• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2010

Purpose: The nasal bones are the most common fracture sites of the facial bones, and a careful reduction may still result in secondary deformities, such as saddle nose, deviated nose, hump nose etc, requiring secondary cosmetic rhinoplasty. Therefore, this study examined the clinical characteristics of nasal bone fractures to propose guidelines for patient selection and surgical procedures to achieve more satisfactory results and to prevent secondary deformities with simultaneous augmentation rhinoplasty and bony reduction. Methods: The study was based on 26 out of 149 nasal bone fracture patients who underwent simultaneous augmentation rhinoplasty with bony reduction between May 2008 and April 2009. Retrospective analysis was performed according to the clinical data, surgical techniques and postoperative results. Results: Of the 26 patients, there were 15 males and 11 females. The incidence according to the Stranc's classification revealed that 62% of patients were injured by a frontal impact and 38% by a lateral impact. Frontal impact plane I (50%) was the most frequent type. At the follow up, 18 (81.2%) out of 22 patients were satisfied with their postoperative outcome, and the remaining 4 patients were fair. No one was dissatisfied. However, 5 cases in 3 patients (23%) had some complications; minimal implant deviation in 2 cases, minor irregularity on the nasal dorsum in 2 cases and palpable implant movement under palpation in 1 case. None of these cases required surgical correction. Conclusion: With the proper guidance, simultaneous augmentation rhinoplasty with bony reduction can prevent secondary deformities and satisfy the cosmetic outcomes.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.102-106
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• 2011

Purpose: It is accepted universally that correction of the cleft lip nasal deformity requires multiple stages of surgery. Following primary lip repair in infancy or early childhood, secondary surgery to improve the deformity of the lip and nose is frequently necessary. A suitable surgical procedure to correct the accompanying deformity, such as cleft palate and alveolus, must be carried out at an appropriate age. In developing countries, it is common for patients with cleft lip nasal deformity to present severe secondary deformities in adolescence, because of poor follow-up and inappropriate surgery. Methods: The first patient was a 12 year old Mongolian boy. He presented prominent lip scar, short lip, wide columella, asymmetric nostril, palatal fistula, cleft alveolus, and velopharyngeal incompetence. He underwent cheilorhinoplasty, transpositional flap, alveoloplasty by iliac bone graft, and sphincter pharyngoplasty. On follow-up, a bilateral maxillary hypoplasia and a class III malocclusion developed. He underwent LeFort I osteotomy and maxillary advancement at the age of 16 years. The second patient was an 18 year old Eastern Russian girl. She presented with a deviated nose, right alar base depression, short lip, protrusion on vermilion, large palatal fistula, and severe VPI due to short palate. She underwent the combined procedure of cheilorhinoplasty, corrective rhinoplasty, tongue flap for palatal fistula, and superiorly based pharyngeal flap. And the tongue flap was detached at postoperative 3 weeks. Results: The overall results have been extremely pleasing and satisfactory to patients. There were no postoperative complications. Conclusion: We discovered the one stage operation for radical correction was sufficient procedure to provide excellent clinical outcomes in patients with severe cleft lip nose deformity.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 1987

Bone grafts are an integral and important aspect of craniofacial reconstruction. Ribs, tibia, and iliac bone have traditionally used as donor site but each of these has various problems, however using to the calvarial bone as a donor site has several advantage. These are as follows ; there are abundance of material, easy to reach the donor site through coronal incision, minimal pain of donor area, less functional inability, shorter hospitalization, no need of immobilization, hidden scar at donor site, no secondary deformity and appropriate curvature obtained properly selected. From march to December 1987, we experienced three cases of autogenous calvarial bone graft such as congenital saddle nose deformity, fibrous dysplasia on the right side frontal bone, and deviated nose. The results were very excellent without any significant complication. The detail technique of autogenous calvarial bone graft and its advantages compared with the traditional methods of bone grafts are discussed.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.402-419
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• 2023

Objective: This study assessed the differences in soft tissue deviations of the nose, lips, and chin between different mandibular asymmetry types in Class III patients. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography data from 90 Class III patients with moderate-to-severe facial asymmetry were investigated. The sample was divided into three groups based on the extent of mandibular rolling, yawing, and translation. Soft tissue landmarks on the nose, lips, and chin were investigated vertically, transversely, and anteroposteriorly. A paired t test was performed to compare variables between the deviated (Dv) and nondeviated (NDv) sides, and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post-hoc test was performed for intergroup comparisons. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the relationship between the soft and hard tissue deviations. Results: The roll-dominant group showed significantly greater differences in the vertical positions of the soft tissue landmarks between the Dv and NDv than other groups (P < 0.05), whereas the yaw-dominant group exhibited larger differences in the transverse and anteroposterior directions (P < 0.05). Moreover, transverse lip cant was correlated with the menton (Me) deviation and mandibular rolling in the roll-dominant group (P < 0.001); the angulation of the nasal bridge or philtrum was correlated with the Me deviation and mandibular yawing in the yaw-dominant group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The three-dimensional deviations of facial soft tissue differed based on the mandibular asymmetry types in Class III patients with similar amounts of Me deviation. A precise understanding of soft tissue deviation in each asymmetry type would help achieve satisfactory facial esthetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.13-25
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• 2008

This study is on the various style and characteristics of mask, and was performed empirically by reviewing the related materials such as the literature, precedent studies, fashion works, and home and foreign fashion magazines. As a result of the study, the style of mask in the modern fashion is roughly categorized by full-covered style, half-covered style, and over-half-covered style which is covered over 50% of a face. And, mask is utilized on a hat or a dress all over, or is produced by a elaborate makeup. Mask with lots of variation has three big characteristics, which are sense of disguise, sense of ornamentation, sense of grotesquery. First, sense of disguise means deviation or tool of affectation instead of cultural standard norm through transforming or masquerading as an imagery person or animal in ancient myths, famous artistes, etc. It could be developed to express a designer's identity. Second, mask decorated with various styles and materials has sense of ornamentation, which means natural human desire of expression for beauty, and at the same time human mind longing for experience a fantastic and ideal inner world being deviated from the present world even indirectly. Third, ignoring the original format of eyes, nose, and mouth, using extraordinarily various techniques such as distortion, extreme, exaggeration, concealment, or combining with animal images, mask has sense of grotesquery inducing humor and horror simultaneously.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2022

This study aims to investigate the socio-cultural background of Poulaines, which influenced fashion and contemporary shoe design. Analyzing the characteristics of the Poulaines provided basic data for different shoes. The study method utilized previous studies to explore the concept and characteristics of Poulaines. In the empirical analysis, shoe design data mainly came from collections that illustrate formative elements of contemporary shoe design from the 2010 S/S season to the 2020 S/S season. A total of 709 photo materials were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the morphological characteristics of Poulaines were exaggerated to symbolize classes of the past and sexual expression. The expanding structure was divided into the fore nose, heel, and top-line and featured a design that expressed the formative beauty of Poulaines. Additionally, the decorative desire to represent wealth and class using various materials introduced new designs into contemporary shoe designs while showing extreme decorativeness through over-trimming and color contrast. Furthermore, the heterogeneous characteristics that come from the change and harmony of the shoes' body and heel that deviated from the existing shoe shapes were classified into the dissolution of shapes and mixing and matching. Thus, they broke the monotonous silhouette of shoes and gave variety delicately.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.392-400
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• 2011

Purpose: Cleft lip and palate is one of the most frequent hereditary deformities of the maxillofacial region which can arise in facial and jaw abnormalities as well as malocclusion and speech problems. In particular, unilateral cleft lip and palate is characterized by midface deformity resulting in maxillary anterior nasal septal deviation and nasal deformity. The aim of this study is to analyze the facial deformity of untreated unilateral cleft lip patients for contribution to primary cheiloplasty. Methods: Thirty-three patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate were impressioned before operation and facial casts were made. The casts were classified into complete cleft lip and incomplete cleft lip groups and each group were classified into affected side and normal side. Anthropometric reference points and lines were setted up and analysis between points and lines were made. Results and Conclusion: The obtained results were as follows: 1. The intercanthal width had no significant difference between the incomplete and complete cleft lip groups. 2. Cleft width and alar base width were greater in the complete group, and nasal tip protrusion was greater in the incomplete group. 3. Involved alar width and nostril width were greater in the complete group and in both complete and incomplete groups, involved alar width and nostril width were greater than the non-involved side. 4. The lateral deviation of the subnasale was greater in the complete group in both involved and non-involved sides. 5. The nasal laterale was placed inferiorly in both cleft groups. 6. The subnasale was deviated to the non-involved side in both cleft groups. 7. The nose tip was deviated to the non-involved side in both cleft groups and had greater lateral deviation in the complete cleft group. 8. The midpoint of cupid's bow had no vertical difference between complete and incomplete groups, but had a greater lateral deviation in the complete group. 9. In the complete cleft group, correlation between differences in cleft width and nostril width and columella height difference were obtained.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2012

This is a review regarding Mulliken's Modification using the Millard rotation-advancement principle for the repair of unilateral complete cleft lip and nasal deformity. All patients underwent prior labionasal adhesion and dentofacial orthopedics with a pin-retained (Latham) appliance used for infants with a cleft of the lip and palate. Technical variations concerning the operation are described. A high rotation and releasing incision in the columella lengthens the medial labial element and produces a symmetric prolabium with minimal transgression of the upper philtral column through the advancement flap. The orbicularis oris muscle is everted, from caudad to cephalad, to form the philtral ridge. A minor variation of unilimb Z-plasty is used to level the cleft side of Cupid's bow handle, and cutaneous closure proceeds superiorly from this junction. The dislocated alar cartilage is visualized though a nostril rim incision and suspended to the ipsilateral upper lateral cartilage. Symmetry of the alar base is addressed in three dimensions, including maneuvers to position the deviated anterior-caudal septum, configure the sill, and efface the lateral vestibular web. The authors believe the technical refinements described herein contribute favorably to the outcome of repair regarding unilateral cleft lip and nasal distortion.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.51-68
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• 2001

Midfacial hypoplasia in patients with clefts of the lip and palate is considered to be the result of congenital dysmorphogenesis. And cleft lip and palate developes facial deformity, jaw abnormality, speech problem, which is most frequent hereditary deformity in maxillofacial region. So cleft lip and palate is characterized by midface deformity which shaws maxillary anterior nasal septal deviation and deformity. Our study describes congenital correlates of midfacial hypoplasia by examining the displacement of a normal complement of parts, a triangular tissue deficiency low on the lip border on the columellar side, and a linear deficiency and displacement in the line of the bilateral cleft lip. 15 patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate were taken impression before operation, but the patient who had other abnormalities and complications were excluded. Average age is 3.4 months and they were classified into both complete, both incomplete and complete & incomplete group. The obtained results were as follows 1. There were no differences on intercanthal width and canthal width between each of the groups. 2. Both complete group had longer lateral ala length than both incomplete group, but there were no differences between both complete group and complete side of com. & incom. group and both incomplete group and incomplete side of com. & incom. group. 3. Columella length was greater in both incomplete group than in both complete group, but there was no difference between both complete group and complete side of com. & incom. group and both incomplete group and incomplete side of com. & incom. group. 4. Both complete group had longer ala width & ala base width than both incomplete group had. But there were no differences between both complete group and complete side of com. & incom. group and both incomplete group and incomplete side of com. & incom. group. 5. There were no differences between each of the groups on upper lip length, but nose/mouth width ratio was greater in both complete group than in both incomplete group. 6. Pronasale(pm), subnasle(sn), la~rale superioris(ls), stomion(sto) points were located around the central vertical line of face but deviated to incomplete side in com. & incom. group. 7. Nasal tip protrusion was greater in both incomplete group and com. & incom. group than both complete group, but there was no difference between both incomplete group and com. & incom. group.