• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 2006

The study aimed to identify major factors related to global self-rated health of the community-dwelling elderly people in rural areas. Interviews were conducted with 433 persons over 65 years of age. The socio-economic characteristics, chronic disease status, measures of functional and mental health, life satisfaction, health-related behaviors including smoking, drinking, exercise, social activity, dietary habit, and food intakes were analyzed to determine their influence on self-rated health index. Data on food intake were obtained through the 24-hour recall method. The self-rated health of rural elderly was poor or very poor as reported by 42.6% and 52.4% of the men and women, respectively. Poor self-rated health was found to be related to elderly aged $65{\sim}74$, female, absence of work, more chronic diseases, dependence on Instrumental Activity Daily Living (IADL), higher mental unhealthy days, lower current life satisfaction, less social activity, lower dietary habit scores, lower intake of total food, fruit, eggs, fishes & shell fishes, vitamin C (%RDA), and Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR). The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that poor self-rated health index is significantly associated with more chronic diseases, mental unhealthy days, gastrointestinal disease, musculoskeletal disease, less social activity, and lower intake of fruits. The results also suggested that improving the nutritional status and functional ability, and reducing the burden of chronic diseases are beneficial to the self-rated health index of the elderly.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.202-209
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• 2004

A case-control study was conducted in order to examine dietary behavioral factors associated with colorectal cancer risks. Data were collected from 128 cases with either colorectal cancer or large bowl adenomatous polyps and 129 controls regarding stages of dietary behavioral change, perceived barrier, self efficacy, nutrition knowledge, social support and food availability as well as body mass index and overall dietary quality. Cases showed less desirable behaviors with respect to fat reduction and vegetable intake compared with controls based on the analyses of the stages of dietary change. After adjustment of relevant covariates (age, gender and smoking), significant trends of increasing risk with higher level emerged for perceived barriers resulted from environmental conditions (OR = 1.6 - 2.0) and self-efficacy (OR = 2.2-2.3). No such relationships were found for nutrition knowledge and social support. The risk of colorectal cancer was associated with the kinds of foods available at home showing a borderline protective relation with milk (OR = 0.6) and respective significant and borderline direct associations for fresh meat (OR = 2.1) and soft drinks (OR = 0.6 when reversely scored). Within-group analyses presented best predictors of overall dietary quality as food availability for the case and self-efficacy and social support for the control. The findings of this study suggested a need for focusing on motivational and reinforcing factors in the development of nutrition education programs for colorectal cancer prevention.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.229-240
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• 2005

This quantitative study was investigated to examine the relationship between severity of state-trait anxiety and disordered eating patterns in some university students. This study used a cross-sectional study design. Total 347 students participated in this study (88 male and 259 female) among three universities. The assessment of eating disorder was conducted by Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), a score of >or=20 identified individuals likely to have an eating disorder, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Scores of healthy dietary behaviors were obtained by self-assessment instrument on healthy diet scale(20-item questionnaire), and severity of state-trait anxiety was calculated by state-trait anxiety inventory(Total 40- item questionnaire). In groups for each state anxiety and trait anxiety, there were divided between 50 percentile point of cumulatived scores of state anxiety and trait anxiety in all subjects. Linear regression analysis showed overall significant difference between dietary patterns(anorexia nervosa and healthy dietary behaviors) and severity of state-trait anxiety in all sex. Our results indicated that severity of state-trait anxiety may marked eating disorder symptomatology on dimensions of eating disorder prevention.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.820-830
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose was to develop a preliminary scale to measure Korean adolescents' health behaviors through a qualitative approach, to evaluate the scale psychometrically, and to develop a final scale. Methods: Participants were 61 adolescents for qualitative interviews and 1,687 adolescents for the psychometric evaluation. Procedure included content analysis of interviews to identify health behavior categories for Korean adolescents, pre-test to confirm that preliminary scale items were understandable, content validity by an expert panel, development of the web-based computer-assisted survey (CAS), and psychometric analysis to determine reliability and validity of the final scale. Results: A final scale was developed for both paper-and-pencil and CAS. It consisted of 14 health behaviors (72 items), including stress and mental health (10), sleep habits (5), dietary habits (12), weight control (4), physical activity (4), hygiene habits (5), tobacco use (5), substance use (2), alcohol consumption (4), safety (4), sexual behavior (9), computer use (3), health screening (4), and posture (1). Conclusion: The scale's strong points are: 1) Two thirds of the final scale items are Likert scale items, enabling calculation of a health behavior score. 2) The scale is appropriate to Korean culture. 3) The scale focuses on concrete health behaviors, not abstract concepts.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2002

The purpose of this research of this research was to survey the health of 181 male and 130 female students at K University in Chunganm from June 1 to June 23, 2001. It analyzed the students’dietary behaviors, life styles and perceived body shapes and the correlation of these factors to the health condition of the students surveyed. The results of the survey are summarized as follows. The average nutrition knowledge score (out of a possible 20 points), dietary attitudes score (out of a possible 50 points) and dietary habits score (out of a possible 30 points) were 8.66, 33.14 and 19.02 for males, and 9.99, 32.64, and 19.05 for females, respectively. The percentages of those who smoked, drank, smoked and drank and exercised regularly were 55.2, 92.8, 54.1, 82.9% for males, and 6.9, 91.5, 6.9, 63.1 for females, respectively. A significantly higher proportion of males smoked, drank, and exercised as compared to females (p<0.001). The percentages of students who were underweight, normal or overweight by BMI were 5.0, 79.0 and 16.0 for males, and 20.0, 78.5 and 1.5 for females, respectively. Fifty percent of females indicated that they felt they were obese, versus only 31.1% of males. Half of the females thought they were fattish, while only 31.1% of males thought that. Seventy-six point nine percent of females and 61.9% of males, more females than males, were dissatisfied with their weights. The health scores (the higher the point, the better the health condition) of the females (44.17) were significantly lower than those of the males (47.17) (p<0.001). A stepwise multiple regression analysis with health scores as the dependent variable and other scores as independent variables, indicated that the health scores of males were highly correlated with satisfaction with his body weight, smoking and drinking, and perceived body shape, whereas the females’health scores were highly correlated with obesity level, satisfaction with her body weight, and smoking and drinking.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.283-296
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• 2012

As a disease that reduces quality of life, functional dyspepsia (FD) is associated with foods that may worsen its symptoms or cause it. The purpose of this study was to examine the nutritional status and dietary behaviors of FD patients. We investigated food intake, food intake frequency, and dietary habits of 45 FD subjects according to the Rome III Diagnosis Criteria. Average age and body mass index (BMI) were 47.7 years and $22.6kg/m^2$ (males: $23.4kg/m^2$, females: $22.1kg/m^2$), respectively. Average energy intake was 77% of Korean Dietary Reference Intake (KDRI), and it was less than that of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). Other nutrient intake levels were similar to the KNHANES. Energy intake proportion of carbohydrates : protein : fat was 56 : 18 : 26, and the ratio of fat intake was higher than that of the KNHANES. Beans, laver, tomato, and yogurt were consumed very frequently. In the results of meal regularity, dietary behaviors and composition of diet were relatively good. It is likely that the patient controlled their diet by eating cautiously and by reducing alcohol drinking and smoking. Our results indicate that FD patients' nutritional status by consumption of nutrients was at a level of normal healthy people and that dietary habits were better than normal adults. However, their fat intake levels were somewhat higher than normal people. Therefore, further research is required to identify the relationship between dietary intakes and FD.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.493-509
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• 2018

This study was performed to compare the effects of health behaviors, dietary habits, and psychological health on metabolic syndrome (MS) between young adults living in one-person households (OPHs) and multiple-person households (MPHs). The data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which was conducted in 2014 and 2016 were used. The subjects were 2,682, who were 20 to 39 years old. The data were analyzed using complex sample Rao-Scott ${\chi}^2-tests$, t-tests, and multiple logistic regression using SPSS 23.0 software. Sex, age, obesity, and subjective health status were associated with MS in young adults living in either OPHs or MPHs. Breakfast consumption frequency, eating alone, food label use, stress, and depression were associated with MS only in young adults living in OPHs. Thus, these differentiated risk factors of MS should be considered, when health promotion strategies and interventions are planned for young adults living in OPHs. Also, further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies or interventions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 2016

Purpose: This cross-sectional study aimed to document the dietary behaviors, dietary changes, and health status of female marriage immigrants residing in Gwangju, Korea. Methods: The survey included 92 female immigrants attending Korean language class at a multi-cultural family support center. General characteristics, health status, anthropometric data, dietary behaviors, and dietary changes were collected. Results: Mean age of subjects was 31.3 years, and home countries of subjects were Vietnam (50.0%), China (26.0%), Philippines (12.0%), and others (12.0%). Frequently reported chronic diseases were digestive diseases (13.2%), anemia (12.1%), and neuropsychiatry disorder (8.9%). Seventeen percent of the subjects was obese ($BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2$). Dietary score by Mini Dietary Assessment was 3.45 out of 5 points. Dietary scores for dairy foods, meat/fish/egg/bean intake, meal regularity, and food variety were low, and those for fried foods and high fat meat intake were also low. Thirty-three percent of subjects answered that they have changed their diet and increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables after immigration. Length of residence in Korea was positively associated with BMI and waist circumference. Length of residence tends to be positively associated with dietary changes and obesity as well as inversely associated with disease prevalence. Conclusion: The study shows that length of residence is inversely related to disease prevalence. However, this association is thought to be due to the relatively short period of residence in Korea and thus the transitional phase to adapting to dietary practices. As the length of residence increases, disease patterns related to obesity are subject to change. Healthy dietary behaviors and adaptation to dietary practices in Korea in female marriage immigrants will not only benefit individuals but also their families and social structure. Therefore, varied, long-term, and target-specific studies on female marriage immigrants are highly needed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.501-513
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between general characteristics and the eating-out behaviors of 643 male/female industrial workers. The results of the study was summarized as follows. 1. The frequency rate of eating-out was higher for male than female, college graduates than high school graduates, high income earner than low income earner, and unmarried than married(p<0.05). 2. Average cost for eating-out was higher for male than female, for high educated and high income earner than low educated person. Age, married or not, personal health conditions and BMI, however, didn't make any difference in the average cost for eating-out. 3. Reasons fur eating-out was very different due to gender, age, degree of education income rate, married or not, BMI(p<0.05) but basically eating-out was due to get together with friends or colleagues. Also, people who thought they were not in good health answered that they did not eat-out in any conditions. Overweighted people ate out more often than normal or under-weighted people. 4. The method in gathering information about eating-out was different according to the level of education and whether married or not. On the other hand, gender, age, income rate, personal health condition and BMI did not make a big difference in its method. However, most People who Participated in the survey gathered information from people around them, such as friends/colleagues. 5. Taste was the most important factor in deciding the actual eating-out restaurant among the respondents and gender, age, level of education, married or not also made significant differences (p<0.05). 6. Besides personal health conditions and BMI, all the general characteristics including age made significant differences in selecting the most frequently visited restaurant. 7. Besides the personal health conditions, the transportation vehicle was different due to gender, age, level of education, income rate, married or not and BMI. As seen from the results, the eating-out behaviors mostly differed due to general characteristics. In order to searching for a new eating-out market, the general characteristics and the trend of the target customers has to be analyzed to activate the eating-out industry. In addition the need for highly nutritional food with low calorific value has to be emphasized along with the taste.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.246-253
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• 2003

With globalization taking place at a rapid speed, more and more people move from one place to another and more people with diverse cultural backgrounds are now living together than ever before. As a result, more people go through the process of acculturation. Dietary acculturation, a part of overall acculturation, is a series of changes that occur in food and nutrient consumption and dietary behaviors. This paper examined dietary acculturation in Korean Americans through a critical literature review. The current diet quality of Korean Americans is fair, and the areas in need of improvement include sodium, calcium, and fiber intakes. Korean Americans had different diet profiles by acculturation status； however, whether dietary acculturation leads to a lower diet quality is not conclusive at this time. This paper also suggests areas that warrant consideration in future research： 1) acculturation measures, 2) dietary measures, 3) possible factors affecting dietary acculturation, 4) health consequences of dietary acculturation, and 5) study design issues. Studying dietary acculturation among immigrants and their offspring is important because it will provide useful insights for designing health and nutrition interventions in both original and new countries. Quality research in dietary acculturation requires collaborations among researchers from different nations because it deals with diverse cultures.