• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.846-855
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• 2009

This study was performed to assess gender differences in rates of obesity, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes among college students living in Gwangju. Anthropometric measurements showed that the body mass indexes (BMIs) of the males and females were $22.1{\pm}2.6$ and $20.1{\pm}2.4$ respectively. All obesity indices including BMI, relative body weight (RBW), % body fat by bioelectrical impedence analysis (BIA), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly higher in the males than in the females. Abdominal fat was also found to be higher in the males whereas underweight was prominent in the female students. The dietary behaviors of the males as determined by dietary scores, were poorer than those of the females. Twenty-four hour dietary recalls revealed that most nutrient intakes were adequate, exceptions of vitamin C, Ca, and folate intakes in both sexes and Fe intake in the female students. Ca and folate intakes were below 75% of the KDRI for both genders. In addition, Unbalanced energy ratios of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were noted in both genders. Effective nutrition education programs targeting college students should be developed and implemented to increase Ca and folate consumption. It is suggested that gender-based nutrition education approaches be created due to poor dietary behavior in males and inadequate nutrient intakes in female college students.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2002

This study investigated the effects of dietary soy protein and Ca on the lipid profiles of rats fed fat-enriched diets. Rats were divided into two groups and fed either a casein-low Ca (Exp I) or ISP-high Ca diet (Exp II) for a control period of 4 weeks. The two groups of rats were again subdivided into 4 groups and fed one of 4 experimental diets for another 4 weeks. The experimental diets consisted of 18% beef tallow and 1 % cholesterol, in which either 20 % casein or ISP with one of two levels of Ca, high (1 %) or low (0.1 %). The concentrations of total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, liver and feces were determined. At the end of the control period, the serum total lipid and cholesterol concentrations were low in the rats fed ISP-high Ca diet (67~76% and 83~86%). During the next 4 week period, these concentrations remained significantly lower in rats fed the diets containing ISP and high Ca compared with those on casein and low Ca diets (p ＜ 0.05). Total lipid and cholesterol concentrations in feces were significantly higher in the ISP-high Ca dietary group at 4 weeks, and high in both high Ca groups at 8 weeks. This study demonstrates that both soy protein and Ca reduce serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, and total lipid in rats fed fat-enriched diet, and that they have an additive effect when combined.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.527-533
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• 2012

It is thought that calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) may be related to mental disorders such as depression; however, there have been few studies investigating the association between Ca and Mg nutrition status with depression in middle-aged female adults. Study subjects in this study included 105 women between the ages of 41 and 57 years. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) score: Group I (SDS score < 33 percentile; n = 32), Group II (33 percentile ${\leq}$ SDS score < 67 percentile; n = 37), and Group III (67 percentile ${\leq}$ SDS score; n = 36). Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake survey using 3-day dietary records, SDS questionnaire and measurement of serum Ca and Mg were obtained and analyzed. No differences were observed in Ca, plant Ca, and Mg intake among the three groups. However, animal Ca intake by Group III was 141.3 mg, which was significantly lower than 207.6 mg by Group I and 198.3 mg by Group II (P = 0.0345). There were no significant differences in serum levels of Ca, and Mg among the three groups. Correlation analysis indicated that the SDS score had negative correlations with Ca intake (r = -0.2927, P<0.01) and animal Ca (r = -0.3411, P<0.001) after adjusting for age, menopause and energy intake. In conclusion, dietary Ca and animal Ca had negative associations with SDS score among middle-aged Korean female adults. Additional analysis of factors related to the association of calcium and magnesium nutritional status and depression is necessary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.728-742
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• 1993

The effects of dietary calcium levels on the blood pressure and calcium metabolism were investigated. Nine normotensive female college students having hypertention family history were participated in 4-week dietary expeiments. They were provided with either high Ca diet (HCa, average 797mg/day) or low Ca diet(LCa, average 225mg/day) during two weeks, each, consecutively. Sodium amounts of the body diets were 3566~4022mg/day, which were ordinary sodium intake levels in Korea. After the HCa, systolic blood pressures(SBR) in both seated and isogrip-seated postitions were decreased by about 2.5mgHg, comparing with those after the LCa(p<.05). Diastoilc blood pressures(DBP) were not changed by dietary calcium levels. Serum total Ca, ionized Ca, Mg and P levels and Ca/Mg ratio were not different between the HCa and the LCa. Serum parathyroid hormone(PTH) levels were similar between two diets, but individually in seven of nine subjects, the slightly lower values of PTH were observed after the HCa than after the LCa. Urinary excretion of Ca(p<.01), Mg(p<.05) and P(p<.1) were increased after the HCa comparing with the LCa, but Ca/Mg ratio were not different between the two diets. SBP was in positive correlations with boty urinary excretion of Ca(supine, r=.7356, p<.05) and urinary Ca/Mg ratio(isogrip-seated, r=.7483, p<.05). SBP was also negatively correlated with serum P level(supine, r=-.6930, p<.05) and DBP was in negative correlation with urinary P excretion(seated, r=-.8586, p<.01). Serum total and ionized Ca, Mg, Ca/Mg ratio were not significantly correlated with blood pressures.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.817-824
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• 1995

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein level on Ca efficiency in bone mineral density in growing male rats. Twenty male rate were divided into two groups. The rats in one group were fed on casein 20% diet as control group and the others were fed on casein 40% diet as protein group. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. The total body, spine and femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured using dual energy-x ray absorptiometry. Urinary calcium, phosphate, pyridinoline and creatinine, serum calcium, phosphate, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and osteocalcin were measured. Urinary Ca excretion, pyridinoline and crosslinks value and serum ALP content seem to be increased in high protein group. It appears that the growing rats in high protein group had a higher bone resprption and bone formation than those in control group. Animal fad a high protein diet had a siginficantly higher Ca efficiency in BMD, BMC of total body, spine and femur. The results of this show that increasing of dietary protein level (40%) is beneficial of improvement of Ca efficiency during growing period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2003

It has been considered that high Na intake, and low Ca/K intake are related to the incidence of hypertension. In this preliminary study, dietary Na, K, and Ca intake and their urinary excretion in rural area in Kyungpook province were measured to recognize the relationship between those blood pressure-related minerals and blood pressure regulation in elderly people in rural area of South Korea. Sixty eight subjects (male 39, female 29) aged over 60 were randomly selected in rural area in South Korea. Blood pressure and soup saltness were measured, and dietary intake using 24 hours recall and urinary excretion of Na, K and Ca were measured. Depending on the blood pressure level, the data were analyzed using non-parametric ANOVA of Kruskal Wallis analysis on the basis of categorizing of one of four blood pressure groups, such as normal, high normal, hypertension I and hypertension II. Mean systolic (124.2$\pm$15.1 mmHg) and diastolic (79.0$\pm$10.2 mmHg) blood pressures were within the normal range. Soup saltiness and systolic pressure was positively correlated (p < 0.05). Even without statistical significance, dietary Na intake was higher in the upper systolic blood pressure groups then in the lower ones, which suggested higher Na intake caused the increase of blood pressure. No consistency was shown between the urinary concentration of Na, K, Ca level and blood pressure level, respectively. From the results of this study, it is assumed that high Na intake might be related to the incidence of hypertension. Further study with large sample size is needed to supplement the limitation of this preliminary study. (Korean J Nutrition 36 (1) : 75-82, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.394-405
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• 1997

Endogenous zinc is important for maintaining zinc homeostasis because the size of endogenous zinc pool is almost 3-4 times bigger than that of dietary zinc. The purpose of this study was to examine the phytate effect on the reabsorption of endogenous zinc and the additional Ca effect on the phytate effect. Rats were fed a casein-based diet with added sodium phytate containing either high(1.6%) or low(0.8%) Ca concentrations for 4 weeks to reduce the body zinc pool. After the depletion period, $^{65}$ Zn was given by intraperitoneal injection to label the endogenous zinc pool. Rats were then assigned into phytate or non-phytate group within the same Ca group. feces were collected for 2 weeks of the initial collection period and 1 week after dietary crossover. The ratios of excreted fecal $^{65}$ Zn radioactivity of phytate group non-phytate group were determined as a measure of the phytate effect on the endogenous zinc. Mean fecal $^{65}$ Zn radioactivity was higher in the phytate group than in the non-phytate group during the entire 3 weeks of the collection period in the low Ca group, and during the initial collection period in the high Ca group(p <0.0001). This study showed an adverse phytate effect on endogenous zinc at both high and low dietary Ca levels. Elevated dietary Ca levels showed a synergistic effect on the phytate effect on endogenous zinc(p <0.05). These results imply greater phytate effect on zinc homeostasis rather than on zinc bioavailability through complexing with the endogenous zinc which is larger portion than the dietary zinc on zinc homeostasis.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.78-88
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• 2015

Purpose: The objective of this study is to review researches regarding factors that potentially affect adolescent calcium (Ca) metabolism, and to suggest a potential modeling approach for optimizing gastrointestinal Ca absorption and peak bone mass. Background: Optimal gastrointestinal Ca absorption is a key to maximizing peak bone mass in adolescents. Urine Ca excretion in adolescents rises only after bone accretion is saturated, indicating that higher intestinal Ca absorption and bone retention is necessary to ensure maximum bone accretion. Hence, maximizing peak bone mass is possible by controlling the factors influencing gastrointestinal Ca absorption and bone accretion. However, a mechanism that explains the unique adolescent Ca metabolism has not yet been elucidated. Review: Dietary factors that enhance gastrointestinal Ca absorption may increase the available Ca pool usable for bone accretion, and a specific hormone may direct optimal Ca utilization to maximize peak bone mass. IGF-1 is an endocrine hormone whose levels peak during adolescence and increase fractional Ca absorption and bone Ca accretion. Prebiotics, generally obtained from dietary sources, have been reported to exert a beneficial effect on Ca absorption via microbiota activity. We selected and reviewed three candidates that could be used to propose a comprehensive Ca metabolic model for optimal Ca absorption and peak bone mass in adolescents. Modeling: Modeling has been used to investigate Ca metabolism and its regulators. Herein, we reviewed previous Ca modeling studies. Based on this review, we proposed a method for developing a comprehensive model that includes regulatory effectors of IGF-1 and prebiotics.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.833-839
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• 2005

본 연구는 난소절제 휜쥐를 이용하여 저$(0.1\%)$ 및 정상 $(0.5\%)$ 칼슘 식 이 에 대두 이소플라본 첨가수준을 달리 하여 급여했을 때 뼈 무기질 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사했으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 체중은 난소절제에 의해 증가하였고 식이 칼슘 및 대두 이소플라본의 첨가에 따른 효과는 없었다. 혈청 칼슘 농도는 난소절제, 식이 칼슘 및 대두 이소플라본에 의해 변화되지 않았으며 혈청 인의 농도는 정상 칼슘 식이 급여시 감소하였으나 정상 범위였고, 대두 이소플라본은 이에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 혈청 ALP활성은 난소절제에 의해 증가하였는데,그 정도는 저 칼슘 식이군에서 더 높았고 대두 이소플라본은 이를 변화시키지 못하였다. 혈청 TrACP활성은 난소절제, 식이 칼슘 및 대두 이소플라본에 따른 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 대퇴골 및 요추골의 무게 및 크기는 난소절제, 식이 칼슘, 대두 이소플라본에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 대퇴골의 파단력은 난소절제 에 의해 변화되지 않았으나 식이 칼슘은 이를 증가시켰다. 대퇴골 및 요추 골의 칼슘과 인의 함량은 난소절제에 의해 감소하였고 대두 이소플라본 80 ppm 첨가는 이를 증가시켰다. 식이 칼슘의 영향은 요추골에서 나타나 정상 칼슘식이를 급여했을 때 요추골의 칼슘과 인의 함량을 증가시켰다. 대두 이소플라본 160 ppm첨가는 뼈의 칼슘과 인의 함량을 증가시키지 않았다 이상의 결과로부터 난소절제한 흰쥐에서 대두 이소플라본 80 ppm을 첨가한 식이를 급여하면 뼈의 무기질 함량을 증가시킬 수 있으며 이런 효과는 식이 칼슘이 정상일 때 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 대두 이소플라본의 첨가는 폐경성 골다공증을 예방하는데 유효하며 섭취하는 칼슘이 결핍되지 않을 때 그 효과가 더 높을 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

This research was carried out to determine the effect of dietary calcium(Ca) levels(low : 0.29, medium : 0.65 and high : 1.07%) on the digestibility, excretion and retention of nitrogen(N) phosphorus (P) in pigs fed diets supplemented with phytase(750U/kg). Twelve growing-finishing pigs(average body weight: 35kg) were divided into 3 groups and these pigs were reared in metabolism cage. After 10 days adaptation period, N and P balance experiments were carried out for 4 days. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The High-Ca group was lower than the others in digestibility of P(Low-Ca and Medium-Ca group). 2. The amount of daily excretion of urinary N were 19.6g in Low-Ca group and 16.7g in high-Ca group. The High-Ca group was the lowest(22.71%/d) in the total N excretion. 3. The High-Ca group was the highest and the Low-Ca group the lowest in fecal P excretion. The urinary P excretions per day were 1.90g in Low-Ca group and 0.04g in High-Ca group. The medium-Ca group showed the lowest total P excretion(4.57g/d). 4. The N retention of the High-Ca group(20.50g) was greater than that of the Low-Ca group and Medium-Ca(5.02)g was the highest and the Low-Ca groups(3.92g) was the lowest in the P retention. These results indicate that dietary Ca level was an important factor influencing N and P utilization in pigs.