• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권8호
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• pp.363-369
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• 2014

Purpose: This study examines changes in developmental profiles of children with language delay over time and the clinical significance of assessment conducted at age 2-3 years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 70 children (62 male, 8 female), who had visited the hospital because of delayed language development at 2-3 years, and were reassessed at ages 5-6. Language and cognitive abilities were assessed using multiple scales at the initial and follow-up visits. Results: At the initial test, 62 of the 70 children had mental development index (MDI) below 70 of Bayley Scales of Infant Development Test II. Of the 62 children in the follow-up assessment, 30 children (48.4%) remained within the same cognitive range (full-scale intelligence quotient, FSIQ<70 of Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence), 12 had borderline intellectual functioning (FSIQ, 70-85), 6 improved to average intellectual functioning (FSIQ>85), and 5 had specific language impairment, 9 had autism spectrum disorders. At the initial test, 38 of the 70 children had cognitive developmental quotients (C-DQ) below 70. Of the 38 children in the follow-up assessment, 23 children (60.5%) remained within the same cognitive range (FSIQ<70). The correlation coefficient for MDI and FSIQ was 0.530 (P<0.0001) and that for C-DQ and FSIQ was 0.727 (P<0.0001). There was a strong correlation between C-DQ and FSIQ, and a moderate correlation between MDI and FSIQ. Conclusion: Low MDI scores reflect a specific delay in cognitive abilities, communication skills, or both. The C-DQ, receptive language development quotient, and social maturity quotient also help to distinguish between children with isolated language delay and children with cooccurring cognitive impairment. Moreover, changes in the developmental profile during preschool years are not unusual in children with language delay. Follow-up reassessments prior to the start of school are required for a more accurate diagnosis and intervention.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2013

In mammal, unfertilized oocytes remain in the oviduct or under in vitro culture, which is called "oocyte aging". This asynchrony negatively affects fertilization in pre- and post-implantation embryo development. Caffeine a phosphodiesterase inhibitor is known to rescue oocyte aging in several species. The objective of this study is to determine the cytoskeleton distribution in aged oocytes and the embryo developmental ability of aged oocytes in the present or absence of caffeine during maturation. Caffeine treatment increased the incidence of normal spindle assembly of aged oocytes (treatment, $67.57{\pm}4.11%$ aging, $44.61{\pm}6.4%$) and no significant differences compared to control group. Fluorescence values were compared using ROS (Reactive oxidation species) stain. Fluorescence values appear of control group intensity rate ($51.53.{\pm}3.80$), aging group ($68.10{\pm}5.54$) and treatment of caffeine ($45.04{\pm}2.98$). Aged oocytes that were derived from addition of caffeine to the IVM (in vitro maturation) medium had significantly increased 2-cell that developed to the blastocyst stage compared to the aging group. Blastocysts, derived from caffeine treatment group, significantly increased the total cell number compare aging ($90.44{\pm}10.18$ VS $67.88{\pm}7.72$). Apoptotic fragments of genomic DNA were measured in individual embryo using TUNEL assay. Blastocyst derived from caffeine treatment group decreased significantly the apoptotic index compared to blastocyst derived from aging group. In conclusion, we inferred that the caffeine treatment during oocyte aging can improve the developmental rate and quality in bovine embryos developing in vitro.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.308-323
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to construct and test a predictive model for the quality of life (QOL) in mothers of children with developmental disabilities (DB). The hypothesized model included severity of illness, distress, uncertainty, self-help, and parenting efficacy as influencing factors, QOL as a consequence based on the Braden's Self-Help Model. Methods: The data were collected through a direct and online surveys from 206 mothers in 8 locations, including welfare or daycare centers, developmental treatment centers, and The Parents' Coalition for the Disabled located in two provinces of Korea. Data were analysed using SPSS/WIN 23.0 and AMOS 21.0 program. Results: The fit indices of the predictive model satisfied recommended levels; 𝛘² = 165.79 (p < .001), normed 𝛘² (𝛘²/df) = 2.44, RMR = .04, RMSEA = .08, GFI = .90, AGFI = .85, NFI = .91, TLI = .93, CFI = .95. Among the variables, distress (β = - .46, p < .001), parenting efficacy (β = .22, p < .001), and self-help (β = .17, p = .018) had direct effects on QOL. Severity of illness (β = - .61, p = .010) and uncertainty (β = - .08, p = .014) showed indirect effects. The explanatory power of variables was 61.0%. Conclusion: The study results confirm the utility of Braden's Self-Help Model. They provide a theoretical basis for improving QOL in mothers of children with DB. Nursing intervention strategies that can relieve mothers' distress and uncertainty related to disease and enhance parenting efficacy and self-help behavior should be considered.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2007

2006년 1월부터 12월까지 충남 보령시 외연도 앞바다에서 형망으로 채집된 갈색띠매물고둥(Neptunea(Barbitonia) arthritica cumingii)을 대상으로 번식생태를 조사하기 위하여 생식소지수, 비만도지수, 생식주기, 군성숙도 및 성비를 조사하였다. 산란기를 간접적으로 추정하기 위해 조사한 생식소지수(GI)의 변화는 생식소 발달 단계와 밀접한 관련을 보였다. 생식소지수(GI)는 암, 수 모두 2월부터 증가하기 시작하여 4월에 최대값에 이른 후 $5{\sim}8$월까지 계속 감소하였으며, $9{\sim}12$월까지 점차 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 암, 수의 생식소지수 및 비만도지수(CI)의 월별 변화는 생식소 발단 단계 및 산란기와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 생식소 발달 단계에 따른 생식주기는 암컷의 경우, 초기활성기($9{\sim}10$월), 후기활성기($11{\sim}2$월), 완숙기($2{\sim}6$월), 부분산란기($5{\sim}8$월), 회복기($6{\sim}8$월)의 연속적인 5단계로 구분할 수 있었고, 수컷의 경우도 초기활성기($9{\sim}10$월), 후기활성기($11{\sim}2$월), 완숙기($2{\sim}6$월), 교미기($4{\sim}7$월), 회복기($7{\sim}8$월)의 연속적인 5단계로 구분되었다. 산란은 암컷의 경우 $5{\sim}8$월 사이에 일어나며, 수컷은 $4{\sim}7$월에 교미가 일어난다. 암컷의 산란 성기는 $6{\sim}7$월이었다. 각고 $50.1{\sim}60.0\;mm$인 암, 수 개체들의 군성숙도(%)는 각각 54.8%와 57.1%를 나타내어 군성숙도 50% 이상이었고, 각고 60.1 mm 이상인 암, 수 개체들의 군성숙도는 100%이었다. 암, 수의 성비는 1:1로 나타났으며, 유의한 차를 보이지 않았다.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2012

본 연구는 U-City 경쟁력의 개념 및 U-City 관련 지수의 연구동향을 파악하여 U-City 경쟁력 지수의 개발방향을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 정보화시대, 미래도시, U-City의 개념을 관련문헌을 토대로 파악하고, U-City경쟁력의 개념을 제시하였다. 다음으로 U-City를 비롯한 미래도시 관련 지수의 연구동향을 파악하여 U-City 경쟁력 지수 개발에의 시사점을 도출하였다. 마지막으로 U-City 경쟁력지수 개발 절차와 각 단계에서의 유의점을 제시하였다. 연구결과 U-City 경쟁력은 거주민의 요구사항에 대한 신속한 대응 및 도시공간 관리의 효율성을 극대화할 수 있는 ICT, U-City 인프라, U-City 서비스, U-City 관리 능력을 의미하며, 이를 측정하기 위해 평가체계의 마련, 평가지표의 선정, 표준화, 지표별 가중치 산정, 평가모형 설정의 개발절차가 필요한 것으로 파악되었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권8호
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• pp.826-831
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• 2005

목 적 : 객관적이고 표준화된 검사(BSID-II)를 통해 단독 태아 경뇌실확장증의 임상적 예후를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2001년 6월부터 2002년 5월까지 본원에서 출생한 만삭아중 산전 초음파에서 다른 동반 기형이 없는 10-15 mm 정도의 단독 경뇌실확장증의 소견은 107례에서 관찰할 수 있었으며, 이 중 외래에서 추적 관찰이 가능하였던 40명과, 성별, 연령, 임신주수, 출생체중이 유사한 대조군 34명을 대상으로 발달 검사를 시행하였고 그 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 단독 경뇌실확장증군 40명 중 남아가 21명, 여아가 19명이었고, 12 mm 미만은 35명, 12 mm 이상은 5명이었다. 산전 혹은 출생 후 초음파 추적 관찰시 감소되거나 그대로인 경우가 35명, 진행된 경우가 5명이었고, 일측성 뇌실확장이 25명, 양측성인 경우가 15명이었다. 단독 경뇌실확장군 중 발달지연은 11명(27.5%)이었고 이 중 경미한 발달지연은 10명(25%), 의미있는 심한 발달지연은 1명(2.5%)이었고 대조군 중 경미한 발달지연은 5명(14.7%), 심한 발달지연은 1명(2.9%)이었으며 발달지연을 보인 단독 경뇌실확장군의 91%와 대조군의 80%가 경미한 발달지연이었다. 단독 경뇌실확장군의 발달 검사 평균점수는 대조군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다; MDI($92.75{\pm}12.95$ vs $94.71{\pm}14.14$, P=0.47), PDI($100.33{\pm}14.14$ vs $101.27{\pm}10.70$, P=0.75). 뇌실확장이 소실되거나 진행되지 않는 경우, 뇌실 크기가 12 mm 이하, 그리고 여아인 경우 발달 검사 평균점수는 더 높았으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았고, 양측성과 일측성의 여부는 발달정도와 관련이 없었다. 결 론 : 산전 초음파 검사에서 단독 경뇌실확장증을 보인 경우 발달 검사에서 정상 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 단독 경뇌실확장증이 있는 경우 경미한 발달지연의 위험성을 보일 경향이 더 높은 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2017

Objectives: The current study examined the effect of birth weight on the relationship between age and IQ of children, who were born preterm with very low birth weight (VLBW) or extremely low birth weight (ELBW). Methods: The study subjects were 82 children, aged between 3-5 years, who visited the neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital located in Seoul. The children had been born prematurely with VLBW or ELBW. Their IQ was tested using the performed Korean-Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence fourth edition. Results: A hierarchical regression analysis showed a significant interaction effect of birth weight and age on Full Scale IQ (FSIQ); the effect of age on FSIQ differed according to birth weight. For the group with VLBW, FSIQ was more likely to be higher with increasing age. Conversely, for the group with ELBW, FSIQ remained low regardless of the age level. In addition, birth weight and age had a significant interaction effect on the Visual Spatial Index. Birth weight had a significant main effect on Verbal Comprehension Index. Conclusion: This research suggested the possibility of predicting the cognitive developmental of premature children, by highlighting the fact that prematurely born children, with VLBW/ELBW, have different cognitive developmental trajectories.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2004

3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol(3-MCPD) is a toxic compound, often present in different foods containing acid hydrolyzed(AH) protein, like seasonings and savory food products. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of 3-MCPD on male fertility, sperm and testosterone secretion. In vivo male fertility test was performed for observing the adverse effects of 3-MCPD on the function of male reproductive system and pregnancy outcome. 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, 1 and 5 mg/kg b.w. of 3-MCPD was given daily by gavage to groups of 15 adult male SD rats for 4 weeks. At the end of pre-treatment period, males were mated overnight with normal females. Following morning, males demonstrating successful induction of pregnancy were sacrificed on that day to assess sperm parameters and histopathology of reproductive organs. The resulting pregnant females were sacrificed on day 20 of gestation to evaluate pregnancy outcome. As a result, four-week paternal administration with 3-MCPD resulted in adverse effects on male fertility and pregnancy outcome without remarkable histopathological changes in testes and epididymides; sperm motility, copulation index and fertility index were markedly decreased in the treated group and numbers of live fetuses showed steep dose-response curves. Also, spermatogenesis was investigated in this experiment. However, no effect was observed on production of sperm in testes treated with 3-MCPD for 4 weeks. Hormone assay was performed for observing the effects of 3-MCPD on testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) in blood and testes of male SD rats and cultured primary Leydig cell. In result, significant changes of related hormones did not observed by treatment of 3-MCPD. These results indicated that paternal treatment with 3-MCPD induced spermatotoxic effect, which caused an antifertility on male.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.555-565
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• 2004

The objective of this study was conducted to investigate growth and development status of infants fed soy-based formulas over 3 months. The height and weight were measured and Z-scores were calculated by using standard of the same age groups. Their mothers were interviewed using questionnaires including general and environmental characteristics, total food intakes, soy based formula intakes and Ewha infant development screening test. Main results were as follows: 1) Nutrient intake levels of subjects were similar to or more than the level of Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances except for intakes of vitamin E (79.89% RDA), and the average status of nutrient intakes of infants were fairly good. 2) Z-scores of height for age (HAZ) and Z-scores of weight for age (WAZ), Kaup index, WLI and Ewha Infant Developmental Screening Test score of subjects were in the normal growth range. 3) There were no significant differences among soy based formula intake percentile groups in HAZ, WAZ, Kaup index, WLI and Ewha Infant Developmental Screening Test score. 4) Total energy intake was positively correlated with HAZ (p < 0.00, WAZ (p <0.00, and WLI (p < 0.05) in infants less than 12 month. Also, soy based formula energy intake was positively correlated with HAZ (p < 0.05) in infants less than 12 month. However, energy and soy based formula intake levels of infants over 12 month were not significant among variables. Considering results of this study, infants fed soy-based formulas over 3 months showed normal growth and development status. Further studies are needed to evaluate longterm growth and development in infants fed soy based formulas.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.607-617
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• 2002

연령과 치아 발육상태 단계와의 상관관계, 치아의 발육에 따른 치아의 이동상태를 평가하기 위하여 최근 5년 이내에 경북대학교 병원에 내원한 아동(남아 446명, 여아 326명)의 파노라마 방사선사진을 대상으로 하여, Moorrees의 기준에 의하여 하악 영구치아의 발육단계를 평가한 후, 발육단계와 연령, 치조골내 치아의 위치를 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 치아의 발육시기는 치관이 완료될 때까지 남, 여의 차이가 없었으나, 치근형성이 되면서 부터는 남아보다 여아에서 더 빨리 발육되는 경향을 나타내었다. 치관형성의 완료시점의 평균연령은 남아 여아 각각에서 중절치 3.71, 4.05세, 측절치 4.44, 4.60세, 견치 5.35, 5.11세, 제1소구치 6.62, 6.36세, 제2소구치 7.36, 7.17세, 제1대구치 3.51, 3.69세, 제2대구치 7.90, 7.64세 이었고, 치근단이 폐쇄되기 전단계인 $A_{1/2}$는 중절치 8.70, 8.18세, 측절치 9.55, 8.99세, 견치 12.48, 11.60세, 제1소구치 12.30, 12.01세, 제2소구치 12.19, 12.26세, 제1대구치 912, 8.87세, 제2대구치 12.59, 12.45세 이었다. 치조골내의 교두점 위치는 치관형성 완료시까지는 거의 변화가 없었으나, 치근이 형성됨에 따라 빠르게 교합평면을 향해 이동하였고, 치근형성 완료단계(Rc)에서 다시 움직임 없이 정체되었다. 치근단의 위치는 치관형성 시작부터 치근 1/4 형성 시까지 일정한 위치에 유지되었으나, 그 후에 급격하게 교합면 쪽으로 이동하였고, 치근 3/4 형성시점부터 비교적 일정한 위치에 유지되었다. 치아의 석회화가 시작되는 초기의 치배 위치는 견치가 가장 하방에 위치하였으며, 그 다음이 제2소구치, 제1소구치, 측절치 제2대구치, 제1대구치 순이었고, 중절치가 가장 상방에 위치하였다.