• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate and compare species composition, stand structure, and growth pattern for two different sites in which silvopastoral system has been taking place. One site was the pasture area where a number of trees were removed and grasses were planted for cattle grazing, and the other site was the deciduous forest that has been established by ecological succession. The results were as follows: 1. Nine tree species were present equally in the pasture area and the deciduous forest. Of these species, seven tree species were growing in common for two sites. However, the species composition, including density and frequency, was varied by sites. 2. The number of stems per hectare in the pasture area was 71, and that in the deciduous forest was 1,433, having shown the big difference. It is estimated that, considering the growth rate, better grown trees were remained at the time of harvesting in 1996. 3. The growth of diameter, height, and basal area in the pasture area was superior to that in the nearby deciduous forest. In spite of higher values of diameter and height, the timber volume of pasture area per unit area was less than 15% of that in the deciduous forest. 4. Providing sufficient growing space, the pasture area supported higher values of diameter and height. The wider growing space also had influence on the expansion of crown of trees by the result of deliquescent growth pattern. From this point of view, more research would be needed to establish appropriate number of trees for silvopastoral system.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2012

The rate of photosynthesis (A) of leaves from 10 plant species (6 evergreen and 4 deciduous) of the family Fagaceae was measured using a portable photosynthesis analyzer, to examine which species take up $CO_2$ most efficiently. Of the evergreen species, the photosynthetic rate of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii was highest, and remained above 82.1~106.4 ${\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}s^{-1}$ from July to November. Of the deciduous species, the photosynthetic rate of Quercus acutissima was higher than that of the other three species, and remained high at 83.5~116.6 ${\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}s^{-1}$ from September to November. The photosynthetic rate of the 10 species was positively correlated with stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E). However, there was no correlation between photosynthetic rate and intercellular $CO_2$ concentration ($C_i$), although there was a positive correlation just in three species (Q. gilva, Q. acutissima and Q. glauca). These results suggest that the $CO_2$ fixation capacity of C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, an evergreen species, and Q. acutissima, a deciduous species, is significantly higher than that of the other species examined, and that photosynthesis is regulated by both stomatal conductance and transpiration. Therefore, C. cuspidata var. sieboldii and Q. acutissima may be valuable for the evaluation of carbon uptake in urban green spaces as well as in afforested areas.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the water use efficiency (WUE) in five species of one-year-old seedlings grown in a field nursery in Mongolia. Larix sibirica and Pinus sylvestris are the most dominant coniferous species while Ulmus pumila is an important deciduous species known well-adapted in harsh conditions such as in semi-arid forests and Gobi desert regions. Caragana arborescens (Siberian pea shrub) and Hippophae rhamnoides are N-fixing shrubs in Mongolia. Thirty one-year-old seedlings were sampled from each of the five species (a total of 150 samples) and measured for net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (E). The Pn and E were used to calculate and compare the WUE of each species. Pn differed significantly among the five species (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in Pn between L. sibirica and H. rhamnoides (p > 0.05). C. arborescens showed the highest Pn whereas U. pumila did the poorest. E differed significantly among the five species (p < 0.05). L. sibirica and U. pumila showed considerably lower E than other species. Thus, WUE values of coniferous species such as L. sibirica and P. sylvestris were significantly greater than deciduous or shrub species such as U. pumila, C. arborescens and H. rhamnoides (p < 0.01). It may result that conifers showed relatively high water use efficiency than deciduous or shrub trees due to their lower transpiration rates, which resulted in morphological and physiological characteristics of their leaves. This may indicate that L. sibirica and P. sylvestris can be widely used for rehabilitation works in Mongolia attributed to their dominant distributions but also their high drought-resistance properties.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 1996

A total of 74 species belonging to 56 genera under 33 families of oribatid mites was reported from the coniferous forest in Mt. Namsan. A total of 85 species belong to 58 genera under 33 families was reported from the deciduous forest in Mt. Namsan.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.567-571
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in breeding bird communities between deciduous forests of Gwangneung and Mt. Namsan areas from April to August 2006. Two 10ha area were selected for territory mapping of breeding bird community in both study area. The DBH distribution of trees and average foliage profiles were significantly different between study areas. Also, breeding bird communities were different. Number of breeding species and pairs, breeding density, and bird species diversity were higher in Gwangneung area than in Mt. Namsan area. When examining relationship between forest habitat structure and bird community, Number of bird species and breeding pairs belonged to hole and canopy guild were increase as the increase of coverstory coverage and number of large trees. Therefore, it is necessary to make vertical structure more various to plant bushes, and to make DBH distribution more diverse for enhancing bird species diversity in the degraded ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

We recently witnessed increasingly more natural disturbances on forested land. On the other hand, only limited number of nursery grown tree species are available for restoration projects. At the same time, so little on the disturbance resistance of species has been studied that a selection of right species for right site condition becomes very difficult. This study is a compilation of the site specificities and disturbance resistance of each species native to South Korea. Each species was surveyed for 11 items related to site specificities, and 12 items related to disturbance resistance including the resistance to snow damage. This study was conducted for 161 tree species from 44 families : 21 evergreen conifer species, 2 deciduous conifer species, 18 evergreen broad-leaved species, 118 deciduous broad-leaved species, and 2 monocotyledon species. This study suggests that native species in South Korea show resistance to all types of natural disturbances except drought.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the current status of planted trees in Seoul Forest and propose improvement plans to improve the naturalness in the park. A comprehensive survey of the trees in the park was conducted, and the data gathered was used to build a list of planting trees suitable for an urban park. The analysis of the characteristics of landscape trees in Seoul Forest by type was about the presence or absence of leaves, and they were classified into deciduous trees, evergreen trees, deciduous shrubs, and evergreen shrubs, and herbaceous plants such as groundcover plants separately classified. The study found that Seoul Forest had 57 species of native and naturalized trees, with 27 deciduous trees, 35 deciduous shrubs, 15 evergreen trees, and 98 evergreen shrubs. The park also had 472 species of herbaceous plants, totaling 320,000. The majority of planted trees in Seoul Forest were native species, comprising 59% of the total planted trees, while naturalized species made up 41%. Furthermore, the ratio of deciduous trees to evergreen trees was 81% to 19%, with deciduous trees being the dominant species. The evergreen trees showed a similar trend, with a total of 23 species, including 15 native and 8 foreign species, accounting for 65% of native species. In addition, the study identified six common deciduous shrubs, including Forsythia koreana, orbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Deutzia parviflora, Rhododendron lateritium, and Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora, which are frequently planted in areas with abundant water. The study also revealed that among the 10 evergreen shrub species, 9 were native and 1 was foreign. The study aimed to classify the species planted in Seoul Forest into native and foreign species and to provide a data-driven plan to encourage the planting of native species. This study offers valuable insights into planting planning and design for urban parks, which is essential for enhancing naturalness, as most studies have primarily focused on usage patterns and satisfaction in urban parks. By promoting the planting of native species, the naturalness of Seoul Forest can be improved.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2011

Based upon the vegetation data of woody plants by plot sampling method in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jeombong, the study was carried out to examine importance value, rank abundance curve, and species abundance curve, and comparatively evaluate seven different species diversity indices for Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, McIntosh index, Log series, Margalef index, Berger-Parker index, and species richness, according to topographic positions. The minimal area which meant only few more species were increased was 3.48 ha in total. The dominant species of valley were Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Abies holophylla, and the dominant species of mid-slope were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Moreover, the dominant species of ridge were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Acer mono. According to rank abundance curve and species abundance curve, species evenness was also low. All of Log series, species richness, Margalef, and Shannon-Wiener index discriminated that valley had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity; but, Simpson index, McIntosh index, and Berger-Parker index represented that mid-slope had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity. Uniquely, in Berger-Parker index, mid-slope was the higher value than total.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.580-584
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• 2006

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of breeding bird communities between deciduous and coniferous forests from April to June 2005 in Mt. Namsan, Seoul, Korea. Two 10ha areas were selected for territory mapping of breeding bird communities. Number of breeding bird species, pairs,density and bird species diversity index were higher in deciduous forest with increasing amount of foliage in the forest profile or as forest structures developed compared with coniferous forest. The number of in coniferous forest. The differences in habitat structure between both study areas are very likely to have influenced how breeding birds used the available habitat. Forest structure and its interactions with birds should be consideration in forest management for birds and their habitat.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1996

A total of 101 species belonging to 76 genera under 42 families in Kwangreung coniferous forest (45th compartment) and 108 species belonging to 69 genera under 40 families in Kwangreung deciduous forest (44th compartment) was reported, respectively.