• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.576-584
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• 2011

Purpose: The shape and location, the amount of the wound and the characteristics of the remaining tissues are known to influence wound contraction. The previous studies using small animals have not been an appropriate model because the wound healing mechanisms and skin structures are different from those of the human. The purpose of this study is to evaluate wound contraction according to the shape and location of the wound using a $Micropig^{(R)}$. Methods: Four $Micropigs^{(R)}$ (Medikinetics, Pyeongtaek, Korea) that were 10 months of age weighed 25 kg were used. Full thickness skin defects were made by clearing all the tissues above the fascial layer in the shape of square, a regular triangle and a circle of 9 $cm^2$ each on the back around the spine. Eight wounds were created on the back of each pig, 50 mm apart from each other. The randomly chosen wound shapes included 11 squares, 11 regular triangles, and 10 circles. Wound dressing was done every other day with polyurethane foam. The wound size was measured using a Visitrak $Digital^{(R)}$ (Smith & Nephew, Hull, UK) on every other day after surgery from day 2 to day 28. A biopsy was performed on day 3, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks to investigate the degree of acute and chronic inflammation, the number of microvesssel and myofibroblast density using H & E stain and immunohistochemistry. The wound contraction rate was calculated to figure out the differences among each of the shapes and the locations. Results: The ultimate shape of the circle wound was oval, and that of the regular triangle and square were stellate. The maximum contraction rate was obtained on 8 to 10 days for all the shapes, which corresponds with the immunohistochemical finding that myofibroblast increases in the earlier 2 weeks whereas it decreases in the later 2 weeks. Epithelialization was seen in the wound margin on day 7 and afterwards. The final wound contraction rates were highest for the regular triangle shapes; however, there were no statistically significant differences. The wound contraction rates by locations showed statistically significant differences. The wound in the cephalic area presented more contractions than that of the wounds in the caudal area. Conclusion: The location of a wound is more important factor than the wound shape in wound contraction.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.611-616
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• 2009

Purpose: The rate of fistulas occuring followed by resection of oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer are reported to be 9 ~ 23% according to various documents. Neglected treatment of the fistula can result in a setback in proper treatment with restrictions in oral intake leading to delayed return to daily life. Furthurmore, in severe cases, it may injure important vessels and adjacent structures of the neck area. The author reviewed previously reported cases of treatment methods for fistulas recurring after diverse head and neck operations and with sharing the treatment experiments of our patients, we tried to present a treatment algorism for different fistula types. Methods: Our study was based on retrograde analysis of 64 patients who were clinically diagnosed with fistula after operation for cancer of the head and neck from 1997 to 2008 at Severance Hospital. Their primary sites of cancer were 8 oral cavity, 22 oropharynx, 25 hypopharynx, and 9 larynx. The patients were aged 45 to 75 years and the male to female ratio was 11 to 1. The patient's operation records and progress notes were evaluated for determination of degree of fistula and treatment methods. Results: Most fistulas were clinically suspected after postoperative 5 days and symptoms noted for detection of the fistula were erythema, purulent discharge, edema, tenderness, and fluctuation. The fistula was definitely diagnosed at postoperative 2 weeks with barium test and treatment method ranging from conservative management to operative procedure were applied to each patients. Total 21 patients were managed with conservative protocol. In 15 cases, direct repair of the fistula was done and more stable repair of the fistula was possible with using of TachoComb$^{(R)}$. Pharyngostoma was performed in 14 patients. Among them, 4 patients healed spontaneously, 5 patients were taken direct closure, 4 patients were taken pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap, and one patient was taken esophageal transfer. The other 14 patients were taken 11 pectoralis major musculocutaneous flaps and 3 free flaps without pharyngostoma formation. Conclusion: Fistula is a troublesome complication resulting after resection of head and neck cancer. Early detection and adequate treatment according to the period and condition of the fistula may prevent further complications and reduce the pain of the patient.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.247-252
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• 2005

Soil pH is an intensity factor of releasing hydrogen ion which is buffered by aluminum. It depends on pH buffer capacity of Al whether soil pH is governed directly by cations or not. A study was conducted to elucidate the pattern of pH changes by soil EC. Fertilizer and three kinds of organic manures composed of cow and pig and fowl dropping and one kind of rice straw compost were added independently into upland sandy loam soil. This treated soils and four upland soils under plastic film house having different levels in electrical conductivity (EC) were incubated with field capacity at $30^{\circ}C$ for 5, 10, 20 and 40 days. Soil pH varied directly as the cations contained in organic materials according to degree of saturating pH buffer capacity (pBC) of sandy loam soil. pH of the soils under plastic film house was lowered by soil EC due to governing by overplus of cation beyond pBC.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.445-455
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• 2014

The pear sucker (Cacopsylla pyricola) is the most important insect pest in Korea. The hatching rates of overwintered adults laid eggs were observed at 10, 13, 18, and $22^{\circ}C$. The liner model was draw as Y=0.00277X+0.00146(Y=developmental rate, X=temperature) about temperature and developmental rate to eggs. The developmental threshold temperature to eggs was assumed about $-0.83^{\circ}C$. The egg hatching timing over 50% as the accumulated temperature by day maximum temperature $6^{\circ}C$ over from 1st February in 2008, 2009 and 2011 was 429.7, 417.6, and 424.3 degree $^{\circ}C$, respectively, was 3 to 7days before full blooming in pear orchard. On the other hand, the abamectin 1.8EC, lime sulfer, machine oil and 13 kinds of eco-friendly materials were not shown the control effect to the eggs. To mixed stage of pear sucker, the eco-friendly materials over 90% control value were 4 kinds such as a mixture of Azadiractin A+B, Nimbin, Salanin, Meliantriol and Vepol after twice application as 21st May and 5th June in pear growing season, in 2012.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2003

For the purpose of making a functional and stable yogurt, new type yogurt were prepared from 12% whole milk and 2% skim milk added hot-water extracted from sea tangle. The yogurt product were evaluated for acid production(pH, titratable acidity), number of viable cell, viscosity, degree of curd sedimentation, quality-keeping property and sensory property. By addition of hot-water extracted from 0.5% sea tangle, the titratable acidity of yogurt(1.89%) was higher than that of yogurt not added hot-water extract of sea tangle(1.53%). The propagation of lactic acid bacteria was stimulated by adding hot-water extracted from 0.5% sea tangle, and the number of viable cells were about 1.4${\times}$10$\^$9/CFU/$m\ell$. On the other hand, the number of viable cells in control were 4.4${\times}$10$\^$8/CFU/$m\ell$. Viscosity of yogurt made from adding hot-water extracted from 0.5% sea tangle(25 CPS) was higher than that of yogurt with only milk(22 CPS). When yogurt made from adding hot-water extracted from sea tangle was kept at 7$^{\circ}C$ for 15 days, its quality-keeping was relatively good. The sedimentation of curd was repressed a little by adding hot-water extracted from 0.5% and 0.1% sea tangle. The overall sensory score of yogurt made from adding hot-water extracted from 1% sea tangle was the best of tested yogurt.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1142-1148
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different salting conditions, short-time salting(SS) and long-time salting(LS), on the fermentation and quality of dandelion kimchi. The desirable salt concentration of brine and salting time evaluated by salting degree were 16 hrs at 5% brine, 8 hrs at 10% brine and 4 hrs at 15% brine, respectively. Among them, the best quality of salted dandelion was salting of 10% brine for 8 hrs. But the bitter taste in salted dandelion treated by SS was remained. The proper condition to salt and remove the bitter taste in salted dandelion together was salting by LS, which was salted for 4 days in 100% brine changed once a day. pH of the dandelion kimchi salted for 8 hrs in 10% brine during fermentation at $10{\times}$ was lower than that of LS kimchi, but acidity, total microbe, number of lactic acid bacteria, content of reducing sugar and vitamin C were higher than those of LS kimchi. The optimum- fermentation periods of SS(salted for 8 hrs in 10% brine) and LS kimchi evaluated by sensory test were 40th and 50th day, respectively.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.4
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• pp.18-21
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• 1986

This study was conducted to clarify the period of induction and awakening of Liatris spicata corm dormancy, and investigated effect of gibberellin treatment on the dormancy break of corm. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. Ratio of sprouting, shooting and rooting were gradually declined after August 30. These ratio showed the lowest to trend on November 14 during experiment and gradually increased after this time. Ratio were excellent as 100% after January 29. 2. Also, average days for sprouting were the longest on the November 14, but it was rapidly declined after January 29. 3. The period of induction and awakening of corm dormancy were late in September and from late January to early February, respectively, in Daegu, Korea. 4. Effects of GA-treatment on the dormancy break of corm were excellent. Especially, its effects on the dormancy break were the deeper in degree of dormancy, the better.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.16
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• pp.24-30
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to elucidate and study about plant defense mechanism subjected to water stress(drought, flooding). We measured water content, total soluble protein content as stress marker and superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase (CAT) as antioxidant enzymes subjected to water stress(drought, flooding) and recovery in soybean leaves. The results obtained were as follows; Two soybean lines(keonolkong, euhakong)leaves exposed to water stress (drought, flooding) showed premature senescence as evidence by the decrease in water content, and total soluble protein content, but those of soybean leaves subject to water stress recovery for 3 days were recovered. Visual damage was much worse at drought stress than flooding stress and was worse keunolkong than enhakong. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase subjected to water stress(drought, flooding)was on the decrease, but degree of decrease was different from a sort of soybean lines, drought and flooding stress.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.990-998
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• 2019

Introduction: Stroke refers to a sudden brain disease that results in disorders in the anatomy of the brain. The cause is a sudden circulatory disorder of the cerebrovascular system that creates a consciousness disorder and hemiplegia. Despite aggressive treatment after the onset, stroke is a social problem because the patient has difficulty in recovering from sequelae that can include limb movement disorders, language disorders, and emotional disorders. In this study, we describe the effect of traditional Korean medicine treatment on the sequelae in a subacute cerebral infarction patient admitted to a Korean medical hospital. Case presentation: A 67-year-old male patient was diagnosed with cerebral infarction circa 2005, and his condition had not improved. Around March 15, 2018, he experienced the sudden onset of a cerebral infarction in his daily life. This was confirmed by a brain MRI, and he was hospitalized at other hospitals, but he showed no improvement. We conducted a manual muscle test (MMT) to evaluate the patient's exercise and strength. His gait level was measured to evaluate his degree of walking. He was treated with Bojungikgi-tang and acupuncture twice a day. After 34 days of inpatient treatment, the patient's exercise strength improved from Grade 2+~Grade 3 to Grade 3+ determined by the MMT, and his walking ability improved from Gait Level 3 to Gait Level 4. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that acupuncture and herbal medicine treatment can help treat patients with hemiplegia due to cerebral infarction.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.63.1-63.14
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• 2021

Background: Recently, mesenchymal stem cells therapy has been performed in dogs, although the outcome is not always favorable. Objectives: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) matching between the donor and recipient in vitro. Methods: Canine adipose-derived MSCs (cA-MSCs) isolated from the subcutaneous tissue of Dog 1 underwent characterization. For major DLA genotyping (DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two dogs (Dogs 1 and 2) were analyzed by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. The cA-MSCs were co-cultured at a 1:10 ratio with activated PBMCs (DLA matching or mismatching) for 3 days and analyzed for immunosuppressive (IDO, PTGS2, and PTGES), inflammatory (IL6 and IL10), and apoptotic genes (CASP8, BAX, TP53, and BCL2) by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Results: cA-MSCs were expressed cell surface markers such as CD90⁺/44⁺/29⁺/45^- and differentiated into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes in vitro. According to the Immuno Polymorphism Database, DLA genotyping comparisons of Dogs 1 and 2 revealed complete differences in genes DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1. In the co-culturing of cA-MSCs and PBMCs, DLA mismatch between the two cell types induced a significant increase in the expression of immunosuppressive (IDO/PTGS2) and apoptotic (CASP8/BAX) genes. Conclusions: The administration of cA-MSCs matching the recipient DLA type can alleviate the need to regulate excessive immunosuppressive responses associated with genes, such as IDO and PTGES. Furthermore, easy and reliable DLA genotyping technology is required because of the high degree of genetic polymorphisms of DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 and the low readability of DLA 88.