• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a clinical technique that therapeutically removes toxic solutes from body fluids and normalizes endogenous solutes whose aberrant concentrations disrupt normal physiology. This study retrospectively evaluated clinical outcomes and complications of PD in 20 dogs with renal failure. Blood works (total count of red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), the serum biochemical, and electrolyte values related to renal insufficiency) and complications associated with peritoneal dialysis, and clinical outcomes were recorded before and after PD. Additionally, creatinine reduction ratio (CRR) and urea nitrogen reduction ratio (URR) were calculated for evaluating the efficacy of PD. PD resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration in 19 dogs, while a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in creatinine concentration in 17 dogs. The complications of PD were hypoalbuminemia (12/20, 60%), anemia (10/20, 50%), subcutaneous dialysate leakage (9/20, 45%), bacterial peritonitis (6/20, 30%), dialysate retention (5/20, 25%) and limb edema (4/20, 20%). This study demonstrated that PD was effective in reducing the magnitude of azotemia in dogs with renal failure especially in acute phase, although the complication rate was high but manageable.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.313-323
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• 1998

This study was a descriptive research on the level of self-care available to continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients (hereinafter referred to as 'CAPD patient') related to the specific area of infection management. The method employed for the collection of data was a modified instrument of the self-care survey essentially based on Young Sook Choi's instrument. The relevant data was collected from september 1, 1996 to september 30, 1996. The subjects were provided with an open-ended question regarding the reasons behind why they did not seek self-care. The answers provided about self-care compliance were analyzed by SPSS for frequency, percentage, mean, t-test, ANOVA. Reasons for non-compliance were analyzed by content analysis. The results of the study were as follows : 1. The percentage of patients engaging in self-care were according to the following self performed tasks : preparation of dialysis : 30.58 points Dialysate exchange procedures : 49.40 points - Two bag type : 50.50 points - Spike type : 48.80 points - Neo type : 48.90 points Catheter exit site care : 25.13 points More specifically, in relation to the preparation of dialysis as referred to above, those patients engaging in self care was relatively high with respect to the cleaning of the dialysis before use and for the preservation of peritosol. However, in dialysate exchange procedures, data revealed that those patients engaging in self-care are relatively low with respect to putting on a mask during the performance of peritosol exchange. Similary in peritosol exchange procedure and catheter exit care, low levels of self-care performance were found in the area of putting on a mask during the peritosol exchange procedures and catheter line testing procedures, respectively. 2. In general characteristics, there appeared to be no distinction in self-care compliance among CAPD patients. 3. The main reasons for non-compliance were based in the following factor : intellectual, attitude, enviromental surrounding and physical. As a result of the foregoing finding, nurses should provide adequate assistance to promote self-care compliance by CAPD patients by checking the preparation of dialysis, dialysate exchange procedure, and catheter exit site care which recieved low point in this research.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2002

In the present study, we used the microdialysis technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection to measure the extracellular levels of norepinephrine (NE) in the posterior hypothalamus in vivo, and to examine the effects of various drugs, affecting central noradrenergic transmission, on the extracellular concentration of NE in the posterior hypothalamus. Microdialysis probes were implanted stereotaxically into the posterior hypothalamus (coordinates: posterior 4.3 mm, lateral 0.5 mm, ventral 8 mm, relative to bregma and the brain surface, respectively) of rats, and dialysate collection began 2 hr after the implantation. The baseline level of monoamines in the dialysates were determined to be: NE $0.17{\pm}0.01,$ 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) $0.94{\pm}0.07,$ homovanillic acid (HVA) $0.57{\pm}0.05$ pmol/sample (n=8). When the posterior hypothalamus was perfused with 90 mM potassium, maximum 555% increase of NE output was observed. Concomitantly, this treatment significantly decreased the output of DOPAC and HVA by 35% and 28%, respectively. Local application of imipramine $(50\;{\mu}M)$ enhanced the level of NE in the posterior hypothalamus (maximum 200%) compared to preperfusion control values. But, DOPAC and HVA outputs remained unchanged. Pargyline, an irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor, i.p. administered at a dose of 75 mg/kg, increased NE output (maximum 165%), while decreased DOPAC and HVA outputs (maximum 13 and 12%, respectively). These results indicate that NE in dialysate from the rat posterior hypothalamus were neuronal origin, and that manipulations which profoundly affected the levels of extracellular neurotransmitter had also effects on metabolite levels.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.81-82
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• 2001

A 47-year-old man with end-stage renal disease due to diabetic nephropathy underwent a peritoneal scintigraphy to evaluate the cause of recently developed scrotal swelling. Two liters of dialysate mixed with 111 MBq of Tc-99m sulfur colloid were administered into the peritoneal cavity via the dialysis catheter. Various anterior images of the abdomen and pelvis were obtained at 15 min, 2 hr and 4 hr after the tracer instillation. At 15 min, anterior images of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated linear tracts of activity through both inguinal canals, which were more prominent in the right side (A). Images at 2 hr revealed a passage of the radioactive fluid into the right hemiscrotum. At the same time, there was a considerable accumulation of activity in the right inguinal canal (B). In the delayed image, there was a progressive accumulation of activity in the inguinal canals and a prominent passage of the tracer into the scrotum (C). Both abdominal and inguinal hernias are commonly associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Overall incidence of CAPD-induced hernia ranges from 2.7% to 25%.$^{1)}$ Inguinal hernias were frequently manifested as scrotal swelling. Leakages of dialysate fluid into the scrotum has been noted in CAPD patients with scrotal swelling, with or without clinical findings of inguinal hernia.$^{1,2)}$ In the present case, the right side had leakage from a clinical inguinal hernia and the left side, leakage from a subclinial inguinal hernia. A subclinical inguinal hernia was easily demonstrable with peritoneal scintigraphy. Peritoneal scintigraphy is extremely helpful in the evaluation of scrotal swelling in a patient on CAPD.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2003

Various forms of dialytic techniques are available for detoxification. Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration (hemodialfiltration) are the main treatment modalities. Because these modalities are rather invasive and expensive, it must be decided in balance of the risk and benefit to the patient. The prime consideration in the decision is based on the clinical features of poisoning; hemodialysis or hemoperfusion should be considered in general if the patient's condition progressively deteriorates despite intensive supportive therapy. The hemodialysis technique relies on passage of the toxic agent through a semipermeable membrane so that it can equilibrate with the dialysate and subsequently removed. It needs a blood pump to pass blood next to a dialysis membrane, which allows agents permeable to the membrane to pass through and reach equilibrium. Solute (or drug) removal by dialysis has numerous determinants such as solute size, its lipid solubility, the degree to which it is protein bound, its volume of distribution etc. The technique of hemoperfusion is similar to hemodialysis except there is no dialysis membrane or dialysate involved in the procedure. The patient's blood is pumped through a perfusion cartridge, where it is in direct contact with adsorptive material (usually activated charcoal) that has a coating material such as cellulose. This method can be used successfully with lipid-soluble compounds and with higher-molecular-weight compounds than for hemodialysis. Protein binding does not significantly interfere with removal by hemoperfusion. In conclusion, hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration can be used effectively as adjuncts to the management of severely intoxicated patients.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.203-211
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the subacute transdermal toxicity of Syndella gel, a new topical drug containing deproteinized dialysate of calf's blood and micronomicin sulfate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Three doses (1.97, 3.94, 7.88 g/kg) of Syndella gel was daily treated transdermally to male and female rats for 30 days. No death was occurred in either control or treated rats. No significant toxic clinical signs and body weight change were not observed at any doses in the male or female rats treated. There were no significant alterations in hematologic and biochemical parameters in both sexes, however slight increase of potassium concentration was observed in 3.94g/kg and 7.88 g/kg female groups. No significant necrotic changes were not observed in examined organs. This study showed that up to 7.88g/kg Syndella gel did not induce subacute transdermal toxicity.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.191-202
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• 2013

The application of ultrafiltration operation to the dialysis in countercurrently parallel-flow rectangular membrane modules was investigated. The assumption of uniform ultrafiltration flux was made for operation with slight concentration polarization and declination of transmembrane pressure. Considerable improvement in mass transfer is achievable if the operation of ultrafiltration is applied, especially for the system with low mass transfer coefficient. The enhancement in separation efficiency is significantly increased with increasing ultrafiltration flux, as well as with increasing the volumetric flow rates. Furthermore, increasing the volumetric flow rate in retentate phase is more beneficial to mass transfer than increasing in dialysate phase.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1982

Removal of urea and vitamin B12 was simulated using two pool models with closed loop dialysis, open loop dialysis, and hemodiafiltrations with predilution and postdilulion. It was found that urea removal was limited by dialyzer clearance, however B12 removal was limited both by the resistance between ECF and ICF and by dialyzer clearance. Open loop dialysis was better than closed loop dialysis in terms of dialysate requirement and removal efficiency. Residual renal function plays an important role in removing vitamin B12. Dialysis frequency more than twice/wide does not have great effect on removal efficiency, but has the effect of reducing the difference between maximum and minimum cancentrations during dialysis period.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.117-117
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• 2007

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1984

The asymptotic solution using the Tailor series has been given explicit form for the solute concentration and overall solute removal in hemodiafilter using one dimensional model. The numerical solutions have been calculated within 0.001% error by the Romberg integration method. Compared with the numerical solutions, the oneterm asymptotic solutions were found to be within 3% error for the condition > 3.0 and three-terms asymtotic solutions were required for the condition >0.7 where denotes measure of convection over diffusional transport and a the ratio of blood flow rate over dialysate flow rate.