of meals. Students suggested that the school lunch service should be continued, but that it needs improvement. Students in higher grades were more aware of the importance of the environment in which the meal was provided. Also, an early education in nutrition and healthy diets seemed important in preparing them for following a healthy lifestyle in later life.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.306-316
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• 2001

This study investigated the correlations between nutrient intake and dietary attitudes in Korean school dietitians. A total of 493 school dietitians working in the Kangwon and Kyungnam areas participated in this study. The subjects were classified as the good group(33.5%), fair group(36.9%) and bad group(29.6%) based on dietary attitude score. The results were as follows. The average intake of energy, calcium, and iron were lower than the Korean RDA and average CPF ratio of energy intake was 64 : 17 : 19. The percent RDAs of nutrient intake of energy, calcium, iron and vitamin B$_1$were lower in the bad group than those in the fair group and good groups(p < 0.001). The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, were different among the three groups(p < 0.001), the highest was 0.96 in the good group, the lowest was 0.88 in the bad group. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) was significantly higher in the good group than the other groups. The nutrient intakes were positively correlated with dietary attitudes(p < 0.01). The nutrient intakes, INQ, NAR and MAR were significantly increased as the dietary attitude score increased.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.146-158
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• 2000

This study was designed to develop, implement and evaluate a nutrition education program for elementary school children. Subjects consisted of 47 children in the 6th grade in Seoul, Korea. They received five sessions of nutrition education from June to July, 1999. Topics for nutrition education included function of nutrients, food sources of nutrients, balanced diet, meal planning, and adequate energy intake. Each session lasted 40 minutes. To evaluate program effectiveness, one group pretest-posttest design was used. Subjects were given a pretest and a posttest on nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, eating behavior, and dietary intake. All data were statistically analyzed mainly using the paired t-test and $\chi$$^2$-test. There was a significant difference between pretest and posttest score on nutrition knowledge(p<0.001), subscales of nutrition knowledge including food sources of nutrients, function of nutrients, and balanced diet(p<0.001). These changes in nutrition knowledge were also shown both in boys(p<0.001) and in girls(p<0.001). Eating attitudes, subscales of eating attitudes, and eating behavior were not significantly changed after nutrition education, although some changes were observed in these variables. Dietary intakes were not significantly were not significantly changed after nutrition education for all subjects ; however, different patterns in dietary intakes were observed when examined by sex. There was an increase in nutrient intakes among boys, while there was a significant decrease in nutrient intakes among girls after program implementation. Especially, it was noted that girls had diets deficient in iron, calcium, and vitamin A, even after nutrition education. It was concluded that a five-week nutrition education program can improve nutrition knowledge or some dietary intake, but this might not be enough to induce changes in food attitudes, eating behavior or dietary intakes. It might be necessary to incorporate diverse approaches, targeting sub-groups of children, and follow-up in nutrition education for elementary school children. (J Community Nutrition 2(2) : 146∼158, 2000)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.530-538
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• 1997

148 male and 153 female college students attitude toward weight control, diet behaviors and food habits were investigated by self questionnaire. Among the students, underweight students were 11.0$\%$, normal weight students were 63.5$\%$ and obese students were 25.6$\%$ by RBW standard, and underweight students were 16.0$\%$, nromal weight students were 70.4$\%$ and obese students were 13.6% by BMI standard. However, more than 10% of male and 38$\%$ of female students thought they were obese even thought their body weight were normal. Female students tended to overeat when they were stressed or in a bad mood and generally all participants had poor scores on the dietary attitudes test, however, male students had significantly higher scores than female students. Female students tended to choose food more for its taste. Collegestudents are in early stage of adult life and their dietary attitudes, food behaviors and life style will continue to their later life. Therefore college students need more good nutrition knowledge, positive dietary attitudes, modified life styles to prevent and treat collegestudents obesity. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 530-538, 1997)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.145-159
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the stress level, dietary attitudes and nutrient intakes of Food and Nutrition major female students at a university located in Changwon. A total of 122 female students taking the course 'Meal Management' during 2001-2004 participated in this study. The general characteristics, stress level and dietary attitudes of the subjects were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. The nutrient intake data collected from 3-day food-record method were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. The symptoms by stress showed that 'eye strain', 'physically exhausted or get tired' and 'pains on neck or shoulders' were high in 59.4-81.8%. The mean scores of stress in 2001-2004 were 8.5-12.0 out of 30 points and the subjects in 2002 and 2004 scored significantly higher on stress level than the subjects in 2001 did (p < 0.00. The mean scores of dietary attitudes were 58.7-66.6 out of 100 points, most of the subjects are belonged to the 'fair' group in terms of dietary habits level. The stress level had a negative correlation with dietary habits (p < 0.001). About 1/3 of the subjects, the intake of calcium, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin A and iron were less than 75% of Korean RDA, whereas more than half of the subject, protein, vitamin C and phosphorus intake were more than 125% of RDA, and intake ratio of Ca and P showed an unbalance of 1 : 2. The animal protein intake was higher than the plant protein, whereas the animal vitamin A and iron intake were lower than vegetable food source. In 2001-2004, the index of nutritional quality (INQ) of vitamin $B_2$ and niacin was 0.56-0.98, and in 2003, the INQs of vitamin $B_2$ was 0.56, and that of niacin was 0.67, which was extremely low when compared to that of the other nutrients. Therefore, nutritional education is necessary if female university students are to practice optimal nutrition, including well-balanced diets of high nutritional quality.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2000

This survey was conducted in February 24, 1999, in order to investigate the nutritional knowledge and dietary attitude of the school dietitians working in Kyungnam area. Subjects consisted of 305 school dietitians of which 163 married and 141 unmarried. The results obtained are summarized as follows : The average nutritional knowledge score was 10.50 out of possible 15 points, and dietary attitude score was 69.36 out of 100 points. Most of the subjects belonged to "Fair" group in terms of nutritional knowledge and dietary attitude level. Married dietitians scored significantly higher on dietary attitudes than unmarried dietitians (p<0.05). The correlation between nutritional knowledge score and dietary attitude score was not statistically significant(r=0.107)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.278-293
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the research trend of nutrition for the recent 12 years from 1996 to 2007 by analyzing 734 articles published in the Korean Journal of Community Nutrition. The majority of the articles (61.4%) were classified as survey types in terms of data collection methods. Most of the subjects used in the articles were adults (28.8%), and the subject whose research has been increased at the highest rate was "patients". The most frequent keywords in the title of articles were "nutrient intake" (231times), "food service" (92times), "dietary habits" (69times), and "obesity" (69times). The keywords that have appeared more frequently with the years were "osteoporosis" (450.0%), "menopause" (350.0%) and "dietary attitudes" (208.3%). As for research interests, "nutrient intake" was dominant in the early stage of research while "disease", "dietary habits", "dietary attitudes" and "nutrition education" have increased in recent years. Some of the most common methods of nutrition assessment were "dietary intake" (41.2%), "anthropometric" (34.0%) and "biochemical test" (14.7%). The most common methods of dietary intake were "24-hours recall" (28.6%) and "dietary habits" (23.3%). The results of this study showed some biases in data collection methods, gender of the subjects, and study areas. Moreover, inconsistent terminologies, questionnaire contents, and measures were used for the researches on dietary behaviors, dietary habits, dietary attitudes, which made it difficult to compare their results for each research. Therefore, standardized research methods and terminologies need to be developed regarding dietary practices.