• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.216-220
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• 2010

Obesity is an important risk factor that significantly increases mortality and disease rates in the cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and various diseases. So far, the most powerful way to inhibit fat absorption is pancreatic lipase inhibitors. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of the extract of Juniperus rigida. Juniperus rigida extract (JRE) had a inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase activity ($IC_{50}$=8.63 ${\mu}g$/ml). In in vivo oil-emulsion loading test, this extract also inhibited the intestinal fat absorption. In addition, we measured inhibitory effects of JRE on activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) among the important enzymes associated with lipolysis. JRE strongly inhibited PDE activity ($IC_{50}$=4.56 ${\mu}g$/ml), whereas inhibitory effect on HSL activity was very weak compared with orlistat. As a result, JRE inhibited the absorption of fat by inhibiting the activity of pancreatic lipase and induced lipolysis through inhibition of PDE activity. Therefore, we suggest that Juniperus rigida may be a potential therapeutic agent improving obesity.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.61-81
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• 2003

There can be little dissension that the ultimate goal of all physical therapy interventions with the elderly is to restore or maintain the highest level of function possible for the individual. Whenever physical therapists take on this challenge, they assist elders in maintaining their identities as competent adults. Advancing age is associated with profound changes in body composition, including increased fat mass, decreased fat-free mass(particularly muscle), decreased total body water and decreased bone density. Along with these changes in body compositions, and perhaps as a direct result of them, elderly people have lower energy needs, reduced strength and functional capacity and a greatly increased risk for such diseases as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Resistance training is considered a promising intervention for reversing the loss of muscle function and the deterioration of muscle structure that is associated with advanced age. This reversal is thought to result in improvements in functional abilities and health status in the elderly by increasing muscle mass, strength and power and by increasing bone mineral density. In the past couple of decades, many studies have examined the effects of Resistance training on risk factors for age-related diseases or disabilities. We have explored the positive and negative aspects of older adults' participation in resistance training programs. The benefits to older adults are reported to be increased strength, endurance, muscle capacity, and flexibility; more energy; and improved self-image and confidence. The negative aspects include some pain or stiffness and other nonspecific problems. The positive and negative aspects of resistance training are therefore very similar to those in younger populations. Scientific investigations over the past 10 years have demonstrated that resistance training can be safely and successfully implemented in older populations. Even the frail and very sick elderly can benefit and improve their quality of life. Proper design and progression of a resistance training program for older adults is vital to optimal benefits from resistance exercise. The results of data provided by this research on resistance training for health shows that there is enough existing evidence to conclude that resistance training, particularly when incorporated into a comprehensive fitness program, can offer substantial health benefits which can be obtained by persons of all ages. These benefits, including improvements in functional capacity, translate into an improved quality of life.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigated the occurrence properties of the cerebrovascular accidents. Clinical observations were done 252 cases, were carried from June, 1989 to May, 1990 at 4 general hospital in Taegu, Korea. The following results have been obtained ; 1. Among the 252 cases of cerebrovascular accidents, males was noted in $51.6\%$ and females in $48.4\%$. The ratio between males and females was 1.1 : 1 in whole groups of cerebrovascular accidents, and in aging distribution, it was showed variety distribution in age groups, fifties, sixties and forties were in order of frequency, particulary, more than half was shelved from 50 to 69. 2. Among the 252 cases of cerebrovascular accidents, cerebral hemorrhage was rioted in $64.3\%$, cerebral infarction in $25.8\%$, cerebral thrombosis in $6.3\%$, subarachnoid hemorrhage in $2.4\%$ and cerebral embolism in $1.2\%$. 3. In distribution of academic career, high school level was noted in $37.7\%$, elementary school level in $30.5\%$, middle school level in $17.1\%$, elementary school level in $30.5\%$, middle school level in $17.1\%$ arid college level in $14.7\%$. 4. In distribution of occupation, office worker was noted in $21.8\%$, housewife in $20.2\%$, the others in $19.1\%$, physical laborer in $18.3\%$ and inoccupation in $18.3\%$. 5. In seasonal distribution, spring was noted in $34.9\%$, winter in $32.5\%$, autumn in $20.3\%$ and summer in $12.3\%$. 6. Among the preceding diseases at the onset of cerebrovascular accidents, hypertension was noted in $51.6\%$, no preceding disease in $20.2\%$, other disease in $10.3\%$ and diabetes mellitus in $9.5\%$ and cardiovalvular disease in $6.0\%$. 7. In systolic blood pressure on admission, 160-199mmHg was noted in $32.2\%$, 200-239mmHg in $23.4\%$, 140-159mmHg in $19.4\%$, below 140mmHg in $16.3\%$, and above 240mmHg in $8.7\%$, While, in diastolic blood pressure, above 130mmHg noted in $24.6\%$, below 90 mmHg in $17.1\%$, 120-129mmHg in $13.1\%$ and was 90-99mmHg in $11.1\%$. 8. In major predisposing factors of patients, emotional stress was noted in $20.2\%$, physical action in $17.9\%$, rest in $16.9\%$, while sleeping in $10.7\%$, drinking in $9.9\%$ and defecation in $7.9\%$. 9. In distribution of affected side, left was noted in $48.4\%$, right in 42.1 and both $9.5\%$. 10. In rates of recurrent cases, first attach was noted in $79.0\%$, 1st recurrence in $17.0\%$, 2nd recurrence in $3.6\%$ and 3rd recurrence in $0.4\%$.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.2 s.247
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• pp.139-145
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• 2005

Background: There were very few reports on long-term survival after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in this country. The aim of this study is to investigate the long-term result in patients undergoing CABG in the early period in this hospital. Material and Method: One-hundred and fourteen patients (male/female, 79/35) who had undergone CABG from December 1990 to December 1995 were identified. Most of the patients had undergone CABG using left internal thoracic artery and vein grafts under cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiopulmonary arrest, and the proximal and distal anastomoses of the grafts were performed during the single aortic cross clamping period. Result: During the mean follow-up period of $135.5\pm17.9$ months, 37 patients $(32.5\%)$ were dead and only 10 patients $(27\%)$ of them died of cardiac cause. Risk-unadjusted survival after CABG was $95.6\%,\;85.1\%,\;71.8\%,$ and $57.9\%$ at 1, 5, 10, and 13 years, respectively, and cardiac death-free survival was $97.4\%,\;94.5\%,\;92.1\%$, and $81.3\%$ at 1, 5, 10, and 13 years, respectively. Predictable factors of long-term survival were sex and age. Predictable factors of postoperative coronary angiography and intervention were hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Conclusion: Long-term survival after CABG in the early operative period was comparable to the previous outcomes, and females showed the better long-term survival. Postoperative coronary intervention was more common in patients with preoperative dyslipidemia.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2015

Background: This study aimed to investigate sternal healing over time and the incidence of poor sternal healing in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery using bilateral internal thoracic arteries. Methods: This study enrolled 197 patients who underwent isolated CABG using skeletonized bilateral internal thoracic arteries (sBITA) from 2006 through 2009. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) angiography was performed on all patients at monthly intervals for three to six months after surgery. In 108 patients, an additional CT study was performed 24 to 48 months after surgery. The axial CT images were used to score sternal fusion at the manubrium, the upper sternum, and the lower sternum. These scores were added to evaluate overall healing: a score of 0 to 1 reflected poor healing, a score of 2 to 4 was defined as fair healing, and a score of 5 to 6 indicated complete healing. Medical records were also retrospectively reviewed to identify perioperative variables associated with poor early sternal healing. Results: Three to six months after surgery, the average total score of sternal healing was $2.07{\pm}1.52$ and 68 patients (34.5%) showed poor healing. Poor healing was most frequently found in the manubrium, which was scored as zero in 72.6% of patients. In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with poor early healing were shorter post-surgery time, older age, diabetes mellitus, and postoperative renal dysfunction. In later CT images, the average sternal healing score improved to $5.88{\pm}0.38$ and complete healing was observed in 98.2% of patients. Conclusion: Complete sternal healing takes more than three months after a median sternotomy for CABG using sBITA. Healing is most delayed in the manubrium.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2010

Liriope platyphylla has been though as an useful medical plant to improve the cough, sputum, neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, and diabetes in Korea and China from old times. In order to investigate the effects of Liriope platyphylla on expression and secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF), the mRNA expression and protein secretion were detected in the neuronal cell (B35) and neuroglial cell (C6) cultured with three differences concentration (5%, 10%, 15%) of Liriope platyphylla. In MTT assay and FACS anslysis, the some death of some B35 and C6 cells were observed in 15% extract-treated group, while other groups did not induce the death. Also, the mRNA expression of NGF were significantly increased in 5% and 10% extracts treated-group. Furthermore, the NGF protein concentration in supernatant collected from cultured cells showed the very similar pattern with mRNA expression. In order to verify the activity of secreted NGF, the culture supernatant collected from B35 and C6 cells cultured with Liriope platyphylla extracts for 24 hrs were treated into undifferentiated PC12 cells, and the differentiation level of PC12 cell were also observed with microscopes. The differentiation level of PC12 cell were significantly increased depend on the dose of extract. Therefore, these results suggested that the water extracts of Liriope platyphylla may contribute the regulation of NGF expression and secretion in the neuronal cell and be considered as an excellent candidate for a neurodegenerative disease-therapeutic drug.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.423-430
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• 2001

Objects: The purpose of this case-control study was done to examine the relationship between stroke prevalence and the anthropometric indices(body mass index(BMI), modified Broca's method(Broca's index), waist circumference(WC), waist-hip ratio(WHR)), dyslipidemia, past medical history(heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus(DM)), life-style factors(smoking, drinking) in Korean adults. Methods : The study group consisted of neurologically confirmed 116 stroke patients as the case group and 116 non-stroke patients as control group. Obesity were defined as $BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2,\;Broca's\;index{\geq}30%$, WC >94cm in male and WC >80cm in female, $WHR{\geq}0.9$ in male and $WHR{\geq}0.8$ in female. Oyslipidemia were defined as total $cholesterol{\geq}200mg/dl,\;triglyceride{\geq}200mg/dl,\;HDL-cholesterol {\leq}35mg/dl,\;LDL-cholesterol{\geq}160mg/dl$. Information on life-style factors and past medical history was obtained from personal interview. The analysis of the data was done by means of chi-square test(Pearson's chi-square test, Fisher's exact test) and student t-test. Results: The results were as follow. In the study group: Hypertension had a 4:05 odds ratio, Broca's $index{\geq}30%$ had a 1.98 odds ratio, WC >94cm in male had a 2.17 odds ratio, WC >80cm in female had a 2.80 odds ratio, $WHR{\geq}0.9$ in male had a 4.66 odds ratio, $WHR{\geq}0.8$ in female had a 5.35 odds ratio, but heart disease, DM, life-style factors, serum lipid and 8MI had no direct relationship with odds ratio(nonsignificant). By student t-test, risk factors for stroke were found to be total cholesterol(p=0,025), LDL-cholesterol(p=0.013), WC(p=0.000) and WHR(p=0.000). Conclusions: This study suggests that people should be advised to control hyperlitension, hyperlipidemia and obesity since these carry a risk of stroke.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.164-176
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• 2016

This study was perfomed to investigate the effects of Chunghyul-plus(CHP) on oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia in db/db mouse. After treatment with CHP, safety in cytotoxicity, heavy metal toxicity, production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), nitric oxide (N0) and proinflammatory cytokine IL-Ib, TNF-a, IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. Serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, GLP-1, glucose, food intake, body weight, organ weight, AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, creatine and histologic change of liver and aorta were measured in db/db mouse after oral administration of CHP. CHP showed safety in cytotoxicity and toxicity of liver and kidney for logn time administration. CHP increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. CHP showed significant inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), and showed inhibitory effect on nitiric oxide(NO) compared to control group. CHP decreased cytokine IL-6 production significantly, and decreased IL-1β and TNF-α compared to control group. CHP decreased body and organ weitht, intake food, and glucose levels compared to control group. CHP decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride significantly, and decreased LDL-cholesterol levels and increased HDL-cholesterol levels compared to control group. CHP decreased atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor significantly. CHP increased serum insulin and GLP-1 compared to control group. In histologic examination, lipophagy in the liver and aorta decreased in CHP treated mice and the cell was regular and boundary of vessel wall was clear compared to control group. These results suggest that CHP is effective in antioxidation activity and treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, stroke and other cardiocerebrovascular disease.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.115-126
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• 2001

1988년 Reaven이 인슐린저항성증후군(insulin resistance syndrome)의 개념을 처음 소개한 후 전세계적으로 관심이 증가하고 있다. 인슐린저항성증후군은 대사성증후군 (metabolic syndrome), X 증후군(syndrome X)이라고도 하며, 인슐린 저항성에 따른 고인슐린혈증, 내당능장애(impaired glucose tolerance)와 2형 당뇨병(인슐린 비의존형 당뇨병), 이상지질혈증(dyslipidemia), 고혈압 등 일련의 질환은 동일인에서 흔히 병발하고, 이들은 모두 죽상경화증(atherosclerosis)의 위험인자라는 관점에서 상호연관성을 갖는 질환군이라는 개념이다. 2형 당뇨병은 인슐린에 대한 말초조직의 저항성과 상대적으로 감소된 인슐린 분비능의 결과라고 할 수 있다. 또한 상당수의 2형 당뇨병은 비만, 특히 복부비만을 동반하고 있으며, 비만은 그 자체로 인슐린 저항성을 유발한다. 결국 인슐린 저항성이 장기간 개선되지 못하게 되면 2형 당뇨병이 유발되게 된다. 따라서 2형 당뇨병에 대한 최선의 치료는 혈당조절 뿐만 아니라 인슐린 저항성과 관련된 심혈관계 위험인자를 개선시키는 것을 목표로 해야 한다. 그 증거로 당뇨병 조절과 관련한 대규모 전향적 연구인 UKPDS(United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study)의 결과를 보면, 2형 당뇨병에서 설폰요소제(sulfonylurea)나 인슐린으로 10년동안 혈당조절을 했을 때 미세혈관 합병증은 의미있게 감소시켰으나 대혈관 합병증의 발생률은 의미있는 감소를 보이지 못하였다. 반면 대혈관 합병증이 미세혈관 합병증보다 사망에 기여하는 비율이 70배 이상이라는 사실은 당뇨병의 치료가 혈당조절에만 초점이 맞추어져서는 안 되며 심혈관계 위험인자를 개선시키는 치료가 동시에 진행되어야 한다는 점을 시사한다.시료에서 매우 드물게 관찰된다. 음극선발광(cathodoluminescence) 영상의 해석을 통해 저어콘 결정의 성장사를 유추하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 이온현미분석 점(spot)을 정하였다. U-Pb-Th 자료는 퍼스(Perth) 저어콘 스탠다드 (CZ3, 564 Ma, $^{206}$Pb/$^{238}$U=0.0914)를 사용하였다. 아래에 기술하는 연대는 모두 $^{206}$Pb/$^{238}$U 연대에 해당된다. 두 개의 화강암질 편마암 시료로부터 구한 U-Pb 저어콘 연대는 각각 812 $\pm$ 14 Ma(1006-8)와 822 $\pm$ 17 Ma(1006-9)로 분석오차 내에서 서로 일치한다. 이 결과는 춘천 및 전곡 지역의 석류석 각섬암에서 보고된 Sm-Nd 전암연대(852 $\pm$ 24 Ma 및 824 $\pm$ 143 Ma; Lee and Cho, 1995; Ree et al., 1996)와 잘 부합한다. 따라서 후기 원생대 기간 중 화성활동이 한반도에서 광범위하게 일어났음을 시사한다. 한편, 1006-9 시료에서는 예외적으로 한 개의 저어콘 입자 주변부(rim)에서 매우 얇은 과성장띠가 관찰되었으며, 두 개의 점 분석으로부터 구한 U-Pb 저어콘 연대는 약 235 Ma이다. 이 띠는 또한 변성기원의 저어콘에서 흔히 관찰되는 작은 W (<0.05) 비를 보인다. 1006-5 시료는 위 두 시료로부터 수 km 떨어진 지점에서 채집하였으나, 저어콘 연대는 상이한 기록을 보여준다. 즉 매우 작은 Th/U (<0.01) 값을 갖는 저어콘의 주변부에서 223 $\pm$ 5 Ma의 연대가 잘 정의되며, 이는 1006-9 시료에서 관찰된 결과와

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 2020

Saturated fatty acids contribute to β-cell dysfunction in the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cellular responses to lipotoxicity include oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and blockage of autophagy. Palmitate induces ER Ca²⁺ depletion followed by notable store-operated Ca²⁺ entry. Subsequent elevation of cytosolic Ca²⁺ can activate undesirable signaling pathways culminating in cell death. Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter (MCU) is the major route for Ca²⁺ uptake into the matrix and couples metabolism with insulin secretion. However, it has been unclear whether mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake plays a protective role or contributes to lipotoxicity. Here, we observed palmitate upregulated MCU protein expression in a mouse clonal β-cell, MIN6, under normal glucose, but not high glucose medium. Palmitate elevated baseline cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) and reduced depolarization-triggered Ca²⁺ influx likely due to the inactivation of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels (VGCCs). Targeted reduction of MCU expression using RNA interference abolished mitochondrial superoxide production but exacerbated palmitate-induced [Ca²⁺]_i overload. Consequently, MCU knockdown aggravated blockage of autophagic degradation. In contrast, co-treatment with verapamil, a VGCC inhibitor, prevented palmitate-induced basal [Ca²⁺]_i elevation and defective [Ca²⁺]_i transients. Extracellular Ca²⁺ chelation as well as VGCC inhibitors effectively rescued autophagy defects and cytotoxicity. These observations suggest enhanced mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake via MCU upregulation is a mechanism by which pancreatic β-cells are able to alleviate cytosolic Ca²⁺ overload and its detrimental consequences.