• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2005

A goal of this research is to propose the remodeling possibility from deteriorated stock apartment housing, to three generation family living in a dwelling unit for low incomes. An apartment housing which was built from 1970s, is accumulated over $55\%$ of the stock housing in Korea, many of them are confront with a rebuilding in a short usage of twenty years below. They are small one, and many of the residence complain narrow and small space compare to economic growth and their needs. This article deals the reform of two to one dwelling units, that it can be use for three generation family living as a new residence, because its spatial character is more controled privacy condition as a four bay spatial organization in the dwelling. The reform simulated in a 10, 13, 14, 15, and 16 pyung, the remodeling size became from 20 to 30 pyung, and its reform can be apply to extend life cycle of a stock confront with redevelopment. The possibility of the reform houses have more intensive privacy in a house compare with same area of new apartment. It tells us that we can recycle the deteriorate apartment house into three generation family living use, and it will be clue to change slum clearance into reform and recycle of deteriorate apartment house.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.77-88
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• 2002

This article deals the investigations how to solve the social deficiencies of deteriorate apartments, which is a half cycle of a building and it goes slum clearance and redevelopment. And this proposes an active remodeling and design strategy, management, and housing policies for extending the usage of the resource. Most of apartment housing in Korea is built by the panel wall and slab structure system fur economic price. To remake is possible, even though not designed in flexibility and variation. The remodeling strategies are dwelling unification, transformation of two units to one or three units, addition of a room, changing into commercial and community required spaces, and reshaping of a envelop and facade by addition of a dwelling or dwellings, roof floors, change of materials and colors, and so on. And, all activities in structural aspect are proposed removal in upper part and addition in lower part of an apartment housing. Active remodeling cost a great deal compare to new construction, so any remodeling activities should be based on a minimal interfere and budgets to enhancing the quality in existing building. The final aim of an active remodeling is to enhance the quality in economic values, and to keep original state and to put on the new one in a small part. To promote the active and careful management and rehabilitation, it is necessary to give the positive incentive in terms of architectural law, bank loan, and any redevelopment project should get the remodeling record in national resources.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.71-82
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• 2019

This study tried to prove why a low-rise residential block is more vitalized than in a superblock consisted of an apartment housing complex. To do this, two adjacent superblocks in Yeoksam 2-dong were selected as a case study among superblocks of residential area in Gangnam, Seoul. It adopted the concept of 'complexity', 'Osmosis', 'Vitality' and 'Permeability' for evaluation indexes to measure street vitality. As a result, four indexes were clearly higher in low-density residential superblocks than apartment housing complex superblocks. First, the superblocks for apartment housing complexes showed a lower 'complexity' because large-scale parcels for an apartment housing complex reduces a possibility for various land uses. Second, smaller blocks improved "osmosis" compared to larger blocks, and the larger the block, the less likely it is that buildings and streets penetrate activity. Third, as the apartment complex block became larger, the number of accesses decreased. Thus, it did not provide vitality to the streets. Fourth, high permeability was shown in the low-density superblocks, while that of the superblock consisted of apartment housing complexes was very low because the entrance of the complexes entrance is closed to the public. The results of this study demonstrated that an apartment housing complex may hamper street vitality and deteriorate the quality of urban environments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.6 s.107
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• pp.52-67
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to classify the changing periods of apartment outdoor space in Korea and to clearly understand the specific characteristics of each period. The study has been done through on-site observation of apartment complexes, and through the analysis of housing estate planning techniques, rules and regulations affecting outdoor spaces during the rapidly developing era. The results of this study shows that three major periods with distinct characteristics were found, which were as follows: 1) The first well defined period spans from 1960 to 1990. In this period, apartment construction was rapid, and as a result, quality of housing environments were sacrificed. As little attention was given to the landscapes in apartment complex, they were constructed very simple and identical in outdoor space of apartment complex. This period can be referred to as the 'commonly universal period in apartment outdoor space'. 2) The second period spans from 1991 to 1996, during which time a housing construction project for two million residences was completed in order to significantly stimulate the provision of houses to the general public. As a result, regulations were relaxed causing housing environments to deteriorate. Although apartments were constructed very close together, there was some diversification and experimentation in outdoor styles. This period can be referred to as the 'congestion period of apartment outdoor space'. 3) The third period spans from 1997 to the present. During this time the number of unsold apartments has grown considerably throughout the country. Many different apartment complex marketing strategies have been employed to reduced the glut of unsold apartments. This experimental trend has continued and been well-received since the IMF period. The distinguishing characteristics of this period are the introduction of a rich natural landscape, the increase in communications among residents, the human oriented design, and the refined and elegant design for the outdoor street furnitures. As a result, this period can be named the "differentiation period of apartment outdoor space".

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.13-18
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• 2011

Building is different from the general commodities and needs to maintain the function and performance to get the living condition. Building deterioration occurs naturally with time elapse. Deterioration reasons are various. These are physical, functional, social and second physical aspect. Building would inevitably be deteriorated and need to repair various building part and materials. It gets to arrive at repair or rebuilding time until any management activity is meaningless. It is important to decide the rebuilding time in a management cost. In this paper, it aimed at analyzing the management annual cost and provide a rebuilding time of a apartment housing with a deterioration curve model. Results of this study are as follows : Most of the building has started to deteriorate in 40 years when the performance of building downgrades to 20%. After it past about 40 years, the deterioration rate is faster than the earlier 40 years. Fourth, the rebuilding time of an apartment housing is recommended about 45 years if the building service life has 60 years.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.222-225
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• 2009

The apartment housing in Korea has been rapidly constructed by adapting the most suitable construction methods as like wall structure, wet and united construction. But most of short-lived equipments usually filled in the structure which has longer life, and it causes not only to make difficult coping with the deterioration of equipments but also to let buildings remained deteriorate themselves. The buildings can be remodelled to slow down the terms of deterioration or reconstructed to give a new life of themselves, although the disposal of wastes or the lack of natural resources still be problems and unsolved that can occurred in pulling down and reconstructing the buildings. Furthermore, it is the time to need keeping with worldwide trends and movements as like sustainability or 'green growth' movements based on low carbon emissions. The researches for Long-Life Housing apartments which has durability and variation have been advanced up to now. Long-Life Housing apartments can separate their structures from equipments and interior or exterior materials of buildings. Therefore equipments or materials of buildings can be easily repaired and replaced with new ones, even if they are deteriorated themselves. Also, the construction process of Long-Life Housing apartments can be independent from the matter of proprietary rights, terms of durability, decision rights and so on. 'The law of Possession and Management of Collective Building' and the 'Regulation of Management of Collective Building' established by each local governments are already legislated for declaring the rights of using and ownership, responsibilities of each parts of apartment buildings. These laws and regulations classify the ownership of each parts of apartment buildings, and divide the ownership with public possession and exclusive possession. Therefore, this study will conduct comparative analysis between 'The law of Possession and Management of Collective Building' and 'the Regulation of Management of Collective Building' and find problems which can be occurred in future construction of Long-Life Housing apartments. It will be helpful to revise laws and regulations.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.47-52
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• 2007

The high-rise apartment buildings have been constructed in large quantities to provide housing and used to be the popular residential types in Korea. However, it results that a number of problems are provoked such as the deteriorate of comfort and lack of sunshine access. Based on the judicial precedents, the sunshine access right should be guaranteed to enjoy uninterrupted sunlight for more than two hours continually between 9 am. and 3 pm or for more than four hours between 8 am and 4 pm in the winter solstice. The computer simulations are very strong tools to judge that the sunshine access right is infringed or not. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of two computer simulation programs such as 3Dmax and Lightscape programs broadly used in field areas. For the study, the three dimensional computer models are suggested, and the simulations are performed on the 30 minutes intervals. Also, the simulation results are compared by the results of scaled model experiments.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 1994.05a
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• pp.11-17
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• 1994

The increase of road traffic niose in residential area has been considered to be a serious environmental problem to deteriorate a living condition. The understanding of noise environment in multiple family housing is needed for noise reduction. This study attempts to find out the characteristics of noise environment. For this purpose, the field survey has been carried out to investigate the noise environment(sound level, quality of sound) and the residents' responses(noiseness, annoyance) for noise environment based on 173 households living in 3 apartment compounds built in Pusan according to site location. The major findings are as follows : 1. The sound levels by road traffic noise were measured by dB(A) and dB(Lin). The sound levels were : 77.0dB(A), 86.6dB(Lin) in D-Apt, 73.3dB(A), 82.6dB(Lin) in K-Apt, and 59.1dB(A), 74.6dB(Lin) in M-Apt. Especially, the difference between dB(A) and dB(Lin) was very big in the cae of M-Apt with a barriers for traffic noise reduction. 2. The internal sound levels were shown the soudn attenuation by horizontal distance and by opening or shuting condition of windows.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.596-603
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• 2015

Rapid economic growth occurred in Korean since the 1970s. This economic growth caused rapid urbanization and an increase in population in city. As a results, there was a housing shortage problem in korea. The government and construction companies have been continuously building residential houses such as apartments, mansions, others. Apartments mostly consist of residential houses and are generally made from reinforced concrete structure. Reinforced concrete structures including apartments need to be renovated, because they deteriorate with respect to time. However, there is no available data or information regarding the cost or the period of time that is needed for renovates of these apartment. We are especially short of information on the defect data of remodeling construction. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide fundamental data about the cause of defect in remodeled apartments as well as the appropriate time to execute renovation through a questionnaire survey with apartment residents as the participants.