• 한국안광학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 1998

한국산 도룡농 Hynobius leechi의 시각계발생을 형태학적으로 연구하였다. 수정란을 채집하여 멸균된 생리식염수에서 발생시키고 5-30mm길이의 유생을 크기별로 하였다. 표본은 paraffin에 포매하고 절편하여 광학현미경하에서 관찰하였다. 5mm유생에서, 안배에 의해 유도된 수정체의 원기는 감각외 배엽과 결함되어 있었다. 12mm유생은 수정체가 구형으로 되고 색소상피가 뚜렷해지나 망막층의 분화는 일어나지 않았다. 14-16mm유생은 망막층의 분화가 뚜렷해지며 수정체의 중심부섬유의 핵이 붕괴되었다. 20mm유생의 안배의 외연부는 얇아져서 홍채와 모양체를 형성하였다. 30mm유생에서는 맥락막이 두터워지고 연골이 안구의 외곽에서도 나타났다. 광수용세포층의 외절은 점차로 길게 성장하고 안구신경은 연골을 지나 뇌의 복측에 연결된다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.219-233
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• 2014

In a companion paper, Pasala and Nagarajaiah analytically and experimentally validate the Adaptive Length Pendulum Smart Tuned Mass Damper (ALP-STMD) on a primary structure (2 story steel structure) whose frequencies are time invariant (Pasala and Nagarajaiah 2012). In this paper, the ALP-STMD effectiveness on a primary structure whose frequencies are time varying is studied experimentally. This study experimentally validates the ability of an ALP-STMD to adequately control a structural system in the presence of real time changes in primary stiffness that are detected by a real time observer based system identification. The experiments implement the newly developed Adaptive Length Pendulum Smart Tuned Mass Damper (ALP-STMD) which was first introduced and developed by Nagarajaiah (2009), Nagarajaiah and Pasala (2010) and Nagarajaiah et al. (2010). The ALP-STMD employs a mass pendulum of variable length which can be tuned in real time to the parameters of the system using sensor feedback. The tuning action is made possible by applying a current to a shape memory alloy wire changing the effective length that supports the damper mass assembly in real time. Once a stiffness change in the structural system is detected by an open loop observer, the ALP-STMD is re-tuned to the modified system parameters which successfully reduce the response of the primary system. Significant performance improvement is illustrated for the stiffness modified system, which undergoes the re-tuning adaptation, when compared to the stiffness modified system without adaptive re-tuning.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.182-188
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• 1991

구조물의 비선형 거동을 추적 조사하는 비선형 유한요소 해석에서 하중증분을 사용하는 Newton-Raphson방법은 임계점 근처에서는 수렴이 안되는 단점을 갖고 있으므로 구조물의 거동이 심한 비선형 경로(nonlinear path)를 포함하고 있는 구조물의 거동을 조사하기 위해서는 Newton-Raphson 방법의 부가적인 수정이 필요하다. Newton-Raphson 방법의 수정보완 방법으로 Riks에 의해 제안된 구속조건식을 사용하여 반복계산하는 arc-length method로써 접선강성벡터에서 수직인 방향으로 접근하는 방법(normal arc-length method)과 접선강성벡터가 원호를 그리며 비선형 경로에 접근해 가는 방법(cylindrical arc-length method)을 사용하였으며 또한 각 단계에서 비선형의 정도에 따라 arc-length를 조절하는 자동하중 증분법을 사용하였다. 비선형 수치해석의 예로 경사진 외팔보, 단순 아치구조, 쉘 구조 및 편심 보강평판의 비선형 거동을 추적 조사하였다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.1116-1122
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• 2008

Since conventional methods for measuring stride length(distance) are many weaknesses, optical methods have been developed to measure stride length(distance) of human pedestrians. IR(Infrared) elements and Power LED(Light Emitting Diode) with two types of lens were used to correlate detected light intensity with stride length(distance). The suggested methods in this study are simple, convenient, and cost effective. The results can be used to analyze walking patterns of normal and disabled men, and to monitor the recovering processes of the disabled patients.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2009

The effect of borehole thermal resistance on the borehole length is studied. In performing this work a new concept BLRR(borehole length reduction rate) is developed based on the line source model. The solution of line source model is shown to be valid through the comparison with the data of thermal response test. It is shown that BLRR is a function of soil thermal conductivity(k) and borehole thermal resistance($R_b$). The value of BLRR increases with increasing k, which means reducing $R_b$ is more effective when k is high. The reduction of borehole length with change of $R_b$ is easily estimated with BLRR. The validity of BLRR is also examined with EED analysis.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2002

A new method for measuring fiber length and fiber coarseness was developed using image analysis technique. Measured fibers were transferred to a glass slide on a filter paper placed on a wire of the laboratory paper machine. After staining the fibers on the slide, mean fiber lengths and coarseness were measured by a commercial image analysis software, named KS400. The resultant data obtained from the image analysis displayed a close correlation with those from FS-200 and also showed excellent reproducibility as well as those from FS-200. The length of synthetic fibers over 10 mm long could be readily measured by this new analysis technique. Finally, a substantial improvement in precision for measuring fiber length and coarseness was made with less operator's effort for a given time.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.261-282
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• 2019

The research related to testing pupils' achievement in the field of Measurement and Measure in initial teaching of geometry points to an insufficient adoption of the basic components of the length measurement concept among pupils. In order to discover the cause, we looked at the basic components on which the procedure of measuring length using a ruler is based, highlighted the possibilities of introducing the procedure in measuring length, and determined pupils' achievement during the procedure of measuring length using a ruler. The research sample consisted of 145 pupils, out of which 72 were the 2^nd grade pupils and 73 were the 4^th grade pupils. A descriptive method was applied in the research. The technique we used was testing, and for the statistical data processing we used a χ² test. The results of the research show that, when drawing a straight line of a given length using a ruler, there is no statistical difference in achievement between the 2^nd and 4^th grade pupils, nor in the pupils' knowledge regarding drawing a ruler independently, while drawing a straight line of a given length using a "broken" ruler 4^th grade pupils are statistically better. The results of the research indicate that pupils' achievement is better in doing standard tasks than in non-standard ones, given that the latter require conceptual knowledge. The components of the concept of length measurement using ruler have not been sufficiently developed yet, and these include: zero-point, partitioning a measured object in a series of consecutive measurement units and their iteration. We shed more light on the critical stage in the procedure of length measurement - the transition from non-standard to standard units and the formation of the length measurement scale. For further research, we propose to look at the formation of the concept of length measurement using the ruler through all its components and their inclusion in the mathematics curriculum, as well as examining the correlation of pupils' achievement in the procedure of measuring length with their achievement in measuring area (and volume).

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2018

PURPOSES : In this research, the initiation and development of corrugation on a gravel road with certain wheel and boundary conditions were evaluated using a coupled discrete-element method (DEM) with multibody dynamics (MBD). METHODS : In this study, 665,534 particles with a 4-mm diameter were generated and compacted to build a circular roadbed track, with a depth and width of 42 mm and 50 mm, respectively. A single wheel with a 100-mm diameter, 40-mm width, and 0.157-kg mass was considered for the track. The single wheel was set to run slowly on the track with a speed of 2.5 rad/s so that the corrugation was gradually initiated and developed without losing contact between the wheel and the roadbed. Then, the shape of the track surface was monitored, and the movement of the particles in the roadbed was tracked at certain wheel-pass numbers to evaluate the overall corrugation initiation and development mechanism. RESULTS : Two types of corrugation, long wave-length and short wave-length, were observed in the circular track. It seems that the long wave-length corrugation was developed by the longitudinal movement of surface particles in the entire track, while the short wave-length corrugation was developed by shear deformation in a local section. Properties such as particle coefficients, track bulk density, and wheel mass, have significant effects on the initiation and development of long-wave corrugation. CONCLUSIONS : It was concluded that the coupled numerical method applied in this research could be effectively used to simulate the corrugation of a gravel road and to understand the mechanism that initiates and develops corrugation. To derive a comprehensive conclusion for the corrugation development under various conditions, the driver's acceleration and deceleration with various particle gradations and wheel-configuration models should be considered in the simulation.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.5-19
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• 2018

지반앵커의 정착장에 작용하는 정착응력 분포 특성은 매우 비선형적이며 공학적인 메카니즘이 비교적 복잡하기 때문에 다양한 지반조건 및 비선형적 주면전단거동을 구체적으로 모사하여 지반앵커를 설계하는데 어려움이 크다. 이런 한계로 인하여 현재 대부분의 관련 설계 기준서에는 편의상 정착장 전장에 걸쳐 일정한 주면전단응력분포를 가정하여 설계에 적용하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 인장형 앵커의 인발거동 특성을 분석하기 위하여 풍화토 지반조건을 대상으로 현장인발시험을 수행하였으며 이를 토대로 앵커 정착장의 주면전단거동을 정립하고, 정착장 거동특성을 비교적 간편하게 예측하기 위한 다중선형모델 및 이를 적용한 해석적 기법을 제안하였다. 현장시험결과와 해석적 결과가 상호 유사하게 나타남에 따라 본 연구에서 제시된 다중선형모델 및 이를 이용한 해석적 기법의 적용성 및 유효성을 확인할 수 있었다. 정착장 주면전단거동의 경우 최대인발하중 보다 작은 하중조건에서는 정착장 시작점에서 최대전단응력이 분포하게 되나 최대인발하중이 발생한 이후부터는 정착장 시작점에서 전단응력이 가장 작게 분포하고, 정착장 시작점으로부터 일정거리 이격된 지점에서 최대전단응력이 발생함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.46-53
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• 1995

The anatomy of Korean diffuse-porous woods, 36 families, 75 genera, 145 species, 215 specimens was described and analyzed. Sixteen wood anatomical characters, habit and phenology factors were determined by simple correlation and principal component analysis. Strong positive correlations were found between vessel element length and fiber length, ray width and ray height, simple pits of fiber wall and paratracheal parenchyma distribution. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) disclose the primitive characteristics and the direction of xylem evolution of Korean diffuse-porous woods. The xylem evolution scenario for Korean dicotyledonous woods is considered to be developed in the direction of decreasing trends of vessel frequency, vessel element length, and length/diameter(L/D) ratio of vessel element but increasing trends of vessel diameter, fiber length/vessel element length(F/V) ratio, libriform wood fibers, simple perforation, and homogeneous ray composition. Increase of vessel diameter and decrease of vessel frequency seem to be related to the improvement of conductive efficiency, and increase of the vessel element length and occurrence of scalariform perforation in vessel element may be related to enhanced of conductive safety. Also the libriform wood fibers and ray features appear to have relationship with mechanical support and nutrient metabolism, respectively.