• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1287-1293
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• 2007

To obtain the risk assessment of hazardous materials in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, the residual pesticides and heavy metals in samples on the Korea and China are surveyed. Group I ($BHC-{\delta}$, $BHC-{\beta}$, Fenitrothion, Penthoate, Endosulfan-${\alpha}$, Dieldrin, Endosulfan-${\beta}$ and Endosulfan-sulfate), Group II (BHC-${\gamma}$, Aldrin, DDD, DDT-p,p Permethrin and Fenvalerate), Group III(BHC-${\alpha}$, Chlorpyrifos, Tolyfluanid, Captan and DDT-o,p) and Group IV(Quintozene, Vinclozolin, DDE and Chlorfenapyr) could analysed on gas chromatography-ECD for evaluation of residual pesticides. Qualified detection concentration on the GC-ECD are $0.45 ng/g{\sim}2.50 ng/g$. Group I, Group II, Group III and Group IV are not detected in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata on the Korea and China. Concentration of As, Cd and Pb in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata. on the Korea are 3.06%, 7.00% and 5.78% for Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA). Concentration of As, Cd and Pb in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata. on the China are 5.16%, 5.33% and 6.50% for Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA). The hazardous materials in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata on the Korea and China were verified the safety of the residual heavy metals and pesticides compare with Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advisory level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.208-216
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate levels of POPs in soil by land use and identify congener profiles of PCBs, PCDD/Fs in soil in Korea. Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin, Mirex, Toxaphene were not found in all areas. The concentrations of Diedrin, Chlordane, ${\Sigma}$DDT, HCB in soil samples were in ranged from N.D. to 12.08 ${\mu}g$/kg, from N.D. to 16.08 ${\mu}g$/kg, from N.D. to 38.19 ${\mu}g$/kg and from N.D. to 1.32 ${\mu}g$/kg. In case of PCBs, concentration were in ranged from N.D. to 172.12 ${\mu}g$/kg, and PCBs contaminated area was higher than other areas. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs were in ranged from 0 to 6.68 pg I-TEQ/g. In addition, the ${\Sigma}$PCDFs concentration in the industry area soil was higher than ${\Sigma}$PCDDs.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.43-48
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was investigated to determine the contents of pesticide residues and sulfur dioxide residues in commercial herbal medicines in Korea. Methods : Chromatographic test was performed on 100 samples consisted with 10 kinds of medicinal plants including improted and domestic products. To establish 19 pesticide residues (DDE, DDD, DDT, Dieldrin, Methoxychlor, BHC isomers, Aldrin, Endosulfan isomers, Endrin, Captan, Procymidone, Chlorpyrifos and Imidacloprid) in commercial herbal medicines, chromatographic equipments were used with the gas chromatography-mass detector and gas chromatography-electron capture detector for qualitative analysis. The imidacloprid analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatograpgy-ultraviolet detector at 270 nm UV wavelength. The contents of sulfur dioxides were analyzed by modified Monnier-Williams method. All methods were based on notification procedure of Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA). Results : The residual pesticides were not founded in improted and domestic samples. Among 100 samples, the residues of sulfur dioxide in 73 samples were not detected and 25 samples showed contents in the range of 0~21.90 mg/kg. The excess samples of MRLs were 2 samples (30 mg/kg to medicinal herbs), Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma (Imported product) and the average amount of sulfur dioxide in 2 unsuitable samples were 14.83 mg/kg. These samples were found to transgress KFDA regulatory guidance of residual sulfur dioxide. Conclusion : These results are able to use as basic data to improve the reliability and value of commercial medicinal herbs.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.111-128
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• 1991

In puan area the environmental surveys were carried out at two farms of hard clam, Meretrix lusoria from April 1987 to November 1978 in order to know heather the farm environments could be rehabilitated for the cultivation of hard clam or not. The range of temperature of surface seawater was $10.7{\~}27.4^{\circ}C$, pH $7.6{\~}8.2$, salinity $22.3{\~}30.3$ ppt, COD $0.20{\~}4.71\;mg/{\ell}$, sulfide $0.04{\~}0.22\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$, suspended solid $34.8{\~}199.3\;mg/{\ell}$ chlorophyll a $3.71{\~}49.02\;mg/m^3$, TIN $2.01{\~}24.47\;{\mu}g-a5./{\ell}$, phosphate $0.60{\~}11.03\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$ and silicate $4.04{\~}476.36\;{\mu}g-at./{\ell}$. The range of temperature of substratum (bottom soil) was $14.2{\~}29.7^{\circ}C$, pH $8.3{\~}9.5$, water content of substratum was $0.28{\~}0.49\;mg/g$ dried mud, COD $2.80{\~}50.94\;mg/g$ dried mud, total organic matter $1.05{\~}1.97\%$ concentration of total Kjedhal nitrogen $31.9{\~}194.9\;{\mu}g./{\ell}$ dried mud, and sulfide $0.032{\~}0.133\;mg/g$ dried mud. Fine sand was dominant ranging over $92{\~}95\%$ and silt and clay was $2.8{\~}8.1\%$ of the composition of substratum. Some residual agricultural chemicals, ${\alpha},\;{\beta},\;{\gamma}$-BHC, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, aldrin, DDE, DDT and dieldrin were detected in hard clams collected from Puan areas. Especialy, more chemical were detected during the period of rainfalls. From above results, it is considered that the hard clam frams were not yet recovered from deteriorated conditions for aquaculture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.434-451
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• 2017

For this study, groundwater samples for 3 years from 2011 through 2013 were collected at 106 groundwater monitoring site in Korea. These groundwater samples were analyzed for 13 pesticides such as cabofuran, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, simazine, atrazine, lindane (gamma-HCH), alachlor, heptachlor, chlordane (total), endosulfan (1, 2), dieldrin, endrin, 4,4-DDT. The objectives of this study were to determine the detection frequency and their concentrations of 13 pesticides and evaluate the health risk level considering ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact using concentrations of 13 pesticides in groundwater samples. An analysis was used for the simultaneous determination for 13 pesticides using GC-MS. GC-MS was performed on HP-5ms, using helium ($1ml\;min^{-1}$) as carrier gas. The average recoveries of the pesticides were from 92.8% to 120.8%. The limits of detection (LODs) were between $0.004{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $0.118{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were between $0.012{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $0.354{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. 106 groundwater wells were selected. 54 wells were from well to monitor background groundwater quality and 52 wells were from well to monitor groundwater quality in industrial or contamination source area. Eight pesticides including pentachlorobenzene, lindane (Gamma-HCH), heptachlor, chlordane (total), Endosulfan (1, 2), dieldrin, endrin, and 4,4-DDT were not detected in groundwater samples. The detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, alachlor, carbofuran and simazine was 23.4%, 11.4%, 7.3%, and 1.0%, respectively. Atrazine was detected once in 2011. The average concentrations were $0.00423{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for carbofuran, $0.000243{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for alachlor, $0.00015{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for simazine, and $0.00001{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for hexachlorobenzene. The detection frequency of hexachlorobenzene was high, but the average concentration was low. In the contaminated groundwater, the detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, alachlor, carbofuran, simazine and atrazine was 26.1%, 21.3%, 7.1%, 1.9% and 0.3%, respectively. In the uncontaminated groundwater, detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, carbofuran and alachlor were 20.2%, 7.5%, and 1.9% respectively. Simazine and atrazine were not detected at uncontaminated groundwater wells. According to the purpose of groundwater use, atrazine was detected for agricultural groundwater use. Hexachlorobenzene showed high detection frequency at agricultural groundwater use area where the animal feeding area and golf course area were located. Alachlor showed more than 50% detection frequency at cropping area, pollution concern river area, and golf course area. Atrazine was detected in agricultural water use area. By land use, the maximum detection frequency of alachlor was found near an orchard. For human risk assessment, the cancer risk for the 5 pesticides was between $10^{-7}$ and $10^{-10}$, while the non-cancer risk (HQ value) was between $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-6}$. For conclusion, these monitoring study needs to continue because of the possibility of groundwater contamination based on various purpose of groundwater use.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 2007

To obtain the risk assessment of hazardous materials with maturing process of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, the residual heavy metals and pesticides in samples are surveyed. Concentration of As, Cd and Pb during the maturing process of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata of Korea are $0.147{\pm}0.007\;mg/L,\;0.025{\pm}0.001\;mg/L\;and\;0.193{\pm}0.021\;mg/L$, respectively. Concentration of As, Cd and Pb during the maturing process of Rehmanniae Radix Preparat of China are $0.0145{\pm}0.014\;mg/L,\;0.023{\pm}0.002\;mg/L\;and\;0.299{\pm}0.013\;mg/L$, respectively. Concentration of As, Cd and Hg remain unchanged during the maturing process of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata. Concentration of As, Cd and Pb in Rehmanniae Radix Preparat on the Korea are 3.53%, 6.66% and 5.16% for Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advisory level, respectively. The residual pesticides, such as aldrin, $BHC-{\alpha},\;BHC-{\beta},\;BHC-{\gamma},\;BHC-{\delta}$, captan, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, DDD, DDE, DDT-o,p, DDT-p.p, dieldrin, endosulfan-sulfate, $endosulfan-{\alpha}$, $endosulfan-{\beta}$, fenitrothion, penthoate, permethrin, quintozene, tolyfluanid and vinclozolin, are not detected in Rehmanniae Radix Preparat on the Korea and China. The hazardous materials in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata on the Korea and China are verified the safety of the residual heavy metals and pesticides compare with Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advistory level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1980

In order to investigate the level of pesticide residues in the vegetables for Kimchi materials (Chinese cabbage, radish, red pepper, garlic and cucumber), which were produced in Andong district, organochlorine and organophosphur pesticide residues were analyzed using gas chromatography. The results were as follows; 1) In chinese cabbage, radish and some other vegetables harvested in early summer (June), organochlorine and organophosphur pesticide residues were detected in almost all of the samples tested, and a few of them showed a level higher than the organochlor APR(allowable pesticide residues). 2) Heptachlor, the soil insecticide was the most abundantly detected pesticide among the four organochlorine pesticides tested (Dieldrin, Endrin, BHC, Heptachlor) in this study. 3) Somewhat higher concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were detected in all kinds of sample vegetables harvested in late summer than in those harvested in early summer. And the frequency of organochlorine pesticide contamination was also increased, but the frequency of organophosphur pesticide contamination was decreased. 4) In the vegetable harvested in late autumn, level of organochlorine pesticide residues and frequency of contamination were markedly decreased and organophosphur pesticide residues (Diaginon, Malathion, Thiometon, EPN) were rarely detected. 5) The results of this study indicates that to take a lot of vegitables grown in summer was somewhat uncomfortable than those grown in autumn.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate residual organochlorine pesticides in green house soil and green perilla leaves. Extraction and clean-up method were developed using the modified QuEChERS method for residual organochlorine pesticides (ROCPs) in soil and green perilla leaves. Recovery and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of ROCPs in greenhouse soil and green perilla leaves were 76.3-113.4 and 79.4-107.3%, 0.03-0.24 and $0.33-0.50{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Detected ROCPs in greenhouse soil were dieldrin and endosulfan sulfate, the residue were 1.6-9.2 and $22.0-87.8{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. But two pesticides in all green perilla leaf samples were not detected. These results showed that ROCPs residue in greenhouse soil was lower than the level of bioaccumulation occurring.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 1986

One of the most medically important snail species of Korea is Semisulcospira spp., a member of the freshwater prosobranch family pleuroceridae. The parasites that these snails transmit to humans are mainly Paragonimus westermani and Metagonimus yokogawoi. On the other hand, Semisulcospira snails are edible as a foodstuff in Korea. The present study was first aimed to detect out residual pesticides in the snails collected at the endemic and non-endemic areas of paragonimiasis in Korea and to make relationship to the detectability of larval trematodes shed from the snails. In addition, water specimens from the habitats where the snails were collected were sampled and analysed to elucidate environmental conditions of the habitats. This malaco-ecological survey was done at 7 endemic and 3 non-endemic areas of paragonimiasis for about more than 2 years, May, 1984 through October, 1986. All the water smaples both from the endemic and non-endemic areas of paragonimiasis showed normal ranges of the criteria of upper freshwater streams, with lower B.O.D. (0.4~2.0 ppm) and higher D.O. values (9.5~11.0 ppm) than those in the large river systems Infection rate of digenetic trematodes in total snails collected was 6.7%, but no Paragonimus cercaria was detected out at all even in the endemic areas of paragonimiasis. The ecological factors affecting Paragonimus larvae in the snails were also discussed. A total of 9 chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticieds was targeted to detect out from the tissues of snails. Out of 9 pesticides, aldrin, beta-BHC, p, p-DDT, dieldrin, DDE, lindane, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were eluted from the snails. The highest levels of the pesticides were mostly detected out in the snails collected from the Donghae-Chun area of Haman and the Kangwha area of Kyongki-Do, where the lowest infection rates of trematode cercariae (0~0.5%) were revealed. The possibilities that the residual pesticides in the freshwater animals including Semisulcospira snails might be transferable to humans were also discussed.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to optimize a simple, fast, and economic analytical method for the simultaneous determination of various pesticides (aldrin, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, ${\alpha}$-endosulfan, ${\beta}$-endosulfan, dieldrin, heptachlor, permethrin, chlordane, deltamethrin, diazinon, bifenthrin, methoprene, propargite, fenpropathrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and fenpropathrin) in milk by using dispersive solid phase extraction (SPE). In this study, two different extraction methods (low temperature cleanup and liquid-liquid partitioning), which were followed by a cleanup process based on dispersive-SPE, were evaluated and compared for the 19 pesticides. The results for all the pesticides were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with selected-ion monitoring mode, and the matrix effect of the method was evaluated. Comparison of these approaches yielded higher and more consistent recoveries of most pesticides at fortification levels of $1{\mu}g/mL$ using low-temperature fat precipitation, followed by cleanup process based on dispersive-SPE with PSA and C18 as sorbents, than other preparation process. The relative standard deviation was <20 % and the combination of this method were very effective for the cleanup.