• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.316-321
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to estimate whether nalbuphine, a mixed agonist/antagonist opioid analgesic produced psychic dependence. Moreover, the physical dependence liability of nalbuphine was compared with that of morphine after 7 days administrations of the drugs in mice and rats, and the effects of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on the development of physical dependence on nalbuphine were also studied. Nalbuphine did not produce psychic dependence. However, various abstinence signs precipitated by naloxone were observed in nalbuphine-dependent mice and rats. As the nature of the dependence syndrome produced by nalbuphine 30 mg/kg under these conditions seems similar to that induced by morphine 10 mg/kg, it is clear that nalbuphine possesses the substantial abuse potential. Therefore, nalbuphine may be needed to initiate more stringent controls for the prevention of nalbuphine abuse. On the other hand, GTS inhibited the development of physical dependence on nalbuphine and reduced the contents of dopamine and its metabolite in the brains of mice. Accordingly, results of this study suggest that the inhibitory effects of GTS on the development of physical dependence on nalbuphine may involve dopaminergic mechanism. GTS may be useful for the therapy of physical dependence on nalbuphine.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 1993

The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract from Gleditsiae spina was investigated utilizing carrageenin-induced edema, granuloma pouch and adjuvant arthritis in rats. The effects of this agent on vascular permeability and acetic acid-induced writhing in mice were also examined. Its anti-inflammatory activity on carrageenin edema was observed with oral administration. The aqueous extract from Gleditsiae spina(400 mg/kg, 7 days) showed significant inhibitory effects on granuloma and exudate formation in rats. In the method of adjuvant arthritis, the aqueous extract(400 mg/kg), orally administered for 21 days, inhibited the development of hind paw edema in rats. The aqueous extract was also inhibited the increase in vascular permeability and the number of writhings induced by acetic acid in mice. In the present study, the aqueous extract of Gleditsiae spina was indicated to have the anti-inflammatory action.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.262-267
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of the treatment of diabetes mellitus is the attainment of glycemic control. Hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress which contributes to the progression of diabetic complications. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Daraesoon (Actinidia arguta shoot) in animal models of diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS/METHODS: Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes received an oral administration of a starch solution (1 g/kg) either with or without a 70% ethanol extract of Daraesoon (400 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) after an overnight fast and their postprandial blood glucose levels were measured. Five-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed either a basal or high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet with or without Daraesoon extract (0.4%) or acarbose (0.04%) for 12 weeks after 1 week of adaptation to determine the effects of the chronic consumption of Daraesoon on fasting hyperglycemia and antioxidant status. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, rats that received Daraesoon extract (400 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) exhibited a significant reduction in the area under the postprandial glucose response curve after the oral ingestion of starch. Additionally, the long-term consumption of Daraesoon extract or acarbose significantly decreased serum glucose and insulin levels as well as small intestinal maltase activity in HFHS-fed mice. Furthermore, the consumption of Daraesoon extract significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and increased glutathione levels in the livers of HFHS-fed mice compared to HFHS-fed mice that did not ingest Daraesoon. CONCLUSIONS: Daraesoon effectively suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia via the inhibition of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Chronic consumption of Daraesoon alleviated fasting hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in mice fed a HFHS diet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
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• 2001.12a
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• pp.61-68
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• 2001

Soybean, rice and nuts are the staple foods in South East Asia. In order to clarify the function of these foods in relation to coronary heart diseases, we have done a series of experiments using animals and humans. Soybean protein preparations (SPI) in comparison with an animal protein, casein (CAS), resulted in reducing atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein (apo) E deficient mice that develop an advanced lesion similar to that in humans. This action was attributed to the protein, since the ethanol-extracted SPI (EE-SPI), from which isoflavones and saponins removed, lowered the lesion development in apo E-deficient mice. However, The EE-SPI, compared to the SPI, resulted in a decrease of mRNA for key proteins of cholesterol metabolism (low density lipoprotein receptor and cholesterol 7$\alpha$-hydroxylase) in hypercholesterolemic rats, followed by an elevation of the serum cholesterol level, indicating a contribution of isoflavones to the serum cholesterol level. Rice protein (RPI) was also effective to lower the lesion development in apo E deficient mice. Both the SPI and RPI led to an increased level of the serum NOiN03, metabolites of NO. This effect appeared to be attributed to their high content of arginine. Besides, C57BL/6J mice fed a diet containing whole grain rice had an elevation of the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, rice bran oil and the unsaponifiable fraction that is rich in plant sterols were effective to lower serum cholesterol levels in hypercholeserolemic rats. Finally, we tested if walnuts consumption would be hypocholesterolemic for Japanese. A diet containing walnuts effectively lowered the serum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in Japanese men and women. These animal and human experiments would be relevant to advocate publics to keep consuming diets including soybean, rice and nuts for their healthful life.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.4-4
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate anti-stress effect of Nelumbo nucifera extract (NNE) inimmobilization - stressed ICR mice. Stress exposure has induced adrenal gland weight, plasma glucose and level in NNE. The experiments were performed with the use of 9 weeks of age male ICR mice (20-25g) at the time of first treatment with NNE. Animals of the normal group were not exposed to any stress and the control group were exposed to stress. The rats of NNE and Diazepam (BZ) supplementary group were orally administered once a day, 100 mg of NNE, 5 mg of BZ extract/kg body weight and they were exposed to stress. Animals were given supplements for 7 days without stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with restraining. NNE was effective in decreasing scopolamine induced deficit in passive avoidance test and levels of blood corticosterone which was increased by stress in the mice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.337-341
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• 1996

Propolid (bee-glue), known as a folk medicine, is a lipo;hilic material found in honeybee hives. In the present study on the anti-inflammatory effect of Korean propolis, it was extracted with ethanol, and used as a test material. The $LD_{50}$ value with the oral administration of ethanolic extract of Korean propolis (EEKP) was higher than 2g/kg in mice. The oral administration of the propolis extract (100mg/kg) significantly inhibited the development of hind paw edema induced by carrageenin in rats. the oral pretreatment of the propolis extract markedly inhibited the increase in vascular permeability and the number of writhing induced by acetic acetic acid in mice. Propolis extract, 50 and 100 mg/kg p.o. per day for 7 days, produced a significant inhibitory effect on granuloma and exudate formation in rats. This inhibitory effect was enhanced with the concomitant use of prednisolone (2.5 mg/kg). These results suggest that Korean propolis apparently has a strong anti-inflammatory activity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.189-198
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• 1988

The fresh water snail, Hippeutis (Helicorbis) cantori, caught from the rice paddies in Namyangju-gun, Gyeonggi.do, was found to be a new second inter- mediate host of 5. cinetorchis in Korea. The metacercariae were found from 89 (76.7%) out of 116 snails examined and the average metacercarial burden was 4.7 per infected snail. Some developmental characteristics of 5. cinetorchis were observed after experimental infection of the metacercariae to rats and mice.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.481-487
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• 1992

The present study was designed to investigate the appearance of the congenital aggregates of the ectodermal glial cells in the brain of the normal rodents. The brain samples were taken from mice fetus, juvenile mice, rats and rabbits. The appearance regions of the glial cell aggregates (GCA) were investigated and the cells in the GCA were identified with electron microscope. 1. GCA in the mouse fetus tended to be higher in cell density, larger in size and lower frequency in appearance than juvenile mouse. The regions of higher appearance frequency of GCA in the juveniles of mice, rats and rabbits were ordered as subependymal layer in the collateral trigone of lateral ventricles, molecular layer of the neocortex, inner layer except the molecular layer in the neocortex, cerebral medulla, corpus callosum and hippocampus. Appearance frequency of GCA in the neonatal mice tended to be higher until 5 day after birth, and were markedly decreased on 10 and 15 day after birth. 2. GCA tended to be closed on one side of the blood vessels or neurons but not perivascular or perineuronal appearance. 3. In electron microscophy, GCA were composed of immature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the subependymal, and tended to be more mature and loose in the neocortex and to be appended some microglia cells with age. The cells in the GCA of older mice tended to be more mature than in young mice.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.224-233
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• 1983

An experimental study was carried out to observe the susceptibility of several kinds of laboratory animals to Fibricola seoulensis infection, a diplostomatid fluke of mammals. The metacercariae were obtained from the viscera of the snakes, Natrix tigrina lateralis and 50~2,000 in number each was artificially fed to a total of 127 animals; albino rats, mice, dogs, cats, rabbits and chickens. After 3 days to 8 weeks the animals were sacrificed and the recovery rate of worms as well as their maturity was observed. The results are as follows: 1. The overall worm recovery rates throughout the experimental period was highest in albino rats (40.0%) followed by mice (33.9%), cats (20.9%), dogs (11.4%), rabbits (0.05%) and chickens (0%). However, the recovery rates in the same host decreased as infection progressed longer and variable by the amount of metacercariae given. 2. From albino rats and mice, the highest recovery rates were obtained in 1,000 and 200-metacercariae infection groups respectively, and it is considered that such amount should be the optimum dose for experimental infection of these animals. 3. The main location of F. seoulensis in experimental animals was small intestine especially the duodenum. 4. The maturity index (No. mature worms/ No. examined) was 100% in albino rats and mice, while only 22.7% or 0% in dogs or cats respectively. From the results, it is concluded that albino rats and mice are the most susceptible hosts for F. seoulensis infection among six kinds of laboratory animals examined.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2000

Cordyceps is reputed for its broad biological activities and as a tonic for replenishing vital function in Chinese traditional medicines. As an attempt to obtain fundamental data for the development of a new type Cordyceps, the effects of the fruiting bodies of cultivated fungus of Paecilomyces japonica grown on silkworm larvae on hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin(STZ) and by epinephrine in rats and in mice as well as on immunological functions in mice were investigated. The 70% methanol extract of the fungus, when administered orally at 100 and 300 mg/kg in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats, caused a significant decrease in blood glucose level 3hr after sample treatments. The methanol extract, when administered p.o. at the same dose levels in epinephrine-induced hyperglycemic mice, also caused a significant decrease in serum glucose levels as well as a significant reversal of the liver glycogen contents suggesting its hypoglycemic activity might be due to glycogen breakdown in the liver. Treatment of normoglycaemic mice with the methanol extract of the fungus exhibited a significant glucose tolerance up to 3hr after oral glucose load(2.0 g/kg). The methanol extract also showed immuno-stimulating activity as measured by carbon clearance in mice and a significant antifatigue effect as measured by weight loaded forced swimming performance in mice.