• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.155-171
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• 2010

King Seong carried out the large-scale construction transferring the capital from Wungjin (Gongju) to Sabi (Buyeo) in 538. But because most of the Buyeo area was the low swamp in the time, it needed above all to form a site before transferring the capital. Until recently, in addition to the scientific excavation, the relief excavations for the construction of new building or the formation of road were conducted on many sites in the Buyeo area. As a result, many remains which were formed on the low swamp including the temple site of Neungsan-ri, Dongna Castle, the remains of Ssangbuk-ri (280-5 Bukpo, Hyeonnaedeul) and the remains of Gua-ri were identified. Also in these remains, the various engineering construction methods irrespective of the nature of remains were used for the purpose of the soft ground reinforcement as follows: mattress method of construction, pile designation, stone alignment, filing of decomposed granite soil, culverts and storage tanks. Especially, the mattress method of construction and the pile designation are thought to be the traditional engineering construction method at least in that they are appeared since the Three Han Sates era. And these soft ground construction methods had an effect on the construction of reservoir in Japan at the time. In the future, the construction method for soft ground reinforcement shall be concerned and studied further in the architecture and the civil engineering as well as the archeology.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.139-156
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate various information relating to research on the dimensions of clothing used in the sale of products via the internet that used to target global SPA((Specialty Store Retailer of Private Label Apparel) brands sold in Korea. A total of 12 SPA brands including seven global SPA brands and five national. SPA brands were surveyed in this study. Brands were chosen net sales and consumer preferences the last three years. In all SPA brands, literal size designation such as S, M, L and numeric size designation such as 0, 2, 4 or 32, 34, 36 etc. were mixed, but in case of Jean, the size codes mark waist circumference were dominant. European size codes were more common in case of European brands while literal codes were more dominantly used for American size codes with in the US brands. By reviewing the measurement information of the body and product size, the product measurement methods of UNIQLO, FOREVER 21 and TOPTEN were much more accountable and excellent than other brands. However, most of the others didn't offer proper information such as pictograms or figures about measurement methods relating body sizes and product sizes. In addition, most of global SPA brands offered size conversion chart which consumers could reference, however of none of the national SPA brands offered a conversion size chart on their website. Regardless of the type of clothing, the coverage of clothing size was higher than in global SPA brands such as H&M GAP compared to national SPA brands. In particular, 8seconds did not present apparel size ranges that fit consumers' individual clothes sizes.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.16-23
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• 2017

Purposes: Despite the positive health effects of both smokers and non-smokers, the non-smoking area policy is being negatively evaluated because of the vague fears of declining restaurant sales. The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes in sales of general restaurants(including liquor stores) and other restaurants that are considered to have the most applications of smoking cessation policy among the smoking facilities, and to examine the economic impact of the designation and expansion policies of non-smoking areas. Methodology: This study used the wholesale and retail trade survey data of the Korea National Statistical Office from 2011 to 2014 and analyzed 31,577 restaurants excluding missing values. For statistical analysis, t-test, ANOVA and Difference-in-differences(DID) models were used and the interaction term of area and year was entered. Findings: As the non-smoking area policy had been designated and expanded from December 2012 to December 31 2013, high restaurant sales in 2012 declined sharply in 2013. However, despite the expanding of the no-smoking area from January 1 2014 through December 31 2014, restaurant sales slightly recovered in 2014. In the case of other restaurants, there is no significant change in sales since the start of the policy in 2013. Practical Implications: The decline in restaurant sales due to the designation and expansion of non-smoking areas is temporary and can not be sustained over the long term. This result can be used to positively suggest negative perceptions of the designation and expansion policy of non-smoking areas. Also, this result can contribute to health promotion and smoking cessation policies by protecting non-smokers from the risk of secondhand smoking exposure and inducing smokers to decrease smoking rate and smoking amount.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.41-52
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to identify the conflict between residents and governments in partnership arising from the designation of National Important Agricultural Heritage for Damyang Samdari village and to suggest directions for improvement. To this end, residents of Samdari Village in Damyang, designated as an important national agricultural heritage, were interviewed. Interviews were analyzed through grounded theory, categorized into open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and a paradigm model was constructed. Through this, the central phenomena of resident participation patterns currently appearing in the village were identified, and causal, contextual, and intervening conditions were analyzed. Causal conditions were analyzed as one-sided administrative treatment, assortment matching project, one-time plan, excessive dependence of residents and economic damages of residents at the beginning of the designation of national important agricultural heritage. As a result, conflict between residents and local governments occurred as a central phenomenon, and contextual conditions such as decline in the competitive of bamboo resources and frequent change in managers were also affecting the central phenomenon. As intervening conditions to alleviate the central phenomenon, there are local government's purchase of bamboo fields and fragmentary business effects. The action taken by the residents and officials in response to a fixed conflict is called an action-interaction strategy. Residents refused to change and settled in reality, and local governments avoided conflict. From the beginning of the designation to the present, the villagers gradually lost interest in the National Important Agricultural Heritage due to problems and conflicts that occurred in the process of forming a partnership in the National Important Agricultural Heritage project. Based on the analyzed model, a plan to build the partnership standards on Damyang bamboo field to secure the sustainability of the field and increase the practicality of resident participation, that is partnership, was suggested.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.804-819
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• 2019

Ezine cheese is a non-starter and long-ripened cheese produced in the Mount of Ida region of Canakkale, Turkey, with a protected designation of origin status. Non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) have a substantial effect on the quality and final sensorial characteristics of long-ripened cheeses. The dominance of NSLAB can be attributed to their high tolerance to the hostile environment in cheese during ripening relative to many other microbial groups and to its ability to inhibit undesired microorganisms. These qualities promote the microbiological stability of long-ripened cheeses. In this study, 144 samples were collected from three dairies during the ripening period of Ezine cheese. Physicochemical composition and NSLAB identification analyses were performed using both conventional and molecular methods. According to the results of a 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, 13 different species belonging to seven genera were identified. Enterococcus faecium (38.42%) and E. faecalis (18.94%) were dominant species during the cheese manufacturing process, surviving 12 months of ripening together with Lactobacillus paracasei (13.68%) and Lb. plantarum (11.05%). The results indicate that NSLAB contributes to the microbiological stability of Ezine cheese over 12 months of ripening. The isolation of NSLAB with antimicrobial activity, potential bacteriocin producers, yielded defined collections of natural NSLAB isolates from Ezine cheese that can be used to generate specific starter cultures for the production of Ezine cheese (PDO).

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2019

Objective : The goal of this study was to investigate the characteristics of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), and associated neurocognitive functions as seen in visitors for military designation process. Methods : This retrospective study included 111 males aged 18 to 24 years among three groups: 41 visitors for military designation process (VMD), 21 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and 49 healthy subjects. We collected the results of the Young Schema Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, three neurocognitive tests as well as their clinicodemographic data. We analyzed the differences in EMSs between these three groups, and the correlations among the identified EMSs and neurocognitive performances within the VMD group. Results : Compared with both the OCD and healthy groups, the evaluation of the VMD group showed significantly higher scores in mistrust/abuse (F=6.4, p=0.002), vulnerability to harm (F=6.6, p<0.0001) and negativity/pessimism schema (F=7.3, p<0.0001), even when controlling for depression scores and levels of education. These three schemas also exhibited significant negative correlations with the score of Stroop test with r ranging from -0.34 to -0.44. Conclusion : These findings suggest that people who are likely to have difficulties adjusting to living in a military life may have psychological vulnerabilities related to certain EMSs. Further studies are warranted to test the clinical potentials of these findings, such as a treatment target and a predictor factor.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2022

South Korea is not a wasteland of publicly funded health care-instead, it has a good medical social security system known as the national health insurance (NHI). The NHI of Korea has three unique features; (1) low premiums, low insurance fees, and low coverage; (2) obligatory designation of medical institutions; (3) and allowance of non-benefit services. These features have made hospitals and doctors interested in profit-seeking. However, the commercialization of medical institutions has taken place in both private- and public-established sectors. A basic problem of commercialization is the co-existence of the obligatory designation of medical institutions and non-benefit services. The problem became worse in the Kim Dae-Jung government because it officially permitted non-benefit services. Since 2000, the Korean government has consistently pursued benefit extension policies, but the coverage rates of the NHI have stagnated. In addition, premiums and current medical expenses have markedly increased because policy-makers have emphasized accessibility to the NHI, while ignoring important principles of medical social security such as a needs-based approach and patient-referral system. In order to resolve the commercialization problem, the obligatory designation of medical institutions to the NHI should be changed to a contract system, and non-benefit services should be prohibited at NHI institutions. We must re-establish the patient-referral system via a needs-based approach. We also need to build a primary healthcare system and public health policies. We should make a long-term plan for healthcare reform.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.10a
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• pp.15-17
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• 2021

This paper proposes a drone flight trajectory method for accurate air pollutant emission designation detection. In areas with many factories, such as industrial complexes, there are workplaces that illegally emit air pollutants in a situation where monitoring is neglected. In the past, studies have been actively conducted to measure air pollutants in these areas using drones. The measurement method using a drone uses a method of detecting pollution by stopping around the chimney of a factory, but it has a problem in that the detection of air pollutants is inaccurate depending on environmental factors such as air pressure and wind. Therefore, this paper proposes a drone flight trajectory method for accurate air pollutant emission designation detection. This paper devises a screw orbit flight method in which a drone flies upward while rotating the chimney, and the total area of the chimney is detected and measured considering environmental factors. In the experiment, our proposal shows a higher performance than the existing method.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.39-61
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• 2024

Background: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) have been implementing the expedited programs that promote the innovative approval of new medications to be used for serious diseases. The authors comprehensively investigated, analyzed, and compared the regulations and guidelines associated with the expedited programs. Methods: The expedited programs for innovative drug development and approval were searched from the homepages of FDA, EMA and MFDS. The detailed information on the regulations and guidelines associated with the programs was comprehensively extracted from various electronic repositories of each regulatory authority. The information on each program was analyzed, categorized, and compared from the points of benefits, applicability with scientific rationale, application procedure, and maintenance. Results: FDA's programs include Fast Track Designation, Breakthrough Therapy Designation, Priority Review Designation, and Accelerated Approval. EMA's regulation implements PRIority MEdicines (PRIME), Accelerated Assessment, Marketing Authorization under Exceptional Circumstances (MAEC), and Conditional Marketing Authorization (CMA). MFDS has a single Expedited Program. These programs are broadly categorized into those that 1) facilitate early and proactive communication with regulatory authorities, 2) shorten the review time after submitting a marketing application, and 3) temporarily approve a marketing authorization under certain conditions. Conclusion: Each expedited program requires a different level and amount of safety and efficacy evidence to be submitted to each regulatory authority. This article will likely provide the comprehensive information on which program provides scientific and regulatory advantages to be taken for innovative medication development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2010

This study is attempted to establish the concept of Byeulseo Scenic Spot that the definitions of Byeulseo and Scenic Spot would be presented first followed by clarifying the basis, reason and justification that Byeulseo would be called as Byeulseo Scenic Spot that the following is the major results formulated herein. First, the concept of scenic spot under the Cultural Property Act is the reference to the famous site with the building improvement well known for its great scenery or the point where splendid scenery is viewed that has the artistic value along with the trace of human lives in this cultural heritage that, although the scenery is important but the attention has to be on discovery of historic resources with the story telling in the subject site. Second, the criteria of designation on the Scenic Spot in Korea would be natural scenery, animal and plant site with well-known scenery, view point of scenery, famous building or garden and important places with legend that there lacks diversification. In this aspect, the intent of the concept of Scenic Spot would be facilitated to expand the designation of the Byeulseo Scenic Spot as the Scenic Spot of living style. Third, from the foreign cases, particularly, in Japan, it is needed to note that Byeulseos and housing gardens are designated for 196 places of Scenic Spot, reaching 55.4% of entire Scenic Spots. Laws, regulations, systems and designated criteria on the cases of designating the foreign Scenic Spots would be studied and quoted. Fourth, the classification work for each type to designate as cultural heritage has to be continued as the Scenic Spot of subject site with even more emerged for the value as the Scenic Spot in garden, original site and the like classified as historic site, important folk data and the like. Fifth, the designation of Scenic Spot of Byeulseo garden with splendid scenery as the living Scenic Spot has to be expanded. The pavilion existed now nationwide would be approximately 1,500, and these pavilions are the place where the scholars stay in the famous site, and this is the central space of Byeulseo to study, and if there is clear one that has written and record of deed to create the stories to people with the value for publicity campaign, it would be the subject of Scenic Spot. And sixth, for the case of view point with splendid scenery in Byeulseo Garden, it cannot be the subject of designation that the designation of Scenic Spot has to be expanded. In the event of the Byeulseo garden in Korea, there are many cases of having outstanding view points, and there is a few case of designating the subject site with great view point as a Scenic Spot.