• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.199-210
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the type and number of enrichments on growth performance, blood characteristics, footpad dermatitis (FPD) incidence, and litter moisture in broilers. A total of 1,140 1-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement based on the type of enrichment (cabbage, alfalfa block, and angle sawdust) and the number of enrichments (one or two per 38 broilers). The growth performance, blood characteristics, FPD incidence, and litter moisture of the broilers were evaluated. Body weight and feed conversion rate were significantly improved (P<0.05) in the alfalfa block and sawdust group compared to the cabbage group, but there was no interaction effect between the type and number of enrichments. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, a stress index, was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the alfalfa block and sawdust groups compared with the cabbage group. The incidence of FPD was significantly decreased in the order of cabbage (3.78), alfalfa block (3.06), and sawdust (1.43) groups at 5 weeks of age. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of FPD (P<0.05) in the one-enrichment group compared with the two-enrichment group. Litter moisture at 5 weeks of age was significantly reduced in the sawdust group compared to the cabbage and alfalfa groups, but there was no significant difference in the interaction between the type and number of enrichments. It was concluded that sawdust enrichment positively influenced both growth performance and the animal welfare of broilers. In addition, it is expected that sawdust can be used to regulate litter moisture.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2010

A study was conducted to examine the effect of the castration time on growth, meat quality and fatty acid composition of Korean black goats. Forty five male kids were divided into five groups, including control (without castration) and four groups with the kids castrated at 0.5, 3, 5 and 7 months of age, respectively. Average daily body weight gain (ADG) for control was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the castrated groups. ADG did not differ between the castrated groups. The ADG of the male kids castrated at 3 and 5 months of age tended to be higher than the other castrated groups. Dressing percentage for 0.5 months-castrated group was higher than 7 months-castrated group. Retail cut percentages for control was higher (P<0.05) than others, but the retail cut percentages did not differ between the castrated groups. Compared with control, higher fat percentages of carcasses appeared in the castrated groups (P<0.05). The fat percentages gradually increased in earlier castrated animals. As castrated earlier, moisture contents tended to decrease, whereas crude protein and fat contents tended to increase. The different castration time did not affect physical properties of goat meat (shear force, cooking loss, and water holding capacity). Results from panel tests showed that juiciness or tenderness of meats for 5 months-castrated group tended to be higher than those for the other groups. The flavor of meatfor 7-months castrated group appeared to be more favorable compared with 0.5- or 3-months castrated groups (P<0.05). The proportion of saturated fatty acid in meat washigher for 5-months castrated group and lower for 3-months castrated group as compared to the other castrated groups, whereas the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid was vice versa (P<0.05). Mono-unsaturated fatty acid contents did not differ between thecastrated groups. Present results indicatedthat castration at 3 or 5 months of age increased growth performance and meat quality of Korean black goats.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.196-204
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory effect of a traditional herbal complex (HC) extract prepared from a mixture of four oriental herbs (Dioscorea Rhizoma, Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc, Bombycis corpus, Fermented Glycine soja) that have been widely used for the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus on hyperglycemia. The water extract of HC showed potent inhibitory effect on $\alpha$-glucosidase with $IC_{50}$ value of 1.24 mg/mL. Additionally, the ethanol extract of HC was also found to exhibit significant inhibitory effect against protein tyrosine phosphatase $1{\beta}$ ($PTP1{\beta}$), which is known as a major regulator of both insulin and leptin signaling. In the $PTP1{\beta}$ inhibitory assay, the most active n-hexane fraction obtained from the ethanol extract of HC, was identified as a mixture of fatty acid derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In high-fat diet-low dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat, the water extract of HC improved the oral glucose intolerance as compared with rosiglitazone. HC also caused a marked decrease of body weight and fasting blood glucose and a significant improvement on glucose tolerance in metabolic syndrome mice model. These findings support that this traditional HC may be useful in the control of blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.402-409
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Capsosiphon fulvescens (CF) extract on serum and liver lipid metabolism in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate to induce hypercholesterolemia and were divided into six groups. Experimental groups were administered with following diets; normal diet group (NC), high cholesterol diet group (HC), normal diet and CF extract (200 mg/kg) administered group (NC-CFL), normal diet and CF extract (400 mg/kg) administered group (NC-CFH), high cholesterol diet and CF extract (200 mg/kg) adwlinistered group (HC-CFL), and high cholesterol diet and CF extract (400 mg/kg) administered group (HC-CFH). The body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were increased by high cholesterol diet, but gradually decreased to the corresponding level of the normal diet group by administered CF extract. The serum total cholesterol concentration of normal diet group was significantly higher than those of NC-CFL group and NC-CFH group. The concentrations of serum total cholesterol LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride and the atherogenic index .were tended to decrease in the CF extract administered groups compared with the high cholesterol diet group. However, HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in serum decreased in the high cholesterol diet group and markedly increased by the CF extract administered groups. There were no differences in the concentrations of serum triglyceride, phopholipid, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and free cholesterol in normal diet groups. Concentrations of total cholesterol and triglyceride in liver and kidney were also markedly decreased in the CF administered groups. Total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of adipose tissue in the CF administered groups were also decreased compared with the high cholesterol diet group. In addition, there were no differences in the concentrations of liver, kidney and adipose tissue total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol in normal diet groups. The activities of heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and total-extractable LPL in adipose tissue were increased in the high cholesterol diet group compared with the CF extract administered groups, but those of the NC -CFL group and NC-CFH group were similar to the normal diet group. Taken together, it is suggested that the extract of CF have an antiatherosclerotic effect by reducing cholesterol level of serum and liver. Furthermore, the extract of CF decreased LPL activity and triglyceride concentration, resulting in less lipid storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1431-1438
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LAF) on reduction of hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol in rats. Ethanol-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following eight groups: ethanol-treated group (control), ethanol and ursodeoxycholic acid-treated group (positive control), ethanol and non-fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LA)-treated groups [100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW (body weight)], ethanol and LAF-treated groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW). ${\gamma}$-Glutamyl transferase activities of the ethanol+LA-treated (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) groups and ethanol+LAF-treated (400 mg/kg BW) group decreased significantly compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase activities of the ethanol+LAF-treated (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) groups and ethanol+LA-treated (200 and 400 mg/kg BW) groups decreased significantly compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). Alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities of all groups significantly decreased compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). The total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of all groups tended to decrease compared to those in the control group, but the differences were not significant. Superoxide dismutase activity of liver tissues was enhanced in the ethanol+LAF-treated (400 mg/kg BW) group (P<0.05). The contents of malondialdehyde in liver tissues decreased in the ethanol+LAF-treated groups (P<0.05). All treated groups showed well preserved lobular architectures with no evidence of steatosis or liver damage compared to the control group. As the results of this study, LAF may improve the plasma lipid profile and alleviate hepatic damage by ethanol.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.305-316
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• 2008

The mandibular advancement device(MAD) has been used to help manage snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. The aims of this study were to specify the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients receiving long-term treatment with MAD and to quantify the compliance with and side effects of the use of the device. Of 103 patients who were treated with MAD for at least one full year after delivery date, 49 were able to be contacted with telephone and complete follow-up questionnaires were obtainable. They were telephoned to determine whether they were still using the device. If not, they were asked when and why they stopped using it. Patients were also asked how much effectiveness of the MAD in decreasing snoring and how much they and their bed-partners were satisfied with the MAD therapy. The initial respiratory disturbance indices and pre-treatment snoring frequency and intensity were obtained from the medical records of initial visit. All the data were compared between users and nonusers. The results were as follows: 1. Of 49 patients 25 are still using the device, but 24 stopped using it. Among nonusers nobody stopped wearing the device within first 1 month, but 37.5% of nonusers stopped wearing it in the following 6 months, and another 4.2% before the end of the first year. 2. The one-year compliance of the MAD therapy was 79.59%. 3. There were no significant differences in mean age, mean body mass index, and gender distribution between users group and nonusers group. 4. There was no significant difference in mean respiratory disturbance index at initial visit between users group and nonusers group. 5. There was no significant difference in pre-treatment snoring frequency and intensity between users group and nonusers group. 6. The degree of decrease in snoring with use of MAD was significantly higher in the users when compared to nonusers. 7. Patient's overall satisfaction with treatment outcome was significantly higher in the users when compared to nonusers. 8. Bed partner's satisfaction with treatment outcome tended to be higher in the users when compared to nonusers. 9. The most frequent reasons why patients discontinued wearing the MAD were: jaw pain(25%), dental pain(20.83%), broken appliance(20.83%), hassle using(16.67%), lost weight(8.3%), dental work(8.3%), no or little effect(4.17%), sleep disturbance(4.27).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.441-450
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• 2011

This study examined the effects of feeding whole-crop barley silage (BS), corn silage (CS) and the mixture of BS and CS (CB) on feed consumption, daily gain, nutrients apparent digestibilities and blood parameters in order to investigate the feed evaluation in Korean black goats. BS, CS, and CB were fed to twelve Korean black goats, which were allocated into three groups in metabolic cages according to the latin-square design. As a result, dry and organic matter intakes for goats per day have shown a tendency to decrease in the order of CS, CB and BS, but there were no significant differences. We also found a similar tendency when the intakes of crude protein, crude fat, and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were examined. However, ADF and NDF consumptions showed a decreasing tendency in the order of CB, BS and CS. Dry matter intakes per metabolic body weight showed the decreasing tendency in the order of CS (57.6g), CB (53.8g) and BS (52.7g), however with no statistical differences. Average daily gain of 64.2 g in CB was significantly higher than the other groups (42.0g to 46.0g). Nitrogen intakes and nitrogen retention showed a decreasing tendency in the order of CS, CB and BC. Nevertheless, nitrogen retention in CS group was higher by 30% than that of the BC group with p<0.05. Apparant digestibilities of dry and organic matters were 72.6 and 72.8% for the CS group respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the BS group (67.5 and 69.0%) and the CB group (66.0 and 67.1%). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that the CS group showed more positive feed consumption, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats than those of BS group. The CB group, however, showed similar results to the results of the CS group.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Zizyphus vulgaris supplementation on growth performance, blood cortisol and meat quality characteristics in finishing pigs. The total of thirty-six [Duroc${\times}$Yorkshir${\times}$Landrace] pigs ($91{\pm}2.11$ kg average initial body weight) were used in a 30-days assay. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (basal diet), 2) T1 (basal diet for 15 days and 0.1 % Zizyphus vulgaris for 15 days) and 3) T2 (0.1 % Zizyphus vulgaris for 30 days). The ADG (Average daily gain), ADFI (Average daily feed intake) and ADG/ADFI during the feeding period were not significantly differences among the treatments (p>0.05). Backfat thickness of pigs fed CON was higher than those of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). The appearance rate of A or B carcass grade was in T1 (74%) and T2 (84%) was significantly higher than that in CON (58%) (p<0.05). Pigs fed Zizyphus vulgaris 0.1 % for 30 days tended to decrease on blood cortisol compared with pigs fed CON and T1. But, there was not significantly difference among the treatments (p>0.05). The Hunter's L/sup */ (lightness) value of loin in the pork fed CON was higher than that of loin in the pork fed T1 and T2 (p<0.05). After 7 days, the L/sup */ value of loin in the pigs fed T2 was higher increased than that of pigs fed T1 and CON (p<0.05). However, a/sup */ and b/sup */ values were not affected by dietary Zizyphus vulgaris (p>0.05). There were not found remarkable differences in sensory properties (marbling, firmness and color) among the treatments. The results from the present study suggest that Zizyphus vulgaris could be a effective feed additive to improve meat quality of pigs. However, further research is needed to investigate effects of carcass characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.869-876
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• 2013

To develop functional products based on black garlic, a black garlic extract (BG) of 7 brix, a gaeddongssuk extract (GS) of 0.7 brix and two types of mixtures (MBS-I, black garlic 7 brix : gaeddongssuk 0.7 brix; MBS-II, black garlic 14 brix : gaeddongssuk 1.4 brix, 93:7, v/v) were supplemented to rats training on a treadmill for 4 weeks. Body weight from the training did not decrease during the experimental period. Serum albumin content significantly increased in the groups fed an experimental diet compared to the control. The BUN content significantly decreased in BG and MBS-II groups compared to the control. AST and ALP activities significantly decreased in the groups fed an experimental diet compared to the control. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in MBS-I and MBS-II groups significantly decreased compared to the control. Lipid levels in the serum and liver tissue were not significantly different between the MBS-I and MBS-II groups. The lipid peroxide content in the serum and liver tissue was significantly reduced in the groups fed all extracts compared to the control; the serum and liver lipid contents was lowest in the MBS-I and MBS-II groups, respectively. Hepatic catalase activity in the GS and MBS groups increased by 1.8~2.3 times compared to the control. SOD and GSH-px activities significantly increased from treatment with the extracts by 1.3~1.5 times and 1.2~1.7 times, respectively. These results indicate that a mixture of BG and GS extracts has higher biological activity than a single supplementation of BG or GS extract. Therefore, the addition of gaeddongssuk to black garlic (MBS-I and MBS-II) is effective as a defense material against oxidative stress. MBS-I may be especially effective for its biological activities.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.481-487
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• 2011

Rearing density is a major factor in welfare production and health of broiler chicks. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of rearing density on the behavioral characteristics of Korean native chicks. In the study, 20, 30, and 40 chicks per pen (3.17 $m^2$) were used in each treatment and randomly allotted to 6.3 bird/$m^2$, 9.5 bird/$m^2$, and 12.6 bird/$m^2$ density, respectively. The broilers' behavior was recorded for 12 hours continuously during 1 to 8 weeks of age. The time budgets (standing, sitting, and walking) and frequencies of certain behaviors (drinking, feeding, preening, scratching, dust bathing, flapping, aggressive pecking, and pecking) in the broilers were checked during the day. The behavioral characteristics in the early period (1 to 4 weeks) were compared to the later period (5 to 8 weeks) to know the changes in each behavior as the chicks matured. It was observed that 40 chicks per pen showed significant decrease in feed intake and body weight. Corticosterone hormone was higher in the order of 12.6 bird/$m^2$ > 9.5 bird/$m^2$ > 6.3 bird/$m^2$ (p<0.05). The behaviors of standing and sitting were the highest in groups of 30 and 40 respectively. The walking behavior was gradually decreased as rearing density increased. The frequencies of the other behaviors also decreased in a high density treatment; especially for feeding, drinking, preening, and pecking. These tendencies widened the gaps of behaviors as time passed. It was concluded that a group of 20 chicks (6.3 bird/$m^2$) was the proper rearing density among these three treatments. Broilers in the lower rearing density showed more activity than that with higher density and therefore this environment may lead to better welfare condition.