• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2011

Five natural rubber (NR) composites with different reinforcing systems of unfilled, carbon black, carbon black with silane coupling agent, silica, and silica with silane coupling agent were thermally aged and change of the crosslink densities by the accelerated thermal aging was investigated. The crosslink densities on the whole increased as the aging time elapsed irrespective of the reinforcing systems. The crosslink density changes became noticeable by increasing the aging temperature. For carbon black-filled composites, the silane coupling agent made the crosslink density change to be increased. For silica-filled composites, however, the silane coupling agent made the crosslink density increment reduced at 60 and $70^{\circ}C$ and it hardly affect the degree of the crosslink density change at 80 and $90^{\circ}C$. The activation energies for the crosslink density changes of the carbon black-filled samples increased continuously in a logarithmic fashion, whereas that of the silica-filled one showed a quasi-steady state ranges at aging times of 30-150 days. The activation energy of the unfilled sample increased exponentially with the aging time. The experimental results were explained with sulfur donation from the silane coupling agent, surface modification of the filler by the silane coupling agent, adsorption of curative residues on the silica surface, and release of the adsorbed curative residues.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.217-227
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• 2015

Objectives : This study is an evaluation of the effectiveness of treatments combined with Korean medical methods, such as relaxative Chuna and Gangchuk herbal medicines, for patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Methods : In this study, medical records of ten patients who experienced failed back surgery syndrome and participated in intensive Korean medical treatment were reviewed. All patients received relaxative Chuna and acupuncture along with Gangchuk herbal medicines during hospitalization. Numeric rating scale(NRS) in the degree of 0 to 10, pain-free walking distance(PFWD) and oswestry disability index(ODI) were measured before and after treatments. Results : The patients were hospitalized for an average of 22 days. The average NRS of lumbar pain in all patients decreased from $7.7{\pm}1.6$ to $3.2{\pm}2.2$ and the average NRS decline of leg pain was from $7.7{\pm}1.7$ to $3.2{\pm}2.2$, both of which indicate statistical significance(p < 0.05). PFWD in all patients increased from 113.3 m to 798.1 m on average. The average ODI in all patients significantly improved from $63.9{\pm}7.0$ to $43.9{\pm}6.9$(p < 0.05). Conclusions : The treatments combined with Korean medical methods for failed back surgery syndrome patients are clinically effective and viable.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and is led to physical disability. Yet the development of effective disease-modifying treatments has lagged. In this study, I examined the effect of physical therapeutic intervention through microcurrent stimulation and attempt to find which degree of intensity, either 25 ${\mu}A$ or 500 ${\mu}A$ with a regular 5 pps pulse, is more effective in the osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was induced with a mixture of 2% carrageenan and 2% kaolin in 26 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The mixture (0.1 $m{\ell}$) was injected into the intra-articular capsule of knee joint once a week for three weeks. Five animals did not show degenerative changes by radiological findings and excluded in the following experiment. Osteoarthritic animals were randomly divided into 3 groups ($n_1$, $n_2$, $n_3$=7/each): untreated, treated with 25 ${\mu}A$, treated with 500 ${\mu}A$. All experimental groups received microcurrent stimulation for four weeks (15 min/day, 5 days/week). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis on the walking corridor was accomplished every week. Histological preparations and immunohistochemical staining with insulin-like growth factor-1 were also done in the articular cartilages. All of these parameters were compared with those of osteoarthritic control group (n=7). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis revealed that changes of walking track (paw width) and stride length was significantly increased in both experimental groups. The better results were observed in experimental group treated with 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity without significance than group treated with 500 ${\mu}A$. Histological preparations disclosed that routine hyaline cartilage of articular surface were altered to fibrous cartilage in untreated group and experimental group treated with 500 ${\mu}A$ intensity. But a little changes were seen in experimental group treated with 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity. Immunolocalization of insulin-like growth factor-1 was simultaneously decreased according to the duration of osteoarthritis, and did not show significant difference among the groups. In this study discovered that the microcurrent stimulation, especially 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity, had a positive effect by the ethological inspection, histological and immunohistochemical stainings. These results suggest that microcurrent stimulation with low-intensity might be effective in the promotion of healing process for the osteoarthritis.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2001

The ability of neonates to perceive and react to pain, has been acknowledged recently. Recent researches have been shown that even short term pain can have lasting negative effects. We know that most of the anatomical pathway and neurotrans-mitter function necessary for pain perception are fully or nearly fully developed in the neonatal period. Many people are still reluctant to believe that pain felt by neonates may be as severe as that felt by older children or adults yet. The objective of the study is to assess and compare the analgesic effects of orally administered sucrose and pacifiers. And to determine the synergistic analgesic effects of sucrose and pacifiers. The tools for this study is Lawrence's NIPS (neonatal infant pain scale) with behavioural pain responses and index for pain physiological reponses as heart rate, respiratory rate and degree of SaO₂. The participants are 96 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7days and randomised to receive heel prick before 2minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of K Medical University Hospital on May-July, 2000. The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups : no treatment; a pacifier; placebo(2ml 25％ sucrose). Collected data were analyzed with the SAS program using X²-test, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test as post hoc. The results were as follows. 1) Pain behaviour responses: The pain score of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000). Placebo group is different from no treatment and pacifier group with Duncan's multiple range test. 2) Pain physiologic responses (1) heart rate: The heart rate of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000). The heart rate change of placebo group is less than the other groups. (2) respiratory rate: The respiratory rate of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.2340). But, the respiratory rate of placebo group is lower than the other groups. (3) SaO₂: The SaO₂ score of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.3265). But, the change of SaO₂ score of placebo group is less than the other groups. In conclusion, the sucrose placebo showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and less physiological responses. Accordingly, the sucrose placebo should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2007

The saccharogenic liquid (SFW) obtained by the enzymatic saccharification of food wastes was used as a medium for production of bacterial cellulose (BC). The enzymatic saccharification of food wastes was carried out by the cultivation supernatant of Tricoderma inhamatum KSJ1 culture. Acetobacter xylinum KJ1 was employed for the BC production culture. Under the scaled-up aeration condition of 1.0 vvm, 5.64 g/L of BC was produced in 3 days cultivation in 50 L air circulation bioreactor using SFW medium with addition of 0.4% agar. The productivity was similar to that of 10 L air circulation bioreactor (5.84 g/L). This cultivation method with 50 L air circulation bioreactor decreasing shear stress and increasing oxygen transfer coefficient ($k_La$) was very useful in BC mass production. The physical properties, such as morphology, molecular weight, crystallinity, and tensile strength of BC produced by the static culture (A), the air circulation culture using 10 L bioreactor (B) and 50 L bioreactor (C) were investigated. The number average molecular weight of BCs produced under the different culture conditions (A-C) showed 2,578,000, 1,975,000, and 1,809,000, respectively. Tensile strength was 1.72 $kg/mm^2$, 1.19 $kg/mm^2$, and 1.18 $kg/mm^2$, respectively. All of the BCs had a form of cellulose I representing pure cellulose. The relative degree of crystallinity showed the range of 86.2$\sim$87.8%. BC production by the air circulation culture mode brought more favorable results in terms of the physical properties and its ease of scale-up. Therefore, it is expected that the new BC production method, the air circulation culture using SFW, would contribute greatly to BC-related manufacturing.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2000

Three kinds of the mashes of 15%, 20% and 25% of boiled wax gourd containing 15% of sugar were fermented by yeast at $5{\sim}10^{\circ}C$ for 100 days. After fermentation, total sugar content of 15% mash was 7.3%, 20% mash 5.0% and 25% mash 4.0% respectively. Also, it revealed that in reducing sugar content, 15% mash was 4.5%, 20% mash 3.4% and 25% mash 4.0%, respectively. In protein content, 15% mash was 10.1mg/ml, 20% mash 13.9mg/ml, 25% mash 10.9mgl/ml, and in amino acid content, 15% mash was $0.27{\mu}mol/ml$, 20% mash $0.51{\mu}mol/ml$, and 25% mash $0.31{\mu}mol/ml$, each. In case of pH, 15% mash was 3.85, 20% mash 3.76, and 25% mash 3.51. In acidity, 15% mash was 0.34%, 20% mash 0.84%, and 25% mash 1.35%, respectively. In the number of yeast cell, 15% mash was 0.34%, 20% mash 0.84%, and 25% mash 1.35%, respectively. In the number of yeast cell, 15% mash was 6.30 logCFU/ml, 20% mash 6.85 logCFU/ml, and 25% mash 8.45logCFU/ml, respectively. In ethanol content, 15% mash was 11.4%, 20% mash 12,4%, and 25% mash 11.5%, respectively. Succinic acid content ranges from 1,128~1,385mg/l. In Acetic acid, 20% mash showed 2,806 mg/l and 25% mash 4,952 mg/l by acidification. Five-grade scoring test of sensory evaluation showed that in its taste degree, 15% mash was 3.26, 20% mash 3.00 and 25% mash 2.46, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.357-362
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• 2007

Copris tripartitus Waterhouse is a coprophagus insect which enhances the soil fertility as conveying dung into the soil. We compared preimaginal development, mortality, and size of C. tripartitus at various temperature condition (15, 17.5, 20, 25, 27.5, 30). Total preimaginal periods ranged from 118.0d at $17.5^{\circ}C$ to 49.3d at $27.5^{\circ}C$. Development threshold temperature (DT) and total effective temperature for the development of egg, larva, pupa and for complete development (egg to emergence) were 12.1, 11.2, 12.1 and $9.2^{\circ}C$ and 82.7, 462.0, 225.7 and 947.2 degree days, respectively. The mortality of egg and larva was the lowest at $25^{\circ}C$. The optimum temperature for hatchability and on the development of C. tripartitus was estimated to the $25^{\circ}C$.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.67-79
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• 2014

These days open source softwares are being introduced and applied in many countries in the world. Especially, both government and private companies tend to become an spearhead in vitalizing the open source software. In this paper we try to check the degree of vitalizations in open source GIS software and to draw implications in vitalizing ecosystem of open source GIS software. Key players of open source GIS software ecosystem are government, private companies, academic and research institutes, and nonprofit foundations. Government does not have very little policies related to the investment and the support of open source GIS software. Private companies related to the open source GIS software are very few in the number and do not have any clear business model to make a profit. Academic and research institutes are weak in using the open source GIS software, which can be an major obstacle to cultivate software developers. OSGeo Korean branch, established in 2009, is the only nonprofit foundation in Korea which makes an effort to vitalize the open source GIS software, but its results are not very strong up to now in view of both quality and invigoration. In order to vitalize the open source GIS software ecosystem, lots of efforts of key players are needed. Especially, government efforts are very important because it can provide a trigger in vitalizing the open source GIS software ecosystem. The tasks that government should propel are R&D investment, test bed projects in the area of public sector, professional manpower training, and international cooperation and marketing.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.261-274
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• 2015

Although fasting programs have recently attracted close attention because of benefits of detoxification, few studies have examined these programs. This study investigates the effects of a modified juice-based fasting program on lipid metabolism. A total of 33 volunteers fasted for 10 days and participated in program lectures, exercise programs, water bath regimens, and enemas. Pre- and post-program blood samples were obtained to evaluate lipoprotein levels. A paired t-test was conducted using SPSS 18.0. Changes in the lipid profile were observed during the juice-based fasting program and attending 3 degrees. All lipid profiles decreased significantly, including total cholesterol (TC) (p<0.001), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<0.05). Program participation was documented by assessing attendance levels as high, moderate, and low. TC decreased significantly in all programs and levels (p<0.05), TG decreased proportionally only in enemas according to the attending degree: high (48 %), moderate (20 %), and low (10 %). HDL-C decreased at all low levels, but moderate exercise ($53.8{\pm}12.5mg/dL$ to $55.6{\pm}10.2mg/dL$) and a high enema ($54.9{\pm}14.1mg/dL$ to $55.0{\pm}9.4mg/dL$) showed small increases. The antioxidant property of the juice-based fasting program in terms of the blood vessel, enemas, and exercise played an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease from increased levels of HDL-C. These results suggest that juice-based fasting and combined lifestyle programs may help improve lipid metabolism and protect against dyslipidemia.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.87-97
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• 1997

This study is descriptive research clarifying the relations between physical inconvenience, social aptitude and sense of satisfaction In life of the chronic arthritis patients. This research has been conducted from 115 patients by structured self-reporting questionnaires and direct interview of the adult patients over the age of 16 years old who had been under treatment in 3 University hospitals in Seoul from Oct. 4, 1996 through Oct. 24, 1996 for 20 days. The collected materials have been under t-test and F-test(ANOVA) per variables after computerizing using SPSS package and the correlation between various causes was conducted by pearson's correlation coefficient method. The results are as the follows : 1) Generally the age of starling the disease was 40-60 with 91 in female(79.0%) and male 88(76.5%), the persons who had the religion showed the high rate of being taken ill and the persons with over high school education have fallen ill by 46.1%. The monthly income has shown that 77.5% was over 1,000,000won or over, the periods of the disease in average was 4 years 3 months showing it was the chronic disease, the degree of recognizing the disease was 19.0%, spouse and children were most concerned about their disease and the part of Joint attacked was knee(73.0%), wrist(43.5%) and others which showed that they have been very inconvenient in daily life. 2) The variables affecting to physical inconvenience were by age (F=9.06, p=.000), education level(F=7.14, p=000), economic standards (F=2.18, p=.05), the period of disease(F=3.09, p=.03), hospitalized or not(F=3.23, p=.002), showing such correlations. 3) The variables affecting to the social adaptation were by age (F=3.47, p=.018), education level(F=4.98, p=.001), periods of taken ill (F=419, p:.007), hospitalized or not (F=3.23, p=.004) and the operation or not (F=1.30, p=.028) showing such correlations. 4) The variables affecting to life satisfaction were by sex(t=2.08, p=.045), economic status(F=3.15, p=.01) being able to explain statistically. Through the above correlations, they are required to receive self-management education positively to elevate the effect of rehabilitation treatment and effective nursing arbitration and also they required to be reduced physical inconvenience at the early stage and be helped to be able to lead the quality life in satisfaction by elevating the diverse adaptation to the society by correcting the transformed joint.