• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.230-239
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• 2015

This study was performed to find a relationship between each pattern identification and vascular status using the second derivative of photoplethysmogram waveform(SDPTG) indices. We analyzed 200 subjects who participated in stroke preventive examination. We classified the subjects into four groups of pattern identifications; Fire-Heat pattern(火熱證; FH), Yin Deficiency pattern(陰虛證; YD), Qi Deficiency pattern(氣虛證; QD) and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(濕痰證; DP) that based on Korean Standard Pattern Identifications for Stroke-Ⅲ. We studied a relationship between each pattern identification and the SDPTG. The total number of the subject group was 200, whereas the groups were divided into four groups; Fire-Heat pattern group(n=49), Yin Deficiency pattern(n=57), Qi Deficiency pattern(n=45), and Dampness-Phlegm pattern(n=49). b/a ratio was related with age and systolic blood pressure, c/a ratio was associated with age, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and Total cholesterol, d/a ratio was affected with age, diastolic blood pressure, and hypertension, e/a ratio was related with age and sex and SDPTG AI was associated with age. c/a ratio and d/a ratio were significantly higher in the Fire-Heat group than in the Qi Deficiency group. SDPTG AI was significantly higher in the Qi Deficiency group than in the Fire-Heat group. The Qi Deficiency group was significantly older than the Fire-Heat group and the number of hypertension patients was significantly more in the Fire-Heat group than in the Qi Deficiency group. Through this study, we found out some significant relationships between each pattern identification group and the SDPTG indices.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2018

Objectives The objective of this study is to examine the interpretability of the questionnaire-based pattern identification in terms of biosignals. For this purpose, we investigate the relationship between electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) and Qi-Blood-Yin-Yang Deficiency Questionnaire (QBYY-Q) in diabetic patients. Methods A total of 40 patients with diabetes mellitus answered the QBYY-Q and their ESC were measured by SUDOSCAN device (a diabetes screening device, France). To analyze the relationship between QBYY-Q and ESC, ANOVA analysis and Scheffe test were performed and Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained. Results Of the 40 diabetic patients, 23 (57.5%) were males and 17 (42.5%) were females. According to the QBYY-Q, 9 patients were classified into Qi deficiency pattern (QD), 9 patients were Blood deficiency pattern (BD), 10 patients were Yin deficiency pattern (YiD) and 12 patients were Yang deficiency pattern (YaD). Demographic information (age, body mass index, duration of illness, etc.), signs of vitality (blood pressure, body temperature, etc.), fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were not significantly different in each deficiency pattern. The ESC of the right leg was significantly lower in the BD group compared to the YiD group (p<0.022). Pearson's correlation coefficient was negatively correlated with the BD questionnaire score (r=-0.343, p <0.05). Finally, ESC showed a positive correlation with hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels in all limbs (r=0.483, p<0.01). Conclusions We showed that ESC could be used to classify the Deficiency pattern identifications in diabetic patients. Especially, the ESC was significantly lower in the BD group and was negatively correlated with the BD scores. It implies the potential utility of the ESC to understand the BD in terms of modern biosignals.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.147-167
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study is to summarise pattern-identification of shoulder pain based on the classics of oriental medicine, current literature and domestic papers. Methods : The materials selected were sourced from the classics of oriental medicine, current literature and domestic papers which contained data related to pattern-identification of shoulder pain. The pattern-identifications were compared to determine the similarities, and these were classified. Results : Thirty-five studies were reviewed, and thirty-seven pattern-identifications were collated. These were classified into the following groups: wind-cold-dampness group(n = 8), blood stasis group(n = 3), phlegm group(n = 7), dual deficiency of Qi and blood group(n = 4), deficiency cold group(n = 2), liver-kidney deficiency group(n = 1) and meridian-collateral group(n = 12). Conclusions : On the basis of the classification of pattern-identifications, two groups of pattern-identifications for shoulder pain were suggested. The first group included the pattern-identification associated with a disease-cause, which included the wind-cold-dampness pattern(風寒濕型), blood stasis pattern(瘀血型), phlegm pattern(痰飮型), Qi-blood deficiency pattern(氣血兩虛型), deficiency cold pattern(虛寒型), and liver-kidney deficiency pattern(肝腎虧損型). The second included the pattern-identification associated with the meridian-collateral, which included the hand greater Yin meridian pattern(手太陰經型), hand Yang brightness meridian pattern(手陽明經型), hand lesser Yin meridian pattern(手少陰經型), hand greater Yang meridian pattern(手太陽經型), hand reverting Yin meridian pattern(手厥陰經型), hand lesser Yang meridian pattern(手少陽經型), and foot greater Yang meridian pattern(足太陽經型).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2017

This study covers pattern differentiation based on Korean medical references, research trend and modern clinical applications about Sleep-Wake disorders of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-V) published by American Psychiatric Association. Insomnia disorder is mostly caused by yin deficiency of liver-kidney or liver qi depression and main patterns are heart-kidney non-interaction, deficiency-excess complex pattern containing phlegm-heat due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. Hypersomnolence disorder is more due to yang deficiency rather than yin deficiency and it's major pattern is spleen-kidney yang deficiency. Cataplexy is main feature in narcolepsy and corresponds to depressive psychosis or fainting in terms of Korean Medicine and narcolepsy is assumed to be relevant to liver wind. Breathing-related sleep disorders are related with phlegm-fluid retention brought on spleen deficiency with dampness encumbrance. Pattern of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders is combined with yin deficiency of liver-kidney or liver qi depression of insomnia disorder and spleen-kidney yang deficiency or dampness-phlegm of hypersomnolence disorder. Yin deficiency with effulgent fire brought on drugs or alcohol is one of main patterns of substance/medication-induced sleep disorder and combined patterns with yin deficiency of liver-kidney and blood stasis or dampness-phlegm-heat are mostly applied clinically. This study drew major and frequently applied patterns of sleep-wake disorders based on Koran medical literature and modern clinical applications. And that can be the groundwork for the task ahead like clinical practice guideline of sleep-wake disorders containing pattern differentiation, diagnosis and prescriptions.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Objectives: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the agreement between traditional face-to-face Korean medicine (KM) pattern identification and non-face-to-face KM pattern identification using the data from related questionnaires, tongue image, and pulse features in patients with cancer. Methods: From January to June 2020, 16 participants with a cancer diagnosis were recruited at the one Korean medicine hospital. Three experienced Korean medicine doctors independently diagnosed the participants whether they belong to the cold pattern or not, heat pattern or not, deficiency pattern or not, and excess pattern or not. Another researcher collected KM pattern related data using questionnaires including Cold-Heat Pattern Identification (CHPI), tongue image analysis system, and pulse analyzer. Collected KM pattern related data without participants' identifier was provided for the three Korean medicine doctors in random order, and non-face-to-face KM pattern identification was carried out. The kappa value between face-to-face and non-face-to-face pattern identification was calculated. Results: From the face-to-face pattern identification, there were 13/3 cold/non-cold pattern, 4/12 heat/non-heat pattern, 14/2 deficiency/non-deficiency pattern, and 0/16 excess/non-excess pattern participants. In cold/non-cold pattern, kappa value was 0.455 (sensitivity: 0.85, specificity: 0.67, accuracy: 0.81). In heat/non-heat pattern, the kappa value was 0.429 (sensitivity: 0.75, specificity: 0.72, accuracy: 0.75). The kappa value of deficiency/non-deficiency and excess/non-excess pattern was not calculated because of the few participants of non-deficiency, and excess pattern. Conclusions: The agreement between traditional face-to-face pattern identification and non-face-to-face pattern identification seems to be moderate. The non-face-to-face pattern identification using questionnaires, tongue, and pulse features may feasible for the large clinical study.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.18-32
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• 2020

Objectives In order to find out the relationship between the Eight Principle Pattern Identification of Cold-Heat, Deficiency-Excess and the Sasang constitution, we analyzed the clinical data from 500 women with menstrual pain and women without menstrual pain. Methods In the previous study, the subject's information of Typology Complexion Pulse and Symptom was collected, and Eight Principle Pattern Identification was executed based on this. Later, the relationship between the Sasang constitution and the Eight Principle Pattern Identification was statistically analyzed. Results and Conclusion 1. The obvious difference between the experimental group and the control group in the patterns of Cold-Heat and Deficiency-Excess is that patients who complain of menstrual pain do not maintain harmony with the yin-yang ratio, it can be said that the patterns of Cold-Heat and Deficiency-Excess can be a Identification standard that significantly obscures the condition of the disease. 2. There was a significant difference between the Sasang constitution and the Eight Principle Pattern Identification of Cold-Heat. There was no significant difference between the Sasang constitution and the Eight Principle Pattern Identification of Deficiency-Excess.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.232-242
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean standard pattern identifications for stroke-III (KSPIS-III). KSPIS-III includes 4 major pattern identifications (PIs) and clinical indicators for each. Methods : To extract the indicators for 4 major PIs, we analyzed 1548 clinical data from 15 traditional Korean medicine hospitals. Patients got acute stroke within 30 days from onset. Two physicians independently checked 65 indicators and performed pattern diagnosis. If the PI were diagnosed the same, PI would be confirmed. First we built an assumption model that set up the relationship among pattern identifications. Second, we extracted the indicators for fire-heat pattern and qi deficiency pattern by comparison between excessive and deficiency group, heat and non-heat group. By comparing yin deficiency pattern and 3 other patterns respectively, we extracted the indicators for yin deficiency pattern. Dampness-phlegm pattern indicators were extracted by the same method. Results : After cross tabulation with 65 indicators on the basis of our assumption model, we finally extracted 19 indicators for fire-heat pattern, 11 for qi deficiency pattern, 7 for yin deficiency pattern, and 7 for dampness-phlegm pattern. Conclusions : KSPIS-III was more improved than KSPIS-II because it was based on more clinical data. Further study to establish the PI diagnostic model would be required for practical use in the clinical field.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2008

Objectives We aimed to explore obesity pattern among overweight and obese Korean adult women using oriental obesity pattern identification questionnaire. Methods This survey was performed using data of 83 overweight and obese women aged from 20 to 55 yrs (BMI ${\geq}\;23\;kg/m^2$ : n=18, BMI ${\geq}\;25\;kg/m^2$ :ｎ=65) in Seoul, from 2007 to 2008. Subjects were given written consent and this study was performed under the permission of institutional review board of Kyung-Hee East-west Neo Medical Center. Results 1. The distribution of oriental obesity pattern identification did not show any differences between obese and overweight group(p>0.05). 2. The ratio of significantly-scored oriental pattern identification was ordered by Stagnation of the liver Qi(肝欝, 21.7%) > Indigestion(食積, 18.1%) > Spleen deficiency(脾虚, 16.9%) > Yang deficiency(陽虚, 14.5%) (n=83). 3. The frequency of top-scored oriental obesity pattern was ordered by Stagnation of the liver Qi(肝欝, 36.1%) > Indigestion(食積, 24.1%) > Yang deficiency (陽虚, 15.7%) (n=83). 4. The frequency of oriental obesity pattern identification was ordered by Stagnation of the liver Qi(肝欝, 41.7%) > Indigestion(食積, 29.2%) > Yang deficiency(陽虚, 12.5%) > Stagnation of the liver Qi and Yang deficiency(肝欝兼陽虚, 8.3%) (n=24). Conclusions In Korean adult overweight and obese women, Stagnation of the liver Qi(肝欝), Indigestion(食積), and Yang deficiency (陽虚) were found to be the main pathology based on oriental obesity pattern identification questionnaire. It suggests that not only physical status but also general condition and emotional problem should be concerned in treatment of obesity. This study could play a role as a preliminary data of oriental obesity pattern identification.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to confirm clinical usefulness of MCG data by analyzing korea medical results of heart disease patients. We used the Heart Disease Questionnaire which asks for Qi deficiency-pattern, Blood deficiency-pattern, Yin deficiency-pattern, Yang deficiency-pattern, Qi stasis-pattern, Blood stasis-pattern, Heart heat-pattern, Phlegm-pattern. Magnetocardiography(MCG) is the measurement of magnetic fields emitted by the human heart from small currents by electrically active cells of the heart muscle. Comparing the MCG results and korea medical diagnosis, we showed clinical usefulness of MCG results and korea medical diagnosis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.49-60
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• 2019

Objectives: To develop a standardized diagnostic pattern identification equation for stroke patients, our group conducted a study to derive the predictive logistic equations. However, the sample size was relatively small. In the current study, we aimed to derive new predictive logistic equations for each diagnostic pattern using an expanded number of subjects. Methods: This study was a hospital-based multi-center trial recruited stroke patients within 30 days of symptom onset. Patients' general information, and the variables related to diagnostic pattern identification were measured. The diagnostic pattern of each patient was identified independently by two Korean Medicine Doctors. To derive a predictive model for pattern identification, binary logistic regression analysis was applied. Results: Among the 1,251 patients, 385 patients (30.8%) had the Fire Heat Pattern, 460 patients (36.8%) the Phlegm Dampness Pattern, 212 patients (16.9%) the Qi Deficiency Pattern, and 194 patients (15.5%) the Yin Deficiency Pattern. After the regression analysis, the predictive logistic equations for each pattern were determined. Conclusion: The predictive equations for Fire Heat, Phlegm Dampness, Qi Deficiency, and Yin Deficiency would be useful to determine individual stroke patients' pattern identification in the clinical setting. However, further studies using objective measurements are necessary to validate these data.