• 대한수의학회지
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2016

Changes in the cardiovascular and bispectral index score were evaluated in dogs subjected to constant rate infusion (CRI) with alfaxalone. Fifteen dogs were assigned to three groups of 5. Groups and doses of alfaxalone were as follows: group 1, 3 mg/kg for induction and 6 mg/kg/h for CRI; group 2, 3 mg/kg for induction and 8 mg/kg/h for CRI; and group 3, 3 mg/kg for induction and 10 mg/kg/h for CRI. CRI was maintained for 1 h. Respiratory rates and blood pressures showed minimal changes; however, mild tachycardia and mild hypoxemia occurred, especially in group 3. There were some disparities between bispectral index score, electromyography and pedal withdrawal reflex test when measuring anesthetic depth. Additional premedications and/or analgesic agents would be helpful to avoid adverse effects of alfaxalone and provide improved cardiopulmonary functions.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제37권2호통권357호
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• pp.126-130
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• 1999

Forty healty patients (15 males and 25 females) between 19 and 45 years of age with mandibular impacted third molar were selected for this tudy. A visual analog scale from 0 to 100 was used on the day of the procedure and on the first postoperative day for patient pain assessment. 1. In comparative study according to anesthesia, preoperative medication, depth of impacted teeth and gender, there were a variable range of pain and no significant differences statistically. 2. Intraoperative pain was the highest in the 2nd decade and first postoperative pain was the highest in the 3rd decade (P=0.0398) 3. Intraoperative and postoperative pain of operative duration below 10 minutes were the lower than that between 11 to 20 minutes (P=0.0398)

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.503-512
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and microbiological effect of chlorhexidine rinse following scaling and root planing on periodontits. 10 patients with periodontal disease were selected for the study. They had not taken antibiotics for months and no history of dental treatment for 6 months before the study. They were good in general health. Patients received a scaling and root planing under local infiltration anesthesia, chlorhexidine rise group were subjected to twice a day 0.1% chlorhexidine rinse for a period 2 week. After initial clinical(plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth), microbiological and BANA tests were determined, each subject received a single session of scaling and root planing but no oral hygiene instructions. Clinical indices were measured, microbial parameters and BANA test were reassessed 1, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. The results were as follows : 1. Plaque index, gingival index and pocket depth in chlorhexidine rinse group and control group were not significantly reduce during all weeks when compared chlorhexidine rinse group with control groups. Plaque index in chlorhexidine rinse group and control group were siginificantly reduced at 1, 2, 4weeks(P<0.05), gingival index and pocket depth wee ignificantly reduced at 2, 4weeks in both groups(P<0.05). 2. Perecntage of cocci and motile rods was significantly changed at 1, 2, 4weeks in chlorhexidine rinse group(P<0.05), control group was significantly changed at 4weeks in control group(P<0.05), intergroup difference was significantly at 2weeks in cocci and 4weeks in motile rods(P<0.05). 3. Percentage of non-motile rods in all group were not significantly changed when compared with those of baseline. 4. Percentage of spirochetes was significantly reduced at 4 week(P<0.05), control group was not significantly reduced during all weeks. 5. BANA test scores was significantly reduced during all weeks in chlorhexidine rinse group(P<0.05), control group was not significantly reduced during all weeks. The result showed that clinical and microbiological effect following scaling, root palning and chlorhexidine on periodontal disease.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.168-171
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• 2004

The effects of alterations of dose of xylaznie (X) and Zoltil$\circledR$ (TZ) on canine anesthesia were examined. Experimental groups were divided into three (Group 1: X 1.1 mg/kg and TZ 10 mg/kg, Group 2: X 1.65 mg/kg and TZ 7.5 mg/kg, Group 3: X 2.2 mg/kg and TZ 5 mg/kg), and each had 5 dogs. A femoral artery was catheterized for measurement of blood pressure, and baseline value was measured. The dogs were sedated with xylazine intramuscularly, then after 10 minutes TZ were injected intravenously. Mean arterial blood pressures (MAP), duration of analgesia, mean arousal time (MAT) and mean walking time (MWT) after TZ injection were measured, and the depth of analgesia and the quality of recovery were scored. The values of MAP were recorded from the time of pre-xylazine injection to arousal. Duration of analgesia and was assessed by tail clamping test, and which were done at 10 minutes intervals after TZ injection. The decreases of MAP from 40 minutes after TZ injection were significant (p<0.05). In group 2, MAP at 20 minutes, and from 40 minutes to arousal were significantly decreased (p<0.05). In group 3, MAP were significantly decreased from 40 minutes. MAT were 62.2$\pm$9.2 minutes in group 1, 60.2$\pm$7.5 minutes in group 2, and 71.0$\pm$6.9 minutes in group 3. MAT in group 3 was significantly increased compared with group 2 (p<0.05), and the differences of MWT among each groups were not significant (p>0.05). The scores of quality of recovery were significantly lowered in group 3 compared with group 1 or group 2, which means the side effects of recovery were less occurred. Thus, it was considered that the combination X 2.2 mg/kg IM and TZ 5 mg/kg IV is more effective to surgical procedures and to prevent long and rough recovery of Zoletil anesthesia.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.18-21
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• 2006

그린 이구아나에서 medetomidine과 tiletamine/zolazepam의 병용마취시 atipamezole에 의한 길항효과를 알아 보기 위하여 본 실험을 실시하였다. 심박동수, 호흡수 그리고 체온을 측정하였으며 righting reflex에 의하여 마취의 심도 및 회복을 평가하였다. 두군 모두에서 심박동수와 호흡수는 마취주사 5분 후에 유의성 있는 감소를 보였으며 (p<0.05) atipamezole 주사 후에는 지속적으로 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 본 연구결과 atipamezole $500{\mu}g/kg$은 medetomidine $500{\mu}g/kg$과 liletamine/zolazepam 10mg/kg의 병용마취를 실시한 그린 이구아나에서 효과적인 길항 용량이라고 생각된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2018

최근 진정법은 소아치과의 영역에서 협조도가 부족한 어린이를 대상으로 흔히 사용되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 5년간 단국대학교 치과병원 소아 치과에서 시행된 진정법에 대한 정보를 다각도로 분석하는 것이다. 종합의료정보시스템(Order Communication System)을 사용하여 2011년 1 월부터 2015년 12월까지 단국대학교 치과병원 소아치과에서 시행된 치과 치료에 대한 정보를 수집하였다. 수집된 정보는 환자의 성별, 연령, 진정법 시행여부 및 약물 종류, 시술 날짜 및 유형이었다. 전체 증례에 대한 의식하진정법 사용 증례의 비율은 2011년에서 2014년까지 지속적으로 감소하였다. 반면 전신마취 증례의 빈도는 점진적으로 증가하였다. 의식하진정 유도를 위한 방법 중 midazolam 근육주사와 아산화질소 흡입진정의 사용빈도는 최근 증가하였다. 의식하진정법의 사용은 환아의 나이가 만3세 이상인 경우 그 빈도가 크게 감소하였으나, 전신마취는 전 연령대에서 사용 빈도가 비슷하였다. 환아가 여아인 경우보다 남아인 경우에, 그리고 수복치료만을 시행하는 경우보다 신경치료를 함께 시행하는 경우에 더 깊은 진정 상태에서 치료를 시행하려는 경향이 관찰되었다. 또한 진정의 심도가 깊을수록 수복치료 이후 90일 이내에 재치료를 시행하는 빈도는 감소하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.408-412
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• 2010

Introduction: This study examined the depth of sedation and the usefulness of the monitoring tool in determining the level of sedation in patients undergoing third molars extraction under conscious sedation with midazolam. Materials and Methods: Twenty two patients undergoing third molars extraction at the department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Ewha Womans Mokdong Hospital from February 2010 to April 2010 were analyzed. All patients were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) class I and had no contraindications tosedation. The bispectral index was recorded continually during surgery using a bispectral monitor. The initial sedation was accomplished using a 3 mg bolus of midazolam followed by a 2 mg bolus of midazolam until the level of sedation, at which the patient’s eyes were closed or the subject was responsive only to loud or repeated calling of their name, was reached. All subjects were surveyed with a postoperative questionnaire to evaluate the level of sedation. Results: The bispectral index (BIS) decreased approximately 5 minutes after midazolam administration, but increased at the local anesthesia injection and odontomy procedure. The amnestic effect was shown effectively in the early stages of surgery. Conclusion: Conscious sedation with intravenous midazolam is effective in achieving the effect of anxiolysis, analgesia and amnesia. The BIS is an objective and useful means of assessing the depth of sedation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2015

Background: Caudal epidural injections have been commonly performed in patients with low back pain and radiculopathy. Although caudal injection has generally been accepted as a safe procedure, serious complications such as inadvertent intravascular injection and dural puncture can occur. The present prospective study was designed to investigate the influence of the depth of the inserted needle on the success rate of caudal epidural blocks. Methods: A total of 49 adults scheduled to receive caudal epidural injections were randomly divided into 2 groups: Group 1 to receive the caudal injection through a conventional method, i.e., caudal injection after advancement of the needle 1 cm into the sacral canal (n = 25), and Group 2 to receive the injection through a new method, i.e., injection right after penetrating the sacrococcygeal ligament (n = 24). Ultrasound was used to identify the sacral hiatus and to achieve accurate needle placement according to the allocated groups. Contrast dyed fluoroscopy was obtained to evaluate the epidural spread of injected materials and to monitor the possible complications. Results: The success rates of the caudal injections were 68.0% in Group 1 and 95.8% in Group 2 (P = 0.023). The incidences of intravascular injections were 24.0% in Group 1 and 0% in Group 2 (P = 0.022). No intrathecal injection was found in either of the two groups. Conclusions: The new caudal epidural injection technique tested in this study is a reliable alternative, with a higher success rate and lower risk of accidental intravascular injection than the conventional technique.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2005

To assess anesthetic depth using quantitative electroencephalography (q-EEG), we recorded processed EEG (raw EEG) till 100 minutes in beagle dogs anesthetized for 60 minutes with tiletamine/zolazepam (n=5, TZ group), xylazine/ketamine (n=5, XK group) and propofol (n=5, PI group) by intermittent bolus injection. Raw EEG was converted into 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF) and median frequency (MF) through fast fourier transformation (FFT) method. 95% SEF value of TZ group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the XK group from 10 minutes to 100 minutes. 95% SEF value of PI group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the XK group from 10 minutes to 40 minutes, and significantly low (p<0.05) than XK group at 90 and 100 minutes. MF was significantly higher (p<0.05) in TZ group from 60 minutes to 100 minutes. Based on these results, using dissociative agent with ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic agent is more potent in CNS depressed than using dissociative agent alone, and low doses of propofol has a disinhibitory effect on CNS.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권sup2호
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• pp.294-299
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• 2001

Objectives : CT-guided stereotactic evacuation for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage can minimize the brain damage and can be performed safely and simply under local anesthesia. But that procedure is time consuming and has a risk of rebleeding because of the stress during head pin fixation. So authors describe easy and precise guidelines for FHA of putaminal hemorrhage without stereotactic instrument. Methods and Materials : We analyzed the data of 298 patients who underwent CT-guided stereotactic aspiration of putaminal hematoma in our hospital between January 1990 and December 2000. We divided the patients into three groups according to the location of hematoma : anterior portion, middle portion and posterior portion of putamen. Total number of catheters inserted into the hematoma were 345 and there were with regard to the direction and depth of catheters. Results : Proposed guidelines of catheter insertion to putaminal hemorrhage in our institution. 1) hematoma at the anterior portion of putamen ; Direction of catheter was the midpupillary line of the eye and the point intersecting a line drawn from the burr hole to a point between external auditory meatus(EOM) and 1cm posterior to EOM. Depth of catheter was 6-6.5cm. 2) hematoma at the middle portion of putamen ; Direction of catheter was the midpupillary line of the the eye and the point intersecting a line drawn from the burr hole to a point between 1cm and 2cm posterior to EOM. Depth of catheter was 6.5-7cm. 3) hematoma at the posterior portion of putamen ; Direction of catheter was 15 degree laterally from the midpupillary line of the eye and the point intersecting a line drawn from the burr hole to a point between 2cm and 3cm posterior to EOM. Depth of catheter was 7-7.5cm. We have performed FHA of putaminal hemorrhage in 48 cases according to this guideline. All catheter were inserted exactly at the center of hematoma and average operation time was about 30 minutes. Conclusion : Our proposed guidelines for putaminal hemorrhage are considered to be safe and simple method with similar accuracy and rapid decompression compared with traditional stereotactic method. Main advantages of this technique were unnecessity of stereotactic frame application and less time requirement for hematoma removal.