• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.233-239
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• 2017

Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model organism that offers essential insights into developmental and cellular processes shared with humans, which has been adapted for large scale analysis of medically important microbes and to test the toxicity of heavy metals, industrial solvents and other poisonous substances. We here give a brief review of the use of the Drosophila model in medical mycology, discuss the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the opportunistic human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, and give a brief summary of what is known about the toxicity of some common fungal VOCs. Further, we discuss the use of VOC detection as an indirect indicator of fungal growth, including for early diagnosis of aspergillosis. Finally, we hypothesize that D. melanogaster has promise for investigating the role of VOCs synthesized by A. fumigatus as possible virulence factors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.124-126
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• 2005

Aquatic ecotoxicity of bisphenol A, a well known endocrine disrupter in mammals, was studied using lab. reared Daphnia magna as a test organism. The static acute 48h $LC_{50}$ of bisphenol A was 12.9mg/L and 110-hr $LC_{50}$ values of bisphenol A for daphnid embryos of different ages after deposition into the brood chamber increase with ages in the range of 1.55mg/L-8.91mg/L. Bisphenol A showed the ability to inhibit embryonic development. The lethal response and developmental inhibition all showed good concentration-response relationship.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.146-147
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• 2003

The free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been adopted as a multicellular biosensor of biological toxicity for alkylphenol, organotin compounds and heavy metals. To adopt as a biosensor, suitability to assess must be fulfilledthrough several criteria; the organism must be sensitive to the testing toxicants, easy to manage in the laboratory and available throughout the year. C. elegans widely used as a simple multicellular organism in developmental biology studies and satisfies all these criteria, and its culture conditions, developmental staging, anatomy and genetic properties are well defined. In addition, researchers can take advantage of the worm's short life cycle, low cost and little individual variation. Moreover, genomic sequencing of C. elegans has recently been completed. With these aspectsof the organism, C. elegans become a more potent model organism for basic and applied bioassays.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2024

To understand the detrimental effects of triclosan on Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus) embryos, fertilized embryos were exposed to different concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ㎍ l^-1) of triclosan until hatching. Then, we examined the survival rate and developmental parameters as well as alterations in antioxidant constituents and DNA damage markers. The results showed dose-dependent mortality, hatching delays, and developmental abnormalities in the embryos. Additionally, there were significant increases in oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant responses, along with elevated DNA damage. These findings suggest that sublethal concentrations of triclosan induce toxic effects through oxidative stress on Java medaka embryos, as evidenced by changes in in vivo parameters and biochemical constituents.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.99-102
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• 2012

Bee venom (Apis mellifera L. BV) has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity after a single dermal administration of BV, BV was administered to 2 groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) male and female rats (5 animals/group) at doses of 0 and 1,500 mg/kg body weight (BW). Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings were continually monitored for 15 days following the single dose. There were no unscheduled deaths in any groups during the study period. No BV related clinical signs and body weight changes were observed in any groups during the study period. There were no abnormal gross findings at necropsy on day 15 after the treatment. On the basis of the above results, it was concluded that there were no treatment-related effect on mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings in SD rats treated with a single dermal dose of BV at dose of 1,500 mg/kg BW. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose of BV was considered to be over 1,500 mg/kg/day for both sexes of rats. BV may provide a developmental basis for a cosmetic ingredient or external application for topical uses.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.327-335
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• 2016

This study aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity and safety of ethyl hydrogen adipate (EHA) by determining its effect on the reproductive function and development of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0 (control), 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day. One male and five females of the 800 mg/kg/day died. Body weight loss was observed in the males of the 800 mg/kg/day and in females of the 400 and 800 mg/kg/day. In addition, mating indices decreased and pre-implantation loss rates increased in parental animals of the 400 and 800 mg/kg/day. The gestation index decreased in the male and female rats of the 800 mg/kg/day. Moreover, the body weight of the pups from the 800 mg/kg/day group decreased on post-parturition day 4. These results indicated that the no-observed-adverse-effect level of EHA for parental males and females was 400 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively, and that for pups was 400 mg/kg/day.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2020

Phthalates and those metabolites have long history in industry and suspected to have deficient effects in development and reproduction. These are well-known anti-androgenic chemicals and many studies have examined the effects of these compounds on male reproduction as toxins and endocrine disruptors. Uterus is a key organ for proper embryo development, successful reproduction, and health of eutherian mammals including women. To understand the effects of the phthalate, the horizontal approach with a whole group of phthalate is best but the known phthalates are huge and all is not uncovered. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most common product of plasticizers in polymer products and studied many groups. Although, there is limited studies on the effects of phthalates on the female, a few studies have proved the endocrine disrupting characters of DEHP or phthalate mixture in female. An acute and high dose of DEHP has adverse effects on uterine histological characters. Recently, it has been revealed that a chronical low-dose exposing of DEHP works as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). DEHP can induce various cellular responses including the expression regulation of steroid hormone receptors, transcription factors, and paracrine factors. Interestingly, the response of uterus to DEHP is not monotonous and the exposed female has various phenotypes in fertility. These suggest that the exposing of DEHP may causes of histological modification in uterus and of disease in female such as endometriosis, hyperplasia, and myoma in addition to developmental and reproductive toxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.177-187
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• 2014

Mussels have been commonly used in bioassay for quality assessments of environment. Moreover, several standard protocols for the developmental bioassay of bivalves have been proposed. In this study, the EC50 of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined using mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis embryonic developmental bioassay. To determine the sensitivity of M. galloprovincialis, their fertilized eggs were exposed to five PAHs (2-metylnaphthalene, fluorene, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, pyrene). The EC50 of 2-metylnaphthalene, fluorene, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were 232, 273, 67.9, 43.2, and $33.1{\mu}g/L$, respectively. The overall sensitivity of M. galloprovincialis in the present developmental bioassay was similar to or more sensitive than that of other marine organisms commonly used in aquatic bioassays. The results of this study could be provide with fundamental data of setting standard for protection of marine life and or can use prediction the aquatic toxicity of PAHs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2013

Oil spills have occurred throughout the years of industrialization and represent a global challenge as they affect vast areas of the ocean. The toxicity of crude oil to aquatic organisms has been extensively investigated, but the potential impacts of crude oil on vertebrate development remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of dispersants used in treating a recent oil spill, as well as that of crude oil, on vertebrates by using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model species, which has been widely used in empirical studies of both early embryonic development and adult physiology. Chronic exposure to crude oil resulted in marked developmental abnormalities, including pericardial edema, abnormal trunk vessel development, retardation of axonal branching, and abnormal jaw development. Embryonic development was affected more severely by exposure to the oil-dispersant combination than to the oil alone. Thus, the zebrafish in vivo model system suggests that dispersant treatment can have detrimental developmental effects on vertebrates and its potential impact on marine life, as well as humans, should be carefully considered in clean-up efforts at the site of an oil spill.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.187-195
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• 2008

Reparative dentine formation requires newly differentiated odontoblast-like cells. Therefore, identification of the molecule that stimulates the odontogenic differentiation of precursor cells in the tooth pulp will be helpful for the development of strategies to repair damaged pulp. In this study, we examined the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the odontogenic differentiation of MDPC-23 cells, a mouse odontoblast-like cell line derived from dental papilla, and primary cultured rat dental papilla cells (RDPCs). NAC (1-30 mM) suppressed production of reactive oxygen species in MDPC-23 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Although 5 to 20 mM NAC did not alter MDPC-23 cell proliferation, 1 or 30 mM NAC significantly inhibited it. NAC enhanced mineralized nodule formation and the expression of several odontoblast differentiation-associated genes in both RDPCs and MDPC-23. This NAC stimulatory effect was significant, even at concentrations lower than 1 mM. However, NAC did not stimulate expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2, -4, or -7, which are known to enhance odontogenic differentiation. Since reactive oxygen species are also involved in the pulp toxicity of resin-based restorative materials, these results suggest that NAC may be a promising candidate for supplementation of dental restorative materials in order to enhance reparative dentine formation.