• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.93-96
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• 2005

The arc melting was employed to prepare undoped $CoSb_3$ compounds and their thermoelectric properties were investigated. Specimen annealed at $400^{\circ}C$ for 24 hrs showed sound microstructure. However, considerable voids and cracks were found after annealing at above $500^{\circ}C$. It seems to be attributed to the phase dissociation and thermal expansion due to phase transitions during annealing and cooling. Single phase $\delta-CoSb_3$ was successfully obtained by annealing at $400^{\circ}C$ for 24 hrs. In the case of increasing annealing temperature, phase decompositions occurred. Undoped $CoSb_3$ showed p-type conduction and intrinsic semiconducting behavior at all temperatures examined. Thermoelectric properties were remarkably improved by annealing and they were closely related to phase transitions.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.157-162
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• 1995

비화학량론적 산화물$WO_{3-x}$의 비화학량 x값과 전기전도도를 350~700$^{\circ}C$의 온도 범위와 $2{\times}10_{-1}\;to\;1{\times}10_{-5}$ atm의 산소분압 범위에서 측정하였다. 비화학량론적 조성식에서 x의 생성엔탈피 ${\Delta}H^{\circ}_f$가 양의 값을 가지는 것으로 보아 결함생성은 흡열 과정이고, 결함생성의 산소분압 의존성인 1/n값은 -1/5.7~-1/6.1로 변하였다. 전기전도도의 활성화에너지는 각 산소분압에 따라 0.24~0.29 eV이었고, 전기전도도의 산소분압 의존성인 1/n은 -1/4.3~-1/7.6의 값을 나타내었다. 이로부터 n형 반도체로써 산화텅스텐의 결함모델은 낮은 온도에서는 1가로 하전된 산소공위가 우세하지만 온도가 상승함에 따라 2가로 하전된 산소공위가 우세해진다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.323-330
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• 2017

To understand the defect chemistry of multiferroic $BiFeO_3-based$ systems, we synthesized nonstoichiometric $Bi_{1+x}FeO_{3{\pm}{\delta}}$ ceramics by conventional solid-state reaction method and studied their structural, dielectric and high-temperature charge transport properties. Incorporation of an excess amount of $Bi_2O_3$ lowered the Bi deficiency in $BiFeO_3$. Polarization versus electric field (P-E) hysteresis loop and dielectric properties were found to be improved by the $Bi_2O_3$ addition. To better understand the defect effects on the multiferroic properties, the high temperature equilibrium electrical conductivity was measured under various oxygen partial pressures ($pO_2{^{\prime}}s$). The charge transport behavior was also examined through thermopower measurement. It was found that the oxygen vacancies contribute to high ionic conduction, showing $pO_2$ independency, and the electronic carrier is electron (n-type) in air and Ar gas atmospheres.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 USB Dongle에 적용 가능하고 Wibro(2.3~2.4 GHz), Wi-Fi(2.4~2.5 GHz), LTE7(2.5~2.7 GHz) 대역을 지원하는 광대역 안테나 설계 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 안테나는 PIFA(Planar Inverted-F Antenna) 구조를 기본으로 설계되었고, 리액티브 소자를 이용하여 임피던스 조절이 가능하고, 급전 구조와 방사체 간의 커플링을 조절하여 광대역을 실현하였다. 그 결과, 유전율이 4.4인 FR-4 PCB에서 $15{\times}5$ mm의 협소한 공간에서 안테나의 대역폭은 반사계수 -10 dB 기준으로 약 1 GHz 대역폭을 실현했다. 측정된 반사 손실, 대역폭과 방사 패턴은 시뮬레이션 값과 잘 일치하였다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.401-408
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• 2005

Recently shield TBM tunnellings are being applied to subway construction in Korean cities. Generally these kinds of tunnellings have the problems in the stability of ground such as subsidence because urban subway is constructed in the shallow depth. A sinkhole occurred on the road just above the tunnel during tunneling in Kwangju, so a survey for upper layer of the tunnel was needed. But conventional Ground Probing Radar can't be applicable due to the presence of steel-mesh screen in the shield segment, so no existent geophysical method is applicable in this site. Because the outer surface of each shield segment is electrically insulated, dipole-dipole resistivity method which is popular in engineering site investigation, was tried to this survey for the first time. Specially manufactured flexible ring-type electrodes were installed into the grouting holes at an interval of 2.4 m on the ceiling. The K-Ohm II system which has been developed by KIGAM and tested successfully in many sites, was used in this site. The system consists of 1000Volt-1Ampere constant-current transmitter, optically isolated 24 bit sigma-delta A/D conversion receiver - maximum 12 channel simultaneous measurements, and graphical automatic acquisition software for easy data quality check in real time. Borehole camera logging with circular white LED lighting was also done to investigate the state of the layer. Measured resistivity data lack of some stations due to failing opening lids of holes, shows general high-low trend well. The dipole-dipole resistivity inversion results discriminate (1) one approximately 4 meter diameter cavity (grouted but incompletely hardened, so low resistivity - less than $30{\Omega}m$), (2) weak zone (100-200${\Omega}m$), and (3) hard zone (high resistivity - more than 1000${\Omega}m$) very well for the distance of 320 meters. The 2-D inversion neglects slight absolute 3-D effect, but we can get satisfactory and useful information. Acquired resistivity section and video tapes by borehole camera logging will be reserved and reused if some problem occurs in this site in the future.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.368-373
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• 2010

In this study, we have investigated the effects of Cr dopant on the bulk trap levels and grain boundary characteristics of $Bi_2O_3$-based ZnO (ZB) varistor using admittance spectroscopy and dielectric functions (such as $Z^*,\;Y^*,\;M^*,\;{\varepsilon}^*$, and $tan{\delta}$). Admittance spectra show more than two bulk traps of $Zn_i$ and $V_o$ probably in different ionization states in ZnO-$Bi_2O_3-Cr_2O_3$ (ZBCr) system. Three kinds of temperature-dependant activation energies ($E_{bt}'s$) were calculated as 0.11~0.14 eV of attractive coulombic center, 0.16~0.17 eV of $Zn_{\ddot{i}}$, and 0.33 eV of $V_o^{\cdot}$ as dominant bulk defects. The grain boundaries of ZBCr could be electrochemically divided into two types as a sensitive to ambient oxygen i.e. electrically active one and an oxygen-insensitive i.e. electrically inactive one. The grain boundaries were electrically single type under 460 K (equivalent circuit as parallel $R_{gb1}C_{gb1}$) but separated as double one ($R_{gb1}C_{gb1}-R_{gb2}C_{gb2}$) over 480 K. It is revealed that the dielectric functions are very useful tool to separate the overlapped bulk defect levels and to characterize the electrical properties of grain boundaries.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2001

With the object of providing a temporary artificial periodonal ligament-like membrane around the dental implant, 10 Branemark type implants were coated with commercially available chitosan(Fluka Co., Buchs, Switzerland) which has a molecular weight of 70,000 and 80% deacetylation degree. Once this bioactive hydrophillic polymer(chitosan) contacts with blood or wound fluids, it becomes swollen and penetrates into the adjacent cancellous bone. Thus the interface between implant and surrounding bone is completely filled with chitosan. This tight junction in early healing phase enhances primary stability. The chitosan coated dental implants were implanted into the fresh patella bones from porcine knees, since the thickness of cortical bone is relatively even and their cancellous structure is homogenous. To test the shock absorbing effect, 1mm delta-rogette strain gage was installed behind the implant. The results showed 1. The principal strain peak value directed to the impact of coated implant was 0.064 0.018(p<0.05) and that of uncoated implant was 0.095(0.032 p<0.05). 2. The peak time delay of coated implant was 0.056sec(0.011 p<0.05) and that of uncoated implant was 0.024sec(0.009 p<0.05). It can be reasoned from this results that the chitosan coating has a shock absorbing effect comparable with a temporary artificial periodontal ligament.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.82-93
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• 2008

The flowfield behind two cylinders and flow-induced noise generated from the cylinders in various arrangement are numerically investigated based on the finite difference lattice Boltzmann model with 21 velocity bits. which is introduced a flexible specific heat ${\gamma}$ to simulate diatomic gases like air. In an isolated cylinder with two type of mesh. some flow parameters such as Strouhal number $S_t$ and acoustic pressure ${\Delta}p$ simulated from the solution are given and quantitatively compared with those provided the previous works. The effects of the center-to-center pitch ratio $L_{cc}/d=2.0$ in staggered circular cylinders as shown in Fig. 1 and angles of incidence ${\alpha}=30^{\circ}(T_{cc}/d=0.5)$, $45^{\circ}(T_{cc}/d =0.707)$ and $60^{\circ}\;(T_{cc}/d=0.866)$, respectively, are studied. Our analysis focuses on the small-scale instabilities of vortex shedding, which occurs in staggered arrangement. With the results of drag $C_d$ and lift $C_l$ coefficients and vorticity contours. the mechanisms of the interference phenomenon and its interaction with the two-dimensional vortical structures are present in the flowfields under $Re\;{\le}\;200$. The results show that we successively capture very small pressure fluctuations, with the same frequency of vortex shedding, much smaller than the whole pressure fluctuation around pairs of circular cylinders. The upstream cylinder behaves like an isolated single cylinder, while the downstream one experiences wake-induced flutter. It is expected that, therefore, the relative position of the downstream cylinder has significant effects on the flow-induce noise, hydrodynamic force and vortex shedding characteristics of the cylinders.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.338-345
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• 2020

차세대 비디오 부호화 표준으로 진행중인 VVC(Versatile Video Coding)는 HEVC(High Efficiency Video Coding)보다 두 배 이상의 압축 성능을 달성하기 위해 다양한 기술들을 채택하고 있다. 최근 배포된 VVC 참조 SW 코덱인 VTM(VVC Test Model)은 HEVC 대비 38% 이상의 BD-rate 부호화 성능 향상을 보이는 반면 부호화와 복호화 복잡도가 각각 9배, 2배 정도 증가를 보인다. 특히, 재귀적 MTT(Multi-Type Tree) 분할 구조와 HEVC 대비 2배로 증가한 화면내 예측모드 수로 인해 상당한 부호화기의 복잡도가 증가하였으며, 이를 감소시키기 위한 다양한 기법들이 연구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 부호화기의 복잡도를 감소시키기 위하여 블록내 화소의 기울기를 이용한 고속 화면내 예측모드 결정 및 블록분할 기법을 제시한다. 실험결과 VTM6.0 대비 AI(All Intra) 부호화 구조에서 3.54%의 부호화 성능 감소와 65%의 부호화 시간 절감 효과를 얻었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.393-400
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• 2017

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by lack of insulin and high glucose levels. T2DM can cause bone loss and fracture, thus leading to diabetic osteoporosis. Promoting osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts may effectively treat diabetic osteoporosis. We previously reported that Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), a $NAD^+$-dependent deacetylase, promotes osteogenic differentiation through downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ${\gamma}$. We also found that miR-132 regulates osteogenic differentiation by downregulating Sirt1 in a $PPAR{\beta}/{\delta}$-dependent manner. The ligand-activated transcription factor, $PPAR{\alpha}$, is another isotype of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family that helps maintain bone homeostasis and promot bone formation. Whether the regulatory role of $PPAR{\alpha}$ in osteogenic differentiation is mediated via Sirt1 remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to determine this role and the underlying mechanism by using high glucose (HG) and free fatty acids (FFA) to mimic T2DM in MC3T3-E1 cells. The results showed that HG-FFA significantly inhibited expression of $PPAR{\alpha}$, Sirt1 and osteogenic differentiation, but these effects were markedly reversed by $PPAR{\alpha}$ overexpression. Moreover, siSirt1 attenuated the positive effects of $PPAR{\alpha}$ on osteogenic differentiation, suggesting that $PPAR{\alpha}$ promotes osteogenic differentiation in a Sirt1-dependent manner. Luciferase activity assay confirmed interactions between $PPAR{\alpha}$ and Sirt1. These findings indicate that $PPAR{\alpha}$ promotes osteogenic differentiation via the Sirt1-dependent signaling pathway.