• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compared the growth and development of premature and full-term infants during the 2 years after birth. Method: The participants were 102 infants, 51 each for premature infants, and for healthy full-term infants. Participants in the premature group accounted for 17.5% of all premature infants who were registered at the public health center in G city. Developmental status was evaluated using the Korean Denver II. Results: The catch-up growth of the premature was 100% in weight and in height. Suspicious developmental delay according to the Korean Denver II was 3.9% in normal infants and 31.2% in premature infants. Factors related to the suspicious developmental delay in premature infants were their age and health state at birth. The rate of suspicious developmental delay was higher in infants over 6 months and infants unhealthy at birth. Conclusion: A premature follow-up program, which includes nutrition education to achieve catch-up growth and to prevention obesity, along with continuous developmental screening test for infants and children born prematurely is recommended. Provision for home visits and telephone counseling for premature infants and their families who do not to use the public health center should also be included.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2001

The background control data were compiled from rat developmental toxicity studies con-ducted at Toxicology Research Center, KRICT during the 1993-1999 period. These data were assembled in order to provide background in formation for the maternal and fetal data collected in 13 developmental toxicity studies using Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 325 mated females were used in these studies during the seven-year period and overall pregnancy rate of these females was 93.8%. The present background control data included body weights, food consumption, hematological values, and organ weights of pregnant females, caesarean section data, and fetal examination data. These data can be used not only as a historical database for the meaningful interpretation of data from reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, but also as a contribution to biological characterization oj Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 1998

Experiments were conducted to investigate the population fluctuation, developmental periods, fecundity, hatching rate and demage of Citrus red mite (Panonychus citri M.) on Yuzu trees (citrus junos T.) from 1996 to 1997. Citrus red mite occurred from May to November and made two peaks. The first peak was in July to August and the secondary peak was in October. Density of the second peak was higher (9.5 miteslleaf) than that of the first peak. In the constitution rate of each developmental stage of citrus red mite on Yuzu leaves, egg stage occupied 85%. At the four constant temperature (15, 20, 25, 30 + 1$^{\circ}$C, RH 60 + lo%, 14L- IOD) conditions, the developmental period from egg to adult was 41 .l, 15.5, 11.0 and 9.4 days ; Mean longevity of adult was 23.3, 8.3, 6.3, and 6.1 days; Mean number of egg laid per female per day was 1.6, 3.2, 4.5, 4.0 eggs; Mean hatching rate was 66.6, 85.7, 90.7 and 94.7% at above temperature, respectively. When sprayed acaricide at different density of Citrus red mite, the growth of young Yuzu tree were better at low density. Defoliation rate during winter was 13.5, 20.6, 53.1, 72.6% at 4 control density 1 , 3, 6 mites per leaf and uncontrolled (10 ( ). When every time spray acaricide under 3 mites per leaf, defoliation rate during winter suppressed above 50% compare to uncontrol 72.6%.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 1994

The objective of this study was to develop an effective in vitro production system capable of obtaining more porcine embryos from immature oocytes These experiments were conducted to examine the effect of sperm factor on the IVF and IVD, and the effect of coculture with somatic cells on the IVD of embryos. Although the concentration of epididymal sperm for IVF did not affect on cleavage rate, but 5 x 105 sperm/mi showed the highest cleavage rate(48.7%) and the developmental potential of IVF oocytes from this concentration was also greatly higher (P$^{\circ}C$-stored sperm for l2hrs and the cleavage rate from fresh sperm was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that from frozen sperm, but the developmental potential after IVF was slightly high from the frozen sperm. The cleavage rate of IVF oocytes cocultured with oviductal epithelial cells and cumulus cells was 76.3% and 72.9%, respectively. There was no difference between two coculture systems but this rate was significantly higher(P<0.05) than that of medium alone(42.0%).

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 2009

In the present study, effects of concentration of cryoprotectant solutions on the nuclear maturation of vitrifiedthawed porcine oocytes were examined. Oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 5% FBS at $38^{\circ}$C in 5% $C0_2$ and air. The percentage of monospermy in the toxicity group and vitrification group (22.0 ${\pm}$ 3.0% and 31.5 ${\pm}$ 3.5%) was decreased compared with that of the control group (44.0 ${\pm}$ 4.0%). The percentage of in vitro development to blastocyst in the toxicity group and vitrification group (12.0 ${\pm}$ 2.5% and 14.8 ${\pm}$ 2.8%) was decreased compared with that of the control group (28.0 ${\pm}$ 3.0%, p<0.05). The survival and in vitro developmental rate of oocytes vitrification-thawed with EDS and EDT + TCM-199 medium supplemented with 0.1% PVA were 46.3 ${\pm}$ 3.0%, 54.5 ${\pm}$ 3.8% and 14.8 ${\pm}$ 2.5%, 16.4 ${\pm}$ 2.7%, respectively. This results were lower than the control group (28.0 ${\pm}$ 3.5%). The in vitro developmental rate of embryos vitrified with EDS and EDT supplemented PVA did not have a significant difference. The survival and in vitro developmental rate of vitrified-thawed morula and blastocyst embryos were 44.2 ${\pm}$ 3.5%, 17.3 ${\pm}$ 3.0% and 48.1 ${\pm}$ 4.2%, 18.5 ${\pm}$ 3.5%, respectively. Vitrified morulae and blastcyst embryos had a lower survival and developmental rates than their control counterparts.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2013

In mammal, unfertilized oocytes remain in the oviduct or under in vitro culture, which is called "oocyte aging". This asynchrony negatively affects fertilization in pre- and post-implantation embryo development. Caffeine a phosphodiesterase inhibitor is known to rescue oocyte aging in several species. The objective of this study is to determine the cytoskeleton distribution in aged oocytes and the embryo developmental ability of aged oocytes in the present or absence of caffeine during maturation. Caffeine treatment increased the incidence of normal spindle assembly of aged oocytes (treatment, $67.57{\pm}4.11%$ aging, $44.61{\pm}6.4%$) and no significant differences compared to control group. Fluorescence values were compared using ROS (Reactive oxidation species) stain. Fluorescence values appear of control group intensity rate ($51.53.{\pm}3.80$), aging group ($68.10{\pm}5.54$) and treatment of caffeine ($45.04{\pm}2.98$). Aged oocytes that were derived from addition of caffeine to the IVM (in vitro maturation) medium had significantly increased 2-cell that developed to the blastocyst stage compared to the aging group. Blastocysts, derived from caffeine treatment group, significantly increased the total cell number compare aging ($90.44{\pm}10.18$ VS $67.88{\pm}7.72$). Apoptotic fragments of genomic DNA were measured in individual embryo using TUNEL assay. Blastocyst derived from caffeine treatment group decreased significantly the apoptotic index compared to blastocyst derived from aging group. In conclusion, we inferred that the caffeine treatment during oocyte aging can improve the developmental rate and quality in bovine embryos developing in vitro.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.159-162
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• 2012

The Chinese windmill butterfly, Atrophaneura alcinous, is an important butterfly for exhibition in butterfly garden. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on A. alcinous in the laboratory. Development of A. alcinous reared on leaves of Aristolochia contorta was investigated at five constant the laboratory condition (20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and $30^{\circ}C$) and at relative humidity of 60% with a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D). Temperatures have been suggested as an important determinant of developmental rate, lifespan and mortality in invertebrates. As the temperature increased, the length of the developmental period gradually decreased. The developmental time (pupation) from egg hatching to pupation was respectively 25.8, 23.6, 19.6, 15.5, and 12.9 days at the temperatures of 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and $30^{\circ}C$. And pupation was respectively 40.0, 30.0, 63.4, 50.0, 23.3% at the temperatures of 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and $30^{\circ}C$. The developmental threshold temperature estimated for egg-to-pupae was 10.8, with a thermal constant of 230.4 degree-days. Therefore, the optimal developmental temperature for A. alninous was determined to be $25^{\circ}C$. To compare the effects of the total duration of chilling on the termination of diapause, larvae were subjected to a temperature of $8^{\circ}C$ from 60 to 120 days. The rate of termination of diapause was significantly higher at 60 days compared to other incubation period.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.251-255
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• 2007

This study was carried out to examine on developmental competence of Hanwoo embryos cultured in vitro according to culture conditions and freezing methods. The in vitro developmental competence to blastocyst stage at Day 8 of culture in SOF was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in CR1aa (30.3% vs. 18.4%). The in vitro developmental rate of morula and blastocysts cultured in group culture was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in individual culture (41.4% and 36.0% vs. 21.1% and 10.5%, respectively). The cell number of Day 8 blastocysts in group culture was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in the individual culture ($120.1{\pm}12.8\;vs.\;94.1{\pm}12.1$, respectively). The survival rates of frozen-thawed balstocysts that were exposed in 1.5 M ethylene glycol or 1.5 M ethylene glycol containing 0.1 M sucrose were 77.5% and 78.7%, respectively. The survival rates of blastocysts cultured for 48 h in slow freezing and vitrification was not significantly different (73.3 and 74.0%). In conclusion, in vitro developmental competence of bovine embryos was influenced on the culture medium (SOF) and culture method (Group culture). Survival rate of frozen-thawed of bovine embryos was not influenced on freezing solutions and freezing methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.109-109
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• 2003

Even though success in birth of live offspring from nuclear transfer(NT) using somatic cells in many species, detailed information on processes or mechanisms of development are not well known. Cytoplasm of bovine oocyte has been known to support the development of nuclear transferred embryos using nuclear donor cells from different species. Therefore, interspecies NT might be used to find answers of some questions in basic aspect of nuclear transfer In this study, we examined the developmental potential of reconstructed embryos when bovine oocyte as a cytoplasm recipient and mouse embryonic fibroblast as a nuclear donor were used. The nuclear transfer units were aliocated in Group 1 (murine block media and normal media) and Group 2. (bovine block media and normal media). NT units were not blocked at 2-cell stage regardless of types of medium. On mouse media, poor development of interspecies NT units was observed compared to bovine media. However, as NT units cultured in bovine normal medium, embryos developed over 8-cell stage. Further studies performed to increase the developmental rate in condition of antioxidant treatment. Despite low development, bovine-murine interspecies nuclear transferred embryos could develop to blastocysts and they showed that blastocyts rate of antioxidant group was superior to those of non-antioxidant group. Next, we investigated gene expression pattern which is carried out for zygotic activation. The Xist gene is expressed in female mouse embryo after zygotic activation of 4-cell stage. But interspecies nuclear transferred embryos do not express Xist gene at 4-cell stage. As a result, it is suggested that the bovine cytoplasm controls the early preimplantation development in interspecies NT However, the development of later stages might require genomic control from transferred donor nucleus. Therefore, even though the involvement of several other factors such as mitochondrial incompatibility, effective development of embryos produced by interspecies NT requires proper genomic activation of donor nucleus after overcoming the cytoplasmic control of recipient oocytes.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2009

In the present study, effects of concentration of cryoprotectant solutions on the nuclear maturation of vitrifiedthawed bovine oocytes were examined. Also, the developmental capacity of vitrified-thawed immature oocytes following ICSI was investigated. Oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 5% FBS at $38^{\circ}$C in 5% $CO_2$ and air. The in vitro maturation rate of vitrified oocytes was 24.5 ${\pm}$ 4.2%. The in vitro maturation rate of vitrified oocytes was lower than that of the control (72.0 ${\pm}$ 3.5%, p<0.05). The in vitro maturation rate of vitrified${\sim}$thawed oocytes incubated in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 1.0${\sim}$5.0 ug CB were 26.7 ${\pm}$ 3.2%, 35.7 ${\pm}$ 3.2%, 54.0 ${\pm}$ 3.0%, 42.5 ${\pm}$ 3.6%, respectively. The in vitro maturation rate (57.0 ${\pm}$ 3.0%) of the vitrified-thawed oocytes treated with 3.0 ${\mu}$g CB for 20 min was the highest of all vitrification groups, although the maturation rate were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of fresh oocytes. The in vitro maturation rates of the vitrified-thawed (with EDS and EDT) oocytes were 53.8 ${\pm}$ 3.4%, 51.1 ${\pm}$ 3.5%, respectively. This results were lower than the control group (72.0 ${\pm}$ 3.0%). The in vitro developmental rates of the vitrified-thawed oocytes following ICSI were 28.6 ${\pm}$ 4.5%, 25.6 ${\pm}$ 4.3%, respectively. This results were lower than the control group (40.0 ${\pm}$ 4.0%).