• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2015

The developmental responses of insects to temperature are important considerations in gaining a better understanding of their ecology and life histories. Temperature-dependent phenology models permit examination of the effects of temperature on the geographical distributions, population dynamics, and management of insects. Measurements of insect developmental and survival responses to temperature pose practical challenges that depend on the chosen modality, variability among individuals, and high mortality rates near the lower and upper threshold temperatures. Different temperature levels can significantly affect larval development of Eurema hecabe. The development of E. hecabe reared on leaves of Lespedeza cuneata was investigated at three temperature regimes (20, 25, and 30℃), a relative humidity of 60%, and a light:dark photoperiod of 14:10 h. The developmental time from larva to adult was 34.3, 20.6, and 17.9 d at temperatures of 20, 25, and 30℃, respectively. Pupal rate was 47.6%, 47.6%, and 61.9% at temperatures of 20, 25, and 30℃, respectively. The developmental threshold temperature estimated from larva to pupae was 8.1℃ with 381.7 degree-days. There is an increasing need for a standardized manual for rearing this butterfly species based on adequate knowledge of its ecology.

• 한국토양동물학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2000

변온조건이 파밤나방 (Spodoptera exigua (H bner)) 유충과 영의 발육에 미치는 영향이 분석되어졌다. 정온조건에서 사육하였을 때 발육영점온도는 발육태와 유충영기에 따라 다르지만 평균 13$^{\circ}C$로 추정되었다. 이 발육영점온도를 기준으로 동등한 일일유효온도를 갖는 세 가지 다른 발육 온도조건을 설정하였다. 정온조건에 비해 변온조건은 발육속도를 뚜렸하게 변화시켰다. 동일한 최고온도(2$0^{\circ}C$)를 가졌던 두 가지 일일 변온조건중에서 저온기간이 상대적으로 높았던 조건(1$0^{\circ}C$)은 발육속도를 촉진시킨 반면 저온기간의 온도가 낮았던 조건(5$^{\circ}C$C)은 오히려 저해효과를 나타냈다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2004

목화진딧물 발육실험은 15-35$^{\circ}C$, 습도는 60-70%, 광주기는 16：8 (L：D h)에서 수행 하였다. 진딧물 약충 사망률은 초기 1-2령의 사망률이 대부분을 차지하고, 온도의 상승에 따라 사망률이 높아져 32.5$^{\circ}C$에서 36%였으며, 35$^{\circ}C$에서는 1-2령의 사망률이 44%, 3-4령이 56%로 이 온도에서는 진딧물의 발육이 이루어지지 많았고, 3-4령의 사망률이 1-2령의 사망률보다 높게 나타난다. 전체약충의 온도별 발육기간을 보면 15-3$0^{\circ}C$까지 온도의 상승에 따라 발육기간이 11.5에서 4.6일로 짧아지는 경향을 보였고, 고온의 영 향을 받은 것으로 생각되는 32.5$^{\circ}C$에서는 오히려 발육기간이 5.5일로 길어졌다. 발육영 점 온도는 5.$0^{\circ}C$이였고, 유효적 산온도는 106.8일도였다. 온도별 발육율은 변형된 Sharpe와 DeMichele의 비 선형 모형 에 잘 적합되었다. 발육단계별 발육기간을 표준화하여 누적시킨 값들은 3개의 변수를 갖는 Weibull function에 적합되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 1983

The authors reared the ash-gray leaf bug, Piesma maculata in the growth cabinet controlled as temperature groups of $15, 20, 25, 30, 40^{\circ}C$under condition of photoperiod 16L:8D, light intensity $510{\pm}240$ lus, relative humidity $65{\pm}3%$, and analyzed the effects of temperature on the development of the insect. The results are summarized as follow: There are highly significant differences the developmental periods for the temperature groups, and between the developmental periods for the developmental stages. The egg in the temperature of 15 and $40^{\circ}C$ was hatched, but the ecdysis was impossible. The thermal threshold was $12.34^{\circ}C$and the upper lethal temperature $40.39^{\circ}C$. The total developmental periods of egg to adulate in the temperature of 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$are 40.52, 22.37, 15.91 and 13.00 days, respectively. That is, the developmental period was decreased, as the temperature was increased. In the developmental period for the developmental stages, the developmental period of egg stage was longer than that of 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$, and that of 25。C was longer than that of $35^{\circ}C$. But ther was not significant differences between the developmental periods for the other temperature group. The rate of hatch at$20^{\circ}C$is the greater value as 90%, and the rates of 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$ are 79, 79 and 67%, respectively. That is the rate of hatch was decreased, as the temperature was increased. The mortality in the temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ is the greatest value as 68%, and those of 30, 25 and $20^{\circ}C$are 59, 59 and 41%, respectively. That is, the mortality was increased, as the temperature was increased. There was not significantly differences between the developmental period of female and male.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.387-394
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• 2013

갈색거저리의 온도에 따른 유충 발육시험을 15, 17, 20, 22, 25, 28 및 $30^{\circ}C$의 7개 항온조건, 광주기 14L:10D, 상대습도 60~70% 조건에서 수행하였다. 유충은 13령까지 경과하였고 항온 조건에서 사망률은 17, $20^{\circ}C$에서 극소수 개체만이 발견되었고, $22^{\circ}C$ 이상의 항온조건에서는 발견되지 않았다. 유충의 발육기간은 $17^{\circ}C$에서 244.3일로 가장 길었고, $30^{\circ}C$에서 110.8일로 가장 짧았다. $15^{\circ}C$는 부화되지 않아 유충 발육 조사가 불가능하였다. 온도와 발육율과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 선형모형과 비선형모형(Logan 6)을 이용하였으며, 선형모형을 이용하여 추정한 전체유충의 발육영점온도는 $6.0^{\circ}C$, 발육 유효적산온도는 2564.1DD 였으며 선형, 비선형 모두 결정계수값($r^2$) 이 0.95로 높은 값을 보였다. 전체유충의 발육완료분포는 2-parameter Weibull 함수를 사용하였으며 전체 유충의 결정계수 값은 0.8502~0.9390의 양호한 모형 적합성을 보였다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2010

큰이십팔점박이무당벌레(Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky))의 강릉지역 발생소장과 발육단계별 감자잎 섭식량 및 온도별(10, 15, 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$) 발육소요기간을 조사하였다. 큰이십팔점박이무당벌레는 연 3회, 즉 5월 하순, 6월 하순 및 8월 하순에 발생하였으며, 특히 5월 하순부터 7월 중순까지 높은 밀도로 발생하여 감자 식물체를 집중적으로 가해하였다. 발육단계별 감자잎 섭식량은 유충의 영기가 진전될수록 많았으며, 4령 유충기에 가장 많은 섭식량을 보였다. 큰이십팔점박이무당벌레 부화율과 우화율은 각각 $10^{\circ}C$ 및 $30^{\circ}C$에서는 매우 낮았고 $20{\sim}23^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높았다. 알에서 성충으로 우화되기까지 발육단계별 생육기간은 온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였는데, $10^{\circ}C$에서 90일 정도로 매우 느렸으며 $20^{\circ}C$에서는 40여일, $25^{\circ}C$에서는 25일이 소요되었다. 또한 발육영점온도와 유효적산온도는 알에 대해서 $7.3^{\circ}C$와 83.3 DD, 유충에 대해서 $5.2^{\circ}C$와 294.1 DD, 번데기에 대해서 $6.2^{\circ}C$와 97.1 DD이었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2013

비트의 주요 해충인 흰띠명나방을 9개의 다른 온도조건(15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27.5, 30.0, 32.5 및 $35.0^{\circ}C$), 상대습도 $65{\pm}5%$, 광조건 16L:8D에서 발육특성을 조사한 결과, 알에서 성충 우화 전까지의 발육기간은 $17.5^{\circ}C$에서 51.0일로 가장 길었고, $35^{\circ}C$에서 14.6일로 가장 짧게 조사되었다. 온도와 발육율의 관계를 직선회귀에 의해 분석한 결과, 결정계수($R^2$) 값이 0.87 이상으로 나타났으며, 온도에 따른 발육은 직선회귀에 부합되었다. 알부터 성충 우화 전까지의 발육영점온도와 유효적산온도는 $10.4^{\circ}C$와 384.7일도를 나타내었다. 각 태별 발육모형은 $R^2$값이 0.97~0.99로 비선형회귀식에 잘 부합되었다. 각 태별 발육누적분포와 발육기간에 대한 평균 발육기간으로 나눈 값을 Weibull 함수에 적용한 결과 $r^2$값이 0.63~0.87이었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

Larval development, adult longevity and oviposition of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua H bner was studied at 16, 20, 25 and 3$0^{\circ}C$ with a 16L: 8D photoperiod. Egg hatchability of S. exigua was the highest at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and reduced with decreasing temperature. Egg period was the shortest at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and prolonged with decreasing temperature. Percent pupation was became higher at higher temperature form 23.2% to 94.0%. Developmental period of larva was the shortest at 3$0^{\circ}C$, but extended with decreasing temperature. Adult emergence ratio was the highest at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and reduced with decreasing temperature. The mean pupal period was 35.2, 14.4, 7.8 and 5.0 days at 16, 20, 25 and 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Relationships between constant temperature and the developmental velocity of egg, larva and pupa were linear. Developmental threshold temperature seems to be 13.3 8$^{\circ}C$ for egg, 14.02$^{\circ}C$ for larva, 14.09$^{\circ}C$ for pupa, and 13.84$^{\circ}C$ for egg the adult. Estimated value of the total effective temperature for completing each stage was 36.89 day-degree for egg, 155.72 day-degree for larva, 79.20 day-degree for pupa, and 273.41 day-degree for egg to adult. Female longevity varied to temperature from 11.4 days at 16$^{\circ}C$ to 5.8 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$, and male longevity was longer than that of female. Preoviposition period was the shortest at 3$0^{\circ}C$, but prolonged with decreasing temperature. It was about 2.7 times longer at 16$^{\circ}C$ than that at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Number of eggs per female was the highest at $25^{\circ}C$, followed by 20, 30 and 16$^{\circ}C$.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.231-245
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trend line through scatter diagram analysis on correlation between SNS addiction tendencies and learning attitudes, figure out the knee point influencing learning attitudes negatively in detail, and examine influence among subareas. To address the goal, study questions are formulated as follows. First, this author did screening on the data of variables measured and analyzed descriptive statistics. Second, this researcher produced the trend line by drawing a scatter diagram in order to analyze correlation between SNS addiction tendencies, withdrawal symptoms, excessive communication, and excessive time wasting, and learning attitudes exploratorily. Third, to explore correlation between self-evaluation, learning participation, and developmental attitudes, the subfactors of learning attitudes related to SNS addiction tendencies, this author drew a scatter diagram and analyzed the threshold of positive and negative correlation. To verify the study questions, the SNS addiction tendency scale and learning attitude scale were applied to 301 university students in Chungcheong area. According to the study results, first, their learning attitudes are influenced by SNS addiction tendencies, excessive communication and excessive time wasting, and they are not influenced by withdrawal symptoms that much. Second, excessive communication, a factor of SNS addiction tendencies, and self-evaluation and developmental attitudes, factors of learning attitudes, show positive correlation to some extent and indicate negative correlation after the threshold. However, excessive communication and learning participation are found to show no correlation. Third, according to the results of examining correlation with learning attitudes by dividing them into excessive communication and excessive time wasting groups with the knee point of 1.40, as the symptom of excessive communication is found more, it influences self-evaluation, learning participation, developmental attitudes, and learning attitudes more negatively in general. The result of this study is expected to provide foundational material necessary to develop educational programs to prevent undergraduates' excessive SNS use and SNS addiction which can be used in the scenes of counseling or education.

• Genes and Genomics
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.1149-1155
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• 2018

Epileptic encephalopathies are genetically heterogeneous disorders which leads to epilepsy and cause neurological disorders. Seizure threshold 2 (SZT2) gene located on chromosome 1p34.2 encodes protein mainly expressed predominantly in the parietal and frontal cortex and dorsal root ganglia in the brain. Previous studies in mice showed that mutation in this gene can confers low seizure threshold, enhance epileptogenesis and in human may leads to facial dysmorphism, intellectual disability, seizure and macrocephaly. Objective of this study was to find out novel gene or novel mutation related to the gene phenotype. We have identified a large consanguineous Saudi family segregating developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, high forehead and macrocephaly. Exome sequencing was performed in affected siblings of the family to study the novel mutation. Whole exome sequencing data analysis, confirmed by subsequent Sanger sequencing validation study. Our results showed a novel homozygous mutation (c.9368G>A) in a substitution of a conserved glycine residue into a glutamic acid in the exon 67 of SZT2 gene. The mutation was ruled out in 100 unrelated healthy controls. The missense variant has not yet been reported as pathogenic in literature or variant databases. In conclusion, the here detected homozygous SZT2 variant might be the causative mutation that further explain epilepsy and developmental delay in this Saudi family.