• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.57.4-58
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• 2021

Asteroids have undergone various processes such as impacts, space weathering, and thermal evolution. Because they expose their surfaces to space without atmosphere, these evolutional processes have been recorded directly on their surfaces. The remote-sensing observations have been conducted to reveal these evolutional histories of the target asteroids. For example, crater and boulder distributions are unambiguous evidence for past nondestructive impacts with other celestial bodies. Multiband and spectroscopic observations have revealed space-weathering history (as well as compositions). Whereas most physical quantities have been examined intensively using spacecraft and telescopes, only a little has been studied on "the grain size". It is one of the fundamental physical quantities for diagnosing the collisional and thermal history of asteroids. Our group has conducted polarimetric research of asteroids (as well as Moon [1]) to determine the particle size and further investigate the evolutional histories of target asteroids [2],[3]. For example, the existence of regolith on an S-type asteroid, Toutatis, was suggested almost twenty years before space exploration [4]. Moreover, we reported that near-Sun asteroids indicate a signature of submillimeter grains, which could be created by a thermal sintering process by solar radiation [5]. However, it is important to note that in-situ polarimetry has not been reported on the asteroid surface, although the Korean Lunar Exploration Program aims to do polarimetry on the lunar surface [6]. Therefore, it is expected that the polarizer mounted on the Korean Apophis spacecraft can make the first estimate of the grain size and its regional variation over the Apophis surface. In this presentation, we outline research of S-type asteroid surfaces through remote-sensing observations and consider the role of polarimetry. Based on this review, we consider the purpose, potentiality, and strategy of the polarimetry using the onboard device for the Apophis spacecraft. We will report a possible polarization phase curve of Apophis estimated from ordinary chondrites and past observational data of S-type asteroids, taking account of the space weathering effect. Based on this estimation, we will consider the strategy of how to determine the particle size (and space weathering degree) of the Apophis surface. We will also mention the detectability of dust hovering on the surface.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.27-43
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to assess relative importance of hospital attributes considered by patients with spinal diseases in choosing specialty or general hospitals. A total of 230 patients hospitalized with spinal diseases in sampled study sites, including 2 specialty and 2 general hospitals, participated in a self-administered questionnaire survey from April 26 through May 8 2007. Patients were asked to rate the degree of agreement on each of the 15 attributes on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 : strongly disagree, 5 : strongly agree) for which they chose the hospital because of that specific attribute. Based on a Factor analysis, the attributes were grouped into 4 : facility and environment, accessibility, interpersonal factor, and credibility. Both patient groups from specialty (mean scale score ; 3.75) and general hospitals (3.62) commonly considered 'credibility' to be the most important attribute, followed by 'facility and environment (3.05 and 3.21).' Logistic regression analysis showed that men(Odds ratio(OR)=0.333) and those with monthly income of $\geq$ 4 million won (OR=0.298) were less likely to choose specialty hospitals. Age groups of 30 to 39 years old (OR=5.140) and $\geq$ 60 years old(OR=4.761), and professionals (OR=5.207) tended to choose specialty hospitals. Patients expressing more importance on 'facility and environment' attribute were less likely to use specialty hospitals (OR=0.571), whereas those emphasizing 'accessibility' were more likely to use specialty hospitals(OR=1.487). The findings of significant difference in patient's demographic characteristics and consideration in hospital attributes would contribute to have a better understanding on patient's choice behaviour and to develop strategy to improve patient's satisfaction.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.261-280
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• 2019

This study is a qualitative study on the case of teaching mathematics between parents and children. 12 lesson units were applied to the 5th grade elementary school child for the first semester, 2019. The purpose of this study was to identify conceptual understanding in the area, the types of problems that child felt difficult during the learning and parents' advantages and difficulties in this setting. For this study, video recording and voice recording were collected for each lesson class. The concept of the area was recognized correctly, the awareness of reconstruction became clear, and the concept of partitioning, unit iteration and structuring an array was more clearly rebuilt. He showed difficulty in conversion between units of the area, in displaying height of the shape whose height is displayed outside and drawing type of figure with same area after the value of the area was offered. In the learning situation of parents and children, parents who are researchers have the advantage of being able to customize up to their children and being free from time and cost constraints. There were difficulties in controlling negative emotion toward the child, determining the level of the children, distribution the class time and deciding the degree of intervention. Furthermore, research on parenting and child-to-parent teaching in mathematics is recommended.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 2021

In this study, most of the previous researches on the analysis of apology are limited to comparative study of apology in different countries from the perspective of cross-cultural communication and analysis of apology in daily life. Therefore, by introducing pragmatics on apology strategy and cultural interpretation theories, this study tried to analyze apology and apology strategies in the seventh season of American TV series Desperate Housewives. Specifically speaking, based on Trosborg's classification of apology strategies, this study sorted out, classified and counted apology strategies in the seventh season of Desperate Housewives, and then 200 apology strategies were randomly selected and analyzed in detail. The statistical results showed that 'expression of apology' strategy was used at the highest frequency of 64.0%, followed by 'explanation or account' and 'minimizing the degree of offence'; 'Acknowledgement of responsibility', 'offer of repair' strategy, 'expressing concern for hearer' and 'promise of forbearance' were used relatively less frequently. The results can be interpreted by America's high individualism, low power distance and low-context culture having great influence on the frequency of American apology strategy. This study can increase understanding of apology and culture, reduce offence in communication with Americans, and make cross-cultural communication smooth, and meanwhile it is expected to enrich the research scope of TV drama art by analyzing language in TV drama art.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.834-840
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• 2022

Objective : C-reactive protein (CRP) level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and white blood cell (WBC) count are inflammatory markers used to evaluate postoperative infections. Although these markers are non-specific, understanding their normal kinetics after surgery may be helpful in the early detection of postoperative infections. To compliment the recent trend of reducing the duration of antibiotic use, this retrospective study investigated the inflammatory markers of patients who had received antibiotics within 24 hours after surgery according to the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service guidelines and compared them with those of patients who had received antibiotics for 5 days, which was proven to be non-infectious. Methods : We enrolled 74 patients, divided into two groups. Patients underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) at a single institution between 2019 and 2020. Group A included 37 patients who received antibiotics within 24 hours after the PLIF procedure, and group B comprised 37 patients who had used antibiotics for 5 days. A 1 : 1 nearest-neighbor propensity-matched analysis was used. The clinical variables included age, sex, medical history, body mass index, estimated blood loss, and operation time. Laboratory data included CRP, ESR, and WBC, which were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 5, and 7. Results : CRP dynamics tended to decrease after peaking on POD 3, with a similar trend in both groups. The average CRP level in group B was slightly higher than that in group A; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed operation time, number of fused levels, and estimated blood loss as significant predictors of a greater CRP peak value (r²=0.473, p<0.001) in patients. No trend (a tendency to decrease from the peak value) could be determined for ESR and WBC count on POD 7. Conclusion : Although slight differences were observed in numerical values and kinetics, sequential changes in inflammatory markers according to the duration of antibiotic administration showed similar patterns. Knowledge of CRP kinetics allows the assessment of the degree of difference between the clinical and expected values.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.432-444
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the perceptions and the educational needs of pre-service primary and secondary teachers on cooperative learning in science. The survey was administered to 102 seniors at the department of science education in three universities of education and 64 seniors at the department of chemistry education in three colleges of education. The results revealed that the pre-service primary and secondary teachers learned the theories and experienced the practices on cooperative learning through various methods in the several subjects, and especially had many difficulties in appling cooperative learning to the demonstrations and/or the actual science classes. The degree of their understanding on cooperative learning was comparatively high, and the perceptions on the advantage/disadvantage of cooperative learning in science, the willingness practicing it, and the outside aids influencing on implementing it were relatively positive. They highly perceived on the necessities of diverse educations related on cooperative learning in science in pre-service teacher education processes. The willingness implementing cooperative learning in science class was significantly correlated with the necessities of diverse educations. These were also significantly correlated with the perceptions on the advantage/disadvantage of cooperative learning in science, the educational assessments on the advantage/disadvantage of it, and the educational assessments on the outside aids influencing on implementing it, respectively. Educational implications of these findings are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for preserving forest ecosystem with understanding forest wetland condition of Mt. Cheongok. It was found from this research that vascular plants of surveyed area were composed of 72 families, 167 genera, 209 species, and 2 subspecies, 27 varieties, 5 formae. totaling 243 taxa. Among the investigated vascular plants, Korea endemic plants were 9 species, rare plants 15 species, and naturalized plants 8 species, respectively. According to the occurrence frequency within the wetland investigated, obligate upland plants (OBU) accounted for 75.72% (184) among the total species investigated, wherea obligate wetland plant (OBW) were four species (4.65%). There were 26 of hygrophyte plants and 2 of emergent plants in the research area according to wet degree. According to habitat category, the most frequently occurred habitat was forest (136 species, 55.97%), and the others were in the order of meadow and shrubland (70 species, 28.81%), wet meadow (35 species, 14.40%), and aquatic environment (2 species, 0.82%), respectively. In the result of analysis of important value, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Carex pseudosinensis was the highest as 22.17% and 10.40%. It was confirmed that the species diversity was relatively high. Shannon-Wiener's species diversity index was calculated as 2.507. Based on these results, long-term monitoring survey should be urgently needed for ecological restoration and recovery.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.4 s.100
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• pp.511-529
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate traditional Kyunggi area Korean foods suitable for standardization and commercialization as well as to investigate the perceptions of experts about these foods, and to analyze the important value factor characteristics according to classified traditional food groups by residents of the Kyunggi(n=104)areas of Korea. We determined the degree of value of various traditional foods by asking respondents to 13 items based on a 5 point Likert scale, and used the total scores of the items to determine their value. Based on the results of the total scores and frequently chosen foods, we attempted to select the foods suitable for standardization and commercialization. The results are summarized as follows. For main dishes Ogok-bap was selected as the primary suitable for standardization and commercialization. Next were Incheon yeong yang bap, Hobak-beombek, Hobak-juk, Gesungpyeonsu, Tteokguk, Kimchibap, Kimchimandu, and bap, respectively. Of the side dishes Bossam-kimchi was selected as the primary suitable food for standardization and commercialization followed by Bindaetteok, Sondubu, Samgyetang, Baekkimchi, Doenjang-jjigae, Suwongalbi, Japchae, and Cheonggukjang-jjigae, respectively. Finally, for favorite foods, Duteop-tteok was selected as the primary food suitable for standardization and commercialization. Next were Jeungpyeon, Yakgwa, Yaksik, Maejakgwa, Ssuk-tteok, Yeongeunjeonggwa, Songpyeon, and Osaekdasik, respectively. This study shows that a resident's evaluation of a traditional Kyunggi Korean food is affected by the their sense of value of the food, as well as by the social structure, which includes the population, economic condition, food policies, industrial technology, and culture. This research was conducted to preserve traditional Kyunggi Korean foods and to improve this area's regional income from the prospect of sellable goods. We expect that this research to be used as basic data in the development of new commercial traditional foods by the food industry, by offering a better understanding of diverse consumer sense and to also be used with dietary education data relative to following traditional meal patterns for diverse age groups.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to establish trail use impact indicators, and evaluate the degree of use impact based on the understanding of the causality among the impacts on the spot. Theoretical reviews developed three indicators in terms of three ecological impacts, four physical impacts, and five sociological impacts, respectively. With this indicators, observation and questionnaire survey were employed on Gwanak Mountain Trail to measure the levels of impacts forementioned. As for the ecological impact, Some loss of ground cover vegetation was reveled near the trail due to trail use, however the level of disturbance by the naturalized and exotic plants was insignificant. Physical impacts such as soil hardness, enlargement of trail width were found intensified. The result of measuring sociological impacts showed visitors had expected higher level of crowding and encounters before their visit, therefore overall satisfaction level was positive, despite higher awareness level of actual crowding. Intensified continuing use of the trail is aggravating ecological and physical impacts on Gwanak Mountain trail, because of its location in a metropolitan area. Sociological impacts seem favorable at present, however if ecological and physical impacts were deteriorated, sociological impacts would also be affected. To maintain the quality level of use experience, managerial efforts to improve climbing culture as well as ecological and physical environment such as restoration of damaged areas are needed.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.111-133
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was closely to explore the guidance experiences of senior elementary teachers who have had over 30 years of teaching experiences in elementary school based on interpretive(or hermeneutic) inquiry. The entry research question was 'What are the guidance experiences of senior elementary teachers like?' Seven senior elementary teachers working for O elementary School in G city participated in this study voluntarily. Each participant was interviewed twice in a consecutive manner. 14 periods of interview were completed all together and each period took about 40-60 minutes. In conclusion, this study conceptualized the guidance experiences of the senior elementary teachers(participants) as follows: First, the concepts of guidance held by the participants were conceptualized as 1) supporting and caring activity helping students to lead joyful school life, 2) assisting activity helping students to grow on good basic life habits, 3) character building activity helping students to lead integrative growth. Second, the fields and contents of guidance held by the participants were conceptualized as basic life habits, manners, and health & safety. Interestingly, these concepts were evolved in connection with their personal, practical teaching experiences rather than in-service teacher education. Third, the guidance methods frequently used by the participants were co-work with parents, exemplary storytelling, counselling, and praise. The participants applied these methods differently according to the grade, individual difference, and school curriculum policy to some degree. Fourth, the participants have experienced a lot of struggles with students, teachers, and parents in doing their guidance practices throughout the whole teaching career. Their guidance experiences commonly shifted from more teacher-centered or authoritative to more student-centered or relational way as their teaching years accumulated. Interestingly, all the participants more or less lived as lifelong learners to create their own right space as senior teachers in today's competitive and challenging landscape. This study strongly suggests that responsible teacher education can playa great role of enabling senior teachers to cope with guidance issues successfully. Compared with the speedy social change, the teacher education in Korea had been so authoritative, provider-based, subject-based until recently and it have not met the needs and wants of the elementary teachers in field. This trend has significantly hindered them from catching up with the needs of the speedy social change in terms of contemporary guidance issues. This study is limited in that the data is solely collected based on interview. So, an observational research is strongly suggested in order to uncover the situated understanding of the guidance experiences of elementary senior teachers.