• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.393-399
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• 2017

In order to determine the optimal water intake point, the distribution of blue-Green algae and water quality factors in relation to the depth of the Mulgum and Maeri stations located downstream of the Nakdong River were investigated from Jun. 2015 to Sep. 2016. When the current surface water intake system was converted to the deep water intake system, Chl-a concentration and blue-Green algae were reduced by 64.1% and 80.5%, respectively. Microcystin-LR was reduced by 50% to 100%, while geosmin and 2-MIB of the odorant substances were reduced by 42.9% and 11.8%, respectively. The water quality factors such as pH, water temperature, TOC and COD were gradually decreased by 30% in deep water. Therefore, if we used the deep water intake system selectively in the summer season when blue-Green algae masses occur, the concentration of the influx of blue-green algae and its by-products can be expected to decrease, leading to reduced operation costs in tap water production and improved of raw water quality.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2009

This study was conducted to forecast inner water temperature strata change by extracting deep water from a dam. For the methodology, the scope wherein the balance between the volume of low-temperature water intake through the virtual water intake opening as installed within the stored water area and the volume of water intake from the surrounding area is not destroyed was calculated through the CFD simulation technique using the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) interpretation method. This study suggested a supplementary method(diffuser) to avoid destroying the water temperature strata, and the effect was reviewed. In case of intake of the same volume, when the velocity of flow of water intake is reduced by increasing the pipe diameter, the destruction of water temperature strata can be minimized. When the area(height) where the intake of water is possible is low, a diffuser for interrupting the vertical direction inflow should be installed to secure favorable water intake conditions in case of water intake on the upper part. This study showed that there was no problem if the intake-enabled, low-temperature area was secured approximately 10m from the bottom when the scope that does not destroy the water temperature strata in case of water intake was forecast using the regression formula.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.18 no.4 s.59
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• pp.15-22
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• 2004

Static and dynamic analyses of a very flexible and light riser, for upwelling the deep ocean water, is performed. In this numerical study, an implicit finite difference algorithm is employed for three-dimensional riser equations. Fluid non-linearity and bending stiffness are considered and solved, using the Newton-Raphson iteration. Maintaining the depth of end point of a flexible and light riser is very important for upwelling deep ocean water in a floating type development system. Weight is attached at the end point of the riser in order to maintain its intake depth. It is designed under the strong surface current and the configuration of the rise is predicted. In the dynamic analysis, the tension variation at the top point of the riser is presented. T e results of this study can contribute to the design of the development system in floating type for upwelling deep ocean water.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.76-84
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Few epidemiological studies examined the association between fried food intake and hypertension. This study examined whether fried food intake was associated with higher prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined in a cross-sectional study of the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL). SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included a total of 428 women aged 20-57 years who have ever been married to Korean men. Prehypertension was defined as 120 - < 140 mmHg of SBP or 80 - < 90 mmHg of DBP and hypertension as SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg. Fried food intake was assessed using one-day 24-hour recall. Fried foods were categorized into total, deep/shallow and pan/stir fried foods. The odds ratio (OR)s and 95% confidence interval (CI)s were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined was 41.36% in this population. High fried food intake was associated with high prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined. The odds of having prehypertension and hypertension was higher in the 3rd tertile of fried food intake among fried food consumers compared to non-fried food consumers (OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.24, 4.87; P for trend = 0.004). Separate analysis for types of frying showed that deep and shallow fried food intake was associated with prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined for comparing the 3rd tertile vs. non-fried food consumers (OR = 2.93; 95% CI = 1.57-5.47; P for trend = < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the evidence that high fried food intake was significantly associated with high prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combined among Filipino women married to Korean men.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.998-1007
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• 2021

Brine mineral water (BMW) is groundwater near the deep sea, and the mineral component of the BMW is different from the water of the deep sea because the components of BMW are derived from the unique geographical features surrounding it. Recently, BMW has attracted attention due to the unique health-related minerals it possesses; however, the influence of BMW on physiological function has not yet been determined in domestic animals. Therefore, this experiment investigated the influence of BMW on the growth performance, water intake, blood properties, and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels of serum in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 64 pig barrows (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) with an average initial weight of 40.56 ± 0.17 kg were used in the experiment, and 0%, 2%, 3%, and 5% samples of BMW diluted with freshwater were provided to experimental animals during the 56 days. We found that the gain/feed ratio in the 3% BMW group was significantly higher than that in the 5% BMW group of growing-finishing pigs (p < 0.05). The water intake was significantly increased in the 5% BMW group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05) of growing-finishing pigs. Additionally, the concentrations of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (HGB), and hematocrit (HCT) were significantly higher in the 3% BMW group than in the control group. The level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in the 3% BMW group than in the 5% BMW group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, IgG and IgM levels in the serum were significantly higher in the 2% and 3% BMW groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that a dilution of 3% BMW in the intake water could improve the levels of RBCs and serum Igs in growing-finishing pigs.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.2A
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• pp.123-130
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• 2012

A cooling system is indispensable for the fossil and nuclear power plants which produce electricity by rotating the turbines with hot steam. A cycle of the typical cooling system includes pumping of seawater at the intake pump house, exchange of heat at the condenser, and discharge of hot water to the sea. The cooling type of the nuclear power plants in Korea recently evolves from the conventional surface intake/discharge systems to the submerged intake/discharge systems that minimize effectively an intake temperature rise of the existing plants and that are beneficial to the marine environment by reducing the high temperature region with an intensive dilution due to a high velocity jet and density differential at the mixing zone. It is highly anticipated that the future nuclear power plants in Korea will accommodate the submerged cooling system in credit of supplying the lower temperature water in the summer season. This study investigates the approach flow patterns at the velocity caps and discharge flow patterns from diffusers using the 3-D computational fluid dynamics code of $FLOW-3D^{(R)}$. The approach flow test has been conducted at the velocity caps with and without a cap. The discharge flow from the diffuser was simulated for the single-port diffuser and multi-ports diffuser. The flow characteristics to the velocity cap with a cap demonstrate that fish entrainment can significantly be minimized on account of the low vertical flow component around the cap. The flow pattern around the diffuser is well agreed with the schematic diagram by Jirka and Harleman.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2003

To determine nutritive value and suitability of deep-stacked broiler litter for deer, the influence of supplementary levels of broiler litter on digestibility, dry matter intake, and nitrogen balance was investigated in male spotted deer (Cervus nippon) fed a commercial mixed(complete) ration. The deep-stacked and ground broiler litter was supplemented at the level of 0%(Control), 15%(T1) and 30%(T2) on the basis of fresh matter to the mixed ration. All treatments had similar palatability at about 3% body weight of dry matter intake. Dry matter digestibility was highest in Control and lowest in T2(P<0.05). Digestibility of crude protein was lowest(P<0.05) in T2. Dry matter and digestible dry matter intake was similar in all treatments. Daily body weight gain was not affected by treatments. Feeding 15 or 30% of broiler litter to male deer resulted in similar nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen excretion and daily nitrogen retention(g/d), compared with feeding Control. These results suggest that up to 30% of broiler litter may be fed to male deer without deleterious effects on deer performance.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data on dietary management of women's constipation. We estimated the prevalence of self reported constipation, bowel habits and foods & nutrients intake. The subjects were 169 female college students (normal = 92, constipation group = 77) aged 19 to 23 years. We conducted anthropometric measurements, an evacuation habits survey, and a dietary intake assessment for three days by a 24 hour recall method. The prevalence of self reported constipation was 46% (n = 77). Results showed that bowel habits (the difficulty of evacuation, the duration of evacuation and the feeling after evacuation) were significantly different between the two groups. Over 65% of constipation group used laxatives for constipation relief. Frequency of stress and deep sleeping were related with constipation. In daily food consumption and nutrients intake, there was not a significant difference between the groups. However in relation to bowel habits which factors influence constipation, the study showed that the intake of water, potatoes, kimchi, and fruits correlated with evacuation facility. Further, there were no findings in the difference of foods consumption and nutrients intake between the two groups. But some life style changes and food intakes (potato and kimchi) may be useful to improve constipation symptoms in young women.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.323-328
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• 2003

A basic design on a flexible riser in a floating type development system for upwelling deep ocean water is presented. In the numerical study, an implicit finite difference algorithm is employed for three-dimensional riser equations. Fluid and geometric non-linearity and bending stiffness are considered and solved by Newton-Raphson iteration. To keep the depth of end point of a flexible and light riser is very important for upwelling deep ocean water in a floating type development system. Weight attached at the end point of the riser in order to keep its intake depth is designed under the strong surface current and the configuration of the riser is predicted. The results of this study can be contributed to the design of the development system in floating type for upwelling deep ocean water.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.158-163
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• 2023

This study aimed to determine mercury (Hg), methylmercury (MeHg), and selenium (Se) levels in deep-sea fishes distributed in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Concentrations of Hg, MeHg, and Se were measured by using a mercury analyzer and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average content (mg/kg) in the seafood samples was as follows: Hg, 0.7647 (0.0182-5.3620), MeHg, 0.0764 (0.0096-0.8750), and Se, 0.4728 (0.1075-3.5100). All the levels of MeHg were below the recommended standards of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety i.e., <1.0 mg/kg. Recent studies have shown that Se prevents Hg toxicity. The average daily intake in humans was 3.3 ㎍/kg, which was lower than the recommended amount (50-200 ㎍/person/day). The weekly intake of Hg and MeHg was calculated to be 6.07% and 1.90%, respectively, of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). This study showed that the weekly intake of Hg and MeHg from abyssal fish was less than the PTWI recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Therefore, the levels reported in this study are presumed to be adequately safe.