• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.24-39
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• 2018

Introduction The purpose of this study was to systematically review previous studies on Sasang type-specific pathophysiological symptoms in urination and defecation. Methods Peer-reviewed articles on type-specific pathophysiological symptoms of urination and defecation published until September 2016 were extracted from domestic and international six databases. Clinical characteristics from thirteen extracted articles were categorized into three urination domains of appearance of urine, capacity of bladder and urinary discomfort, and three defecation domains of irritability of bowel movement, functional constipation and discomfort from irregularity. Results As for the urination, Tae-Eum type showed dark color with foam, however So-Eum type had frequent urination and sensitivity to dysuria but no nocturia and residual urine sense. As for the defecation, So-Yang type showed frequent urgency and constipation, however So-Eum type reported loose stool. So-Yang type showed varied level of health status depending on defecation irregularity. There were disparities with rectal tenesmus among Sasang types. Discussion Six domains of urination and defecation related type-specific pathophysiological clinical symptoms were provided in this study. This study would contribute to the standardized clinical measures of Sasang typology in the near future.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.567-576
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• 2020

Purpose: Not enough attention has been paid to defecation habits in Japan. This study aimed to emphasize the importance of defecation habits on health and function in Japanese pupils. Methods: Using multiple regression analysis, 2,722 questionnaires obtained from pupils in grades 5 to 12 were analyzed to determine lifestyle habits associated with defecation frequency. Results: Significant regression formulae for defecation scores were obtained for all school types: elementary school (ES) (adjusted R²=0.08, p<0.001), junior high school (JHS) (0.09, p<0.001), and senior high school (SHS) (0.15, p<0.001). The following factors were associated with poorer defecation scores, according to school type: female gender (all 3 school types), breakfast skipping (elementary and JHSs), lower physical activity (JHSs and SHSs), and longer school-day screen time (elementary and SHSs). In addition, poorer self-reported academic performance scores in ES, less standardized body mass index (BMI) in JHS, and shorter non-school- day screen time scores in SHS, were associated with poorer defecation scores. Conclusion: Poor defecation frequency showed significant associations with various lifestyle habits, such as breakfast skipping, physical activity, and screen time, among pupils. Academic performance and standardized BMI were also associated with defecation frequency. More attention should be paid to defecation frequency to sustain health and function in pupils.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2004

Cold hypersensitivity is the condition with unusual cold sensitivity at temperature when others don't feel so. It is not disease in itself, but is known as having relationship with infertility, dysmenorrhea, anemia and endocrine disorder. The symptoms of cold hypersensitivity appear on limbs and abdomen especially, and may affect bowel movement such as constipation or diarrhea. We made a research of 86 healthy young girls who took medical examination and examined subjective bowel habit. The patients were divided into three group by defecation type, constipation(42), diarrhea(14) and normal group(30). Temperature differences$({\Delta}Ts)$ measured by DITI on upper and lower abdomen of each group had not statistically significance. Otherwise ${\Delta}Ts$ between upper arm and palm and between upper leg and foot were statistically signigicant. The severity of cold hypersensitivity on hands was in order constipation, normal and diarrhea group, and same as feet. The diarrhea patients had more severe cold hypersensitivity as compared with constipation patients. Correlation between ${\Delta}Ts$ on abdomen and hands or feet didn't exist. ${\Delta}Ts$ on hands and feet, however, had positive relationship. This research showed cold hypersensitivity could be related with diarrhea.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report a therapeutic effects of a Korean herbal prescription for antibiotics-associated diarrhea. Methods : Modified Hyangsayukgunja-tang was prescribed once or twice a day to a antibiotics-associated diarrhea patient. To observe the therapeutic effects, the frequency of defecation was counted and Bristol Stool Form Index was used. Laboratory tests were conducted periodically. Results : The frequency of defecation was decreased from 9 times a day to once a day. According to Bristol Stool Form Index, stool form was improved from Type 7 to Type 5. The level of red blood cell, hemoglobin and albumin increased slightly from the day of admission to discharge. Conclusions : Hyangsayukgunja-tang can be a choosable treatment option for a serious antibiotics-associated diarrhea.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2023

Purpose: Dyssynergic defecation (DSD) is one of the important causes of chronic constipation in children. We aimed to analyze the clinical features, diagnostic test results, and treatments for DSD in children. Methods: Children diagnosed with DSD using fluoroscopic defecography were enrolled in this study. Clinical data, including the results of colon transit time (CTT) test and biofeedback (BF) therapy, were collected from medical records retrospectively. Results: Nineteen children were enrolled. The median age was 9 years (6-18 years), the median frequency of bowel movement was 1/7 days (1-10 days), the median duration of constipation was 7.0 years (2-18 years), the median age of onset of constipation was 2.5 years (1-11 years). In the CTT test, outlet obstruction type was noted in 10/18 (55.6%), slow transit type in 5/18 (27.8%), and normal transit in 1/18 (5.6%). The median CTT was 52 hours (40-142 hours). Initial medical therapy was performed with the polyethylene glycol 4000, and the response was good in 9/19 (47.4%), fair in 9/19 (47.4%), and poor in 1/19 (5.0%). BF was performed in 8/19, with good results in 6/8 (75.0%) children and failure in 2/8 (25.0%) children. After long-term medical therapy (11/19), 3/5 showed good response with medication alone, 6/8 showed good response with BF and medication combined. Conclusion: DSD should be considered as a cause of chronic constipation in children, especially in those with abnormal CTT test results. BF combined with medical therapy is effective even with age-limited cooperation.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.280-288
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• 2012

Targeted degradation of proteins through ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is an important control mechanism in various cellular processes. The process of ubiquitin conjugation is achieved by three enzyme complexes, among which the ubiquitin ligase complex (E3) is in charge of substrate specificity. The SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) family portrays the largest and the most characterized member of the E3 ligases. For each SCF complex, the ubiquitination target is recognized by the F-box protein subunit, which interacts with the substrate through a unique C-terminal domain. We have characterized a novel F-box protein CFL-1 that represents a single LRR-type F-box (FBXL) in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. CFL-1 is highly homologous to FBXL20 and FBXL2 of mammals, which are known to regulate synaptic vesicle release and cell cycle, respectively. A green fluorescence protein (GFP)-reporter gene fused to the cfl-1 promoter showed restricted expression around the amphid and the anus. Modulation of CFL-1 activity by RNAi affected the time interval between defecations. RNAi-treated worms also exhibited reduced tendency to form dauer when exposed to daumone. The potential involvement of CFL-1 in the control of defecation and pheromone response adds to the ever expanding list of cellular processes controlled by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in C. elegans. We suggest that CFL-1, as a single LRR-type F-box protein in C. elegans, may portray a prototype gene exerting diverse functions that are allocated among multiple FBXLs in higher organisms.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.93-103
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• 2012

Objectives Rate of gastroesophageal reflux disease accompanied by irritable bowel syndrome is on the increase. This case study reports significant improvement of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome who had suffered from chest pain, globus pharyngis and diarrhea after taking Sasang constitutional treatment. Methods This patient was diagnosed as Large Yin type Esophagus Cold pattern(Taeeumin Wiwanhanjeung). Herb medicine(Jowiseungcheong-tang) was taken by the patient, three or two times per day during treatment periods. We assessed the changes of the main symptoms such as chest pain, globus pharyngis, defecation discomfort, insomnia et al. using visual analogue scale(VAS). Results The symptoms of chest pain, globus pharyngis, defecation discomfort, insomnia decreased from VAS 7~8 to VAS 0~1 for about three months. Conclusions This case shows that Sasang constitutional medicine treatment can be effective treatment method for gastroesophageal reflux disease accompanied by irritable bowel syndrome.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 2019

■ Objectives The purpose of this case is to report the effectiveness of Korean medicine in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. ■ Methods The patient was diagnosed as a Soeumin, one of the 4 constitution types in Korean medicine, and treated with herbal medicine, Osuyubujaijung-tang and acupuncture treatment. The severity of symptom was assessed using daily defecation frequency, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of abdominal pain, Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) score and Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) score. ■ Results After treatment, the defecation frequency was reduced from 6 to 2 times a day, and the severity of abdominal pain was reduced from NRS 6 to NRS 2. Also, GSRS score was decreased from 18 to 4 and IBS-QOL score was improved from 70.59 to 81.18. ■ Conclusion This study suggested that Korean medical treatment could be an effective option for treating irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.16-28
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• 2021

Introduction The Sasang Urination Defecation Inventory was developed to analyze Sasang-type specific pathophysiological clinical symptoms, and its revised Sasang Urination Inventory (SUI) illustrated its clinical usefulness in Sasang type differentiation. However, the correlation with established clinical measures for its concurrent validity were not provided yet. Methods Total of 48 healthy university students were recruited to response Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) of Western medicine along with the SUI of traditional Korean medicine. The correlation coefficients between UDI-6 and OABSS and SUI were acquired with Pearson's correlation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Profile Analysis were used to analyze significant differences in SUI subscale profiles of each Sasang types. Results The SUI-HSS of urogenital hypersensitivity correlated positively with OABSS (r=0.442, p<0.01), and the SUI-DIS of urinary discomfort positively with UDI-6 (r=0.289, p<0.05). Interestingly, the SUI-total was correlated positively with age (r=0.326), height (r=0.318) and weight (r=0.304). The SUI-DIS for urinary discomfort of So-Yang (9.48±2.11) type was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of Tae-Eum (7.2±2.90) type. And SUI subscale profiles of each Sasang type were significantly (Wilks' Lambda=0.792, F=2.723, p=0.034) distinctive to each other. Discussion The acceptable convergent validity of SUI was shown using established measures of urogenital symptoms. The SUI might be used as an objective traditional Korean clinical measure for Sasang type differentiation and urological patients.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.248-261
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the decision making process of prescribing Yeoldahanso-tang and Taeeumjowi-tang Choweseuncheng-tang using decision tree. Methods We used collected the prospective clinical data of TE type from September 2012 to July 2015. In this study, we used gender, BMI, blood pressure, pulse and clinical symptoms (digestion, sweat, defecation, urination, sleep, physical status, emotion, heat-coldness, water consumption, facial color) as variables. Decision trees were analyzed using open source R version 3.3.2. Results & Conclusions We found that the decision trees differed among institutions. However, in all institutions, it was found that stool type (ordinary symptom), urine frequency (ordinary and present symptom) and anxiety (ordinary symptom) were important in the decision of prescription. Besides, clinical informations such as sex, Body Mass Index and blood pressure affected the prescription decision.