• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2005

Air gun has been one of the good tools to press two sheet metals. However, it is not easy to control the acting force precisely. A Servo-gun is a good tool to control the acting force on the workpiece comparing with the air gun. Servo-gun has a higher tensile shear strength and lower indentation depth as well as smaller spatter. Dynamic resistance was obtained according to the acting force and welding current. As the acting force was changed during welding, the welding quality was increased.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.415-424
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• 2014

기존 콘크리트 구조물 내력은 변위 및 스트레인 게이지를 통해 기지의 가력에 따른 변화량을 계측하고, 그 결과를 수치해석 결과와 비교하여 평가한다. 이는 결과적으로 현존 콘크리트의 잔류응력을 계측 평가하므로써 완성될 수 있다. 본 논문은 실험적 응력해석법의 일환으로 콘크리트 구조물에 대한 잔류응력을 비파괴적인 방식으로 평가하는 IITC (Instrumented Indentation Technique for Concrete) 시스템 개발과 관련된 것으로 콘크리트 구조물 표면에서 압입하중과 압입깊이와의 상관관계를 이용한 실험적 평가방법을 논하였다. 본 연구에서는 구성되는 H/W 및 분석용 S/W는 새롭게 개발하였으며, 다각도의 실험결과를 이용하여 콘크리트 구조물에서의 실험적 잔류응력 추정식을 창출하였고, 자동으로 잔류응력을 평가케 함으로써 콘크리트 구조물의 축성단계에서부터 유지관리 단계에까지 자유롭게 내력을 산정할 수 있도록 하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.1339-1347
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• 2013

기존 단축 크리프시험에서는 천이 크리프의 영향을 무시하고 정상상태 크리프만을 고려하기 때문에 실제 크리프 특성을 나타내지 못한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 천이크리프를 고려한 압입 크리프 물성평가법을 제시한다. 다양한 재료에 대해 구형압입시험 전산모사를 이용해 크리프 물성변화에 따른 거동을 살펴보고, 크리프 특성을 무차원 변수들의 회귀식으로 표현한다. 이를 토대로 천이크리프를 고려한 압입 크리프 물성평가 프로그램을 생성했다. 제시한 물성평가 프로그램을 통해 압입 하중-변위 곡선으로부터 크리프지수, 계수값들을 각각 1.1%, 2.3% 오차범위에서 예측할 수 있다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 역해석 방법을 통해, 중심각이 서로 다른 두 삼각뿔 압입자를 이용하는 재료물성 평가법을 제안한다. 자기유사성을 갖는 첨단형 압입자를 사용한 압입시험 전산모사시, 동일 압입깊이에 대해 원뿔형 및 삼각뿔 압입자가 주는 하중-변위 곡선들이 다름을 확인했다. 따라서 삼각뿔형 압입자를 이용한 물성평가는 원뿔형 압입자와 별도로 독립적인 연구가 필수적이다. 먼저 다양한 재료들에 대한 삼각뿔 압입 유한요소해석들로 얻은 하중-변위 곡선들의 특징을 살폈다. 이를 토대로 압입자 반각이 다른 두 삼각뿔 압입자를 이용해 유한요소해석으로 얻은 하중-변위곡선들의 회귀분석으로 재료물성치를 얻는 이중 삼각뿔 압입물성평가 알고리듬을 제시했다. 제안된 물성평가법을 이용하면 다양한 재료에 대해 평균오차 3% 이내로 영률 및 항복강도, 변형경화지수의 예측이 가능하다.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.155-172
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• 2015

This study analyzed the change pattern of Korean male body size in their 40s-60s and their current body shape based on the research materials of the 5th(2004) and 6th(2010) conducted by Size Korea. The purposes of this study are to make the related fashion industry recognize the changes of Korean male body size in their 40s-60s and suggest basic materials for clothing design that reflects such trend. As a result of analyzing changes of male body size in their 40s-60s by age, it was found that height, length, breadth and weight decreased across most of the items as the age increased. As for circumference, as the age increased, waist circumference (natural indentation), waist circumference (omphalion), and abdominal extension circumference increased, while other items decreased. In relation to the depth, as the age increased, hip depth and armscye depth decreased, while chest depth, bust depth, waist depth (natural indentation), and waist depth (omphalion) increased. Analyzing the change pattern of Korean male body size in their 40s-60s according to measurement year, height size increased in the 6th year across most of the body part items compared to the 5th year. It means that height of body parts related to body height increased in overall. As for circumference, most items showed decrease, which means that Korean male's body shape in their 40s-60s gets slim gradually. While the breadth of the chest decreased, the depth of the chest increased. which is assumed due to the increase in exercise according to high interest in health in a society. It will be possible to design proper clothes for consumer body type and trends if we design clothes that afford multilateral attention to the patterns, design, or material in clothing design by applying the aspects of Korean male body size in their 40s-60s and body type change.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.434-438
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• 1999

Vickers microhardness for polished Cu specimen has been measured by conventional and new methods. The conventional microhardness was measured by observing the diagonal of indentation after the load was removed. Whereas, the new method for microhardness was obtained by measuring the penetration depth of indenter into the specimen under the load. As the applied load was increased, the microhardness obtained by new method was increased. When the applied load was in the range of 5mN to 80mN, the rate of elastic to total depth of indenter was about 6% and the calculated depth of rounded indenter was 0.07$\mu\textrm{m}$. The difference in microhardness measured by two different methods such as conventional and new methods can be explained in terms of the elastic deformation of specimen, the shape of practical indenter and pile up of material.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2010

An application of the instrumented indentation technique has been expanded from the measurements of hardness and elastic modulus to the analysis of residual stress. A slope of the indentation loading curve increases (or decreases) according to compressive (or tensile) residual stress. A theoretical equation has been established for quantifying residual stress from the slope change. However, a precise observation of the remnant indents is indispensible because the theoretical approach needs actual contact information. In addition, the conventional hardness test is still used for predicting the residual stress distribution of welded joints. Thus, we observed the three-dimensional morphologies of the remnant indents formed on artificial stress states and analyzed stress effects on morphological recovery of the indents. First, a depth recovery ratio, which has been regarded as a sensitive stress indicator, did not show a clear dependency with the residual stress. Thus an analysis on volumetric recovery was tried in this study and yielded a inverse proportional behavior with the residual stress. In addition, an elastic to plastic volume recovery ratio showed more significant correlation with the residual stress.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2017

In this study, the effect of the tensile strength and ratio of disc spacing to penetration depth on the efficiency of tunnel boring machine (TBM) is investigated using Particle flow code (PFC) in two dimensions. Models with dimensions of $150{\times}70mm$ made of rocks with four different tensile strength values of 5 MPa, 10 MPa, 15 MPa and 20 MPa were separately analyzed and two "U" shape cutters with width of 10 mm were penetrated into the rock model by velocity rate of 0.1 mm/s. The spacing between cutters was also varied in this study. Failure patterns for 5 different penetration depths of 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, and 7 mm were registered. Totally 100 indentation test were performed to study the optimal tool-rock interaction. An equation relating mechanical rock properties with geometric characteristics for the optimal TBM performance is proposed. The results of numerical simulations show that the effective rock-cutting condition corresponding to the minimum specific energy can be estimated by an optimized disc spacing to penetration depth, which, in fact, is found to be proportional to the rock's tensile strength.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.606-612
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• 2003

Surface and mechanical properties of thin films with submicron thickness was characterized by nanoindentation with Berkovich and Vickers tips, and scanning probe microscopy. Nanoindention was made in a depth range of 15 to 200 nm from the surface by applying tiny force in a range from 150 to $9,000 \mu$N. Stiffness, contact area, hardness, and elastic modulus were determined from the force-displacement curve obtained. Reliability was first tested by using fused quartz, a standard sample. Elastic modulus and hardness values of fused quartz measured were the same as those reported in the literature within two percent of error. Mechanical properties of ITO thin film were characterized in a depth range of 15∼200nm. As indentation depth increased, elastic modulus and hardness decreased by substrate effect. Ion beam deposited DLC thin films were indented in a depth range of 40∼50 nm. The results showed that the DLC thin film using benzene and bias voltage 0∼-50 V has elastic modulus and hardness value of 132 and 18 GPa respectively. Pure DLC thin films showed roughnesses lower than 0.25 nm, but silicon-added DLC thin films showed much higher roughness values, and the wavy surface morphology.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2005

The nanoindenter and AFM have been used for nanofabrication, such as nanolithography, nanowriting, and nanopatterning, as well as measurement of mechanical properties and surface topology. Nanoscale indents can be used as cells for molecular electronics and drug delivery, slots for integration into nanodevices, and defects for tailoring the structure and properties. Therefore, it is very important to make indents of desired morphology (shape, size and depth). Indents of different shapes can be obtained by using indenters of different geometries such as a cube comer and conical and spherical tips. The depth and size of indents can be controlled by making indentations at different indentation loads. However, in case of viscoplastic viscoelastic materials such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) the time dependent deformation (TDD) should also be considered. In this study, the effect of process parameters such as loading rate and hold-time at peak load on the indent morphology (maximum penetration depth, elastic recovery, transient creep recovery, residual depth pile-up height) of PMMA were studied for hyperfine pattern fabrication.