• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate treatment outcome and prognosis of the patients with orofacial pain disorders who visited for treatment in the Department of Oral Medicine, Dankook University Dental Hospital from January 2002 to December 2004. Orofacial pain disorders were categorized into TMD(myogenous, arthrogenous and muscle-joint combined TMDs), neuropathic pain disorder, oral soft tissue disease and complex condition simultaneously having more and two aforementioned categories and treatment period, method and treatment outcome were evaluated. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Average longevity of treatment period was the longest in the neuropathic pain, followed by soft tissue disease, complex conditions, arthrogenous TMD, muscle-joint combined TMD and myogenous TMD in order. 2. When treatment methods were largely categorized into pharmacologic, physical and oral appliance therapy, pharmacologic therapy was used the most frequently for the patients with neuropathic pain or oral soft tissue diseases, oral appliance therapy for those with arthrogenous TMD and physical therapy for those with myogenous TMD. 3. Of physical therapeutic methods used in our clinic, EAST and microwave was employed the most frequently in the patients with myogenous TMD, ultrasound for those with arthogenous TMD and LLLT for those with neuropathic pain or oral soft tissue disease. 4. In comparison with change of pain after treatment, there existed a tendency that pain from neuropathic pain disorders persisted while pain from TMD was getting better or totally disappeared. 5. Concerning the change of mouth opening range in the TMD subgroups, there was no significant difference among the subgroups but significant difference existed among opening ranges, indicating comfortable maximum mouth opening increased the most following treatment. Improvement of active range of mouth opening was the most considerable in those with disc displacement without reduction. It can be said on the basis of the findings from this study that various treatments currently used for the orofacial pain showed good results with TMD in regards with pain control and improvement of function, suggestive of favorable prognosis, while neuropathic pain or soft tissue disease was the clinical conditions difficult to resolve, requiring a long and persistent treatment.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.375-401
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• 1995

Cause of skeletal Class III malocclusion in growing patients can be classified into maxillary deficiency, mandibular overgrowth, and combination of the two. Use of Protraction Head Gear(P.H.G.) has been recommended for treatment of growing Class III malocclusion patients, for it results in forward & downward movement of maxilla and backward & downward rotation of mandible. Numerous animal experiments were performed and clinical study data have been reported ; nevertheless, studies on soft tissue profile change and comparison of treatment effects among the patients who had undergone treatment are considered to be somewhat insufficient. The author selected 93 patients, who had been diagnosed as skeletal Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiency and then treated with P.H.G. ; the sample group was divided according to sex, treatment beginning age, palatal suture opening(intraoral appliance), and facial growth pattern. For each group, changing patterns of hard and soft tissue profile observed, and comparision with 20 normal group(Angle's Class I) patients of statistical significance in amount of growth and treatment of hard and soft tissue was done. The following results were obtained. 1. Skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements indicated that more growth changes was induced in the sample group that used P.H.G. compared to the growth amount of normal group. 2. No statistical significance was observed in the amounts of maxillary forward movement and mandibular backward & downward rotation depending on treatment beginning age in both sex group. 3. R.P.E. showed more significant maxillary forward movement and less protrusion of upper incisor than La-Li. 4. There was no statistical significance in the amount of maxillary forward movement depending on facial growth pattern. On the other hand, measurements indicating mandibular downward & backward rotation indicated greater change in counterclockwise growth pattern group than the clockwise. 5. Changes in upper and lower lip thicknesses showed a close relationship with positional changes in underlying bone tissue and upper and lower teeth, and upper lip height and nasolabial angle increased and mentolabial angle decreased.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.323-330
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• 1999

It is well recognized that a cross-bite tends to occur more frequently among Japanese, Chinese and Koreans more than among Europeans. A variety of functional appliances have already invented for the treatment of cross-bites. One of them is the FR III(by Rolf $Fr\ddot{a}nkel$) which applies a quite different philosophy based on the using vestibular region compared with other methods which utilize muscular forces applied directly on the teeth. The FR III also increases both the lack of muscular tension against the dental arch and the dentition and muscular forces which can then influence the teeth indirectly. This mechanism can achieve favorable developments with the basal bone, teeth, and alveolar bone. After using FR III to the anterior cross-bite patient with the eruption of a maxillary incisor the results were as follows: 1. Forward growth of maxilla and proclination of the upper incisor 2. Downward and backward rotation of the mandible 3. Increase the facial height 4. The case which was normal mandible, underdevelopmental maxilla, deeper overbite and more nagative overjet exhibited good prognosis

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2012

In case of treating the functional type of anterior cross bite, removing the cause in early stage prevents from turning to skeletal type, leads to perform normal function, and has improved facial appearance. Functional Regulator III (FR III), one kind of the Functional regulator(FR)s suggested by R$\ddot{o}$lf Fr$\ddot{a}$nkel in 1966, applied to patients with the functional and skeletal anterior crossbite in early mixed, and permanent dentition. This appliance improves unbalanced power condition by blocking abnormal muscle-power effect, so that normal growth can be expected. In this case report, favorable results were obtained by selecting clinical cases of children in their early mixed dentition with functional cross bite. 1. FR IIIs were applied to patients with anterior crossbite for 5~6 months. Anterior crossbite patients were corrected favorably, nevertheless they didn't show any horizontal skeletal-changes by buccal shields. 2. Normal occlusion and esthetic facial contour were achieved from dental movement of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth while the mandible rotates to posterior and inferior direction.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.246-251
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• 2010

Impactions can occur because of malpositioning of the tooth bud or obstruction in the path of eruption. However, the exact mechanism is still unknown. The impaction of mandibular first molar is rare with prevalence rates of 0.01~0.25%, but it is important to deimpact the tooth as soon as possible to avoid complications such as dental caries, root resorption, and periodontal problems on the adjacent teeth. Several biomechanical strategies have been proposed for uprighting mesially tipped mandibular first molars. However, most of these have had problems with movement of the anchorage unit because of the reciprocal force. The recent development of skeletal anchorage system(SAS) allows direct application of precise force systems to the target tooth or segment, producing efficient tooth movement in a short time. In this case, an impacted mandibular left first molar with dilacerated roots was treated with a miniplate, which provided skeletal anchorage to upright the tooth. The miniplate was installed in the mandibular ramus, and 10 months after the application of orthodontic force, the impacted tooth was exposed in the oral cavity and uprighted. At this point, the mandibular left first molar was included in the orthodontic appliance with fixed mechanotherapy, the tooth could achieve a normal occlusion. Therefore, the use of SAS simplified the orthodontic procedures and reduced the orthodontic treatment period, and had few side effects.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to compare the differences of the demineralization resistance of resin infiltration and 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride in bovine teeth with artificial caries. We applied 1.23% Acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel and $Icon^{(R)}$ caries infiltrant on the artificial bovine enamel carious lesion and then demineralized all samples. The depth of demineralization was measured by using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) and observed the roughness and irregularity of the enamel was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In this experiment with demineralization resistance on smooth artificial carious lesion, less depth of demineralization, roughness, and irregularity of enamel was observed in APF gel and $Icon^{(R)}$ group than in the control group. There was no significant difference between the depth of demineralization of 1.23% APF gel and $Icon^{(R)}$ caries infiltrant group. However, resin infiltration is beneficial as less roughness and irregularity was observed on the enamel surface than when 1.23% APF gel is applied.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2003

The purpose of this present study was to develop a new way of self-curing acrylic resin, using commercially available polyphosphate, Calgon, which is known to be antimicrobial and safe. For the study, polyphosphate(polyP) was blended with acrylic powder and devided into four groups as follows: no polyP(control), 1% polyP, 2% polyP, and 3% polyP. For the experiment, Streptococcus mutans GS5, Streptococcus sobrinus 6715, Streptococcus gordonii G9B and Challis, Porphyromonas gingivalis 2561, and Candida albicans ATCC 90027 were used. Resin specimens in each group were tested in vitro for the purpose of investigating the effect of polyP on the microbial attachment, growth and hydrophobicity of the resin surface. The results were as follows. 1. PolyP added to the acrylic resin decreased attachment of S. mutans GS5, S. sobrinus 6715, S. gordonii G9B. The greater binding inhibition was found in acrylic resin polymerized with polyP at higher concentrations. 2. The addition of polyP to acrylic resin failed to significantly affect the growth of the tested microorganisms. 3. The addition of polyP to acrylic resin seemed to reduce hydrophobicity of the acrylic resin. PolyP in acrylic resin does not seem to exert a direct antibacterial activity, but rather inhibit attachment of oral bacteria, especially mutans streptococci to saliva-coated acrylic resin. The acrylic resin reduces attachment of streptococci may be due to the decreased hydrophobicity caused by polyP added to the resin. PolyP may be included to acrylic resin to inhibit dental caries which often occurs when removable acrylic resin appliance is placed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.464-474
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• 2009

To distalize the maxillary molars, the traditional techniques such as extra-oral traction, Wilson distalizing arches, removable spring appliances and Schwarz plate-type appliances have been used. But, these need considerable patient cooperation. For minimal patient compliance, many practitioners use the pendulum appliances. Several clinical studies demonstrated pendulum is effective molar distalization appliance in the growing patient(using the premolars and the palate as anchorage). But unfortunately, maxillary anterior teeth also shift mesially as the molar moves distally. As a result anchorage loss is occurred. To overcome these disadvantages, we used bone-supported pendulum, combined the conventional pendulum with Skeletal Anchorage System(SAS). The miniscrew was implanted in the anterior paramedian region of the median palatal suture, which has comparatively sufficient bone thickness and is low risk to damage on the dental follicles. We report three cases, using bone-supported pendulum for the maxillary molar distalization in children. After treatment, we find out anchorage stability, minimal unfavorable anterior tooth movement and sufficient molar distalization.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.368-373
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• 2010

The incisors function as instruments for biting and cutting food during mastication. They also support the lips and face and maintain vertical dimension. In addition, they contribute to overall normal arch appearance. They play important role during the articulation of speech and assist in guiding jaw closure. Extraction and space maintenance are the most common treatment for a tooth with poor prognosis. However, in the mixed dentition, extraction of the upper permanent incisors results in many complications, such as resorption of alveolar bone, poor esthetics, pronunciation, and mastication. Considering these various roles of incisors in oral cavity, approach for traumatized incisors, even the ones with poor prognosis, should be considered first prior to simple extraction. The dentist must take into account the age of the patient, growth potential, occlusion, oral hygiene status, economic status and motivation towards dental health in addition to patient compliance. In this case, although the prognosis was predicted to be unfavorable due to short root and mobility, we could save the central incisor using conservative treatment, reposition by orthodontic appliance instead of extraction.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.325-333
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• 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to illustrate the circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR) as a removable maxillary retainer with good potential patient compliance and to evaluate the discomfort of the retainers including distorted speech, gagging sensation and appliance discomfort. Methods: Sixty-six orthodontic patients (male, 23; female, 43; mean age, $23.42{\pm}10.19$ years) who received orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances were randomly assigned to two groups after debonding, a conventional wraparound retainer (CWR) group that fully covers the palate with an acrylic plate and a highly polished surface, and a circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR) group which has a horseshoe shaped base plate with three folds on the anterior region. A questionnaire that had a visual analog scale (VAS) which consists of a 100-mm horizontal line with 2 end-points labeled "no discomfort" on the left and "worst discomfort" on the right, with regard to distorted speech, gagging sensation and discomfort, was administered to patients after 4 weeks of retainer wear. The Mann-Whitney test was used to test the hypothesis that there was no difference between the two retainers. Results: Comparing distorted speech and discomfort, the CCR group significantly had lower values than the CWR group ($p$ < 0.05). Comparing gagging sensation, the CCR group had lower values than the CWR group but there were no statistically significant differences between groups ($p$ = 0.146). Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggest that the circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR) might facilitate patient compliance and thereby improve the maintenance of the fixed orthodontic treatment outcome.