• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.345-358
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• 2017

The decadal change in rainfall for Changma period over the South Korea in early-2000s is detected in this study. The Changma rainfall in P1 (1992~2002) decade is remarkably less than in P2 (2003~2013) decade. The much rainfall in P2 decade is associated with the increase of rainy day frequency during Changma period, including the frequent occurrences of rainy day with a intensity of 30 mm/day or more in P2 decade. This decadal change in the Changma rainfall is due to the decadal change of atmospheric circulation around the Korean Peninsula which affects the intensity and location of Changma rainfall. During P2 decade, the anomalous anti-cyclone over the south of the Korean Peninsula, which represents the expansion of the North Pacific high with warm and wet air mass toward East Asia, is stronger than in P1 decade. In addition, the upper level zonal wind and meridional gradient of low-level equivalent potential temperature in P2 decade is relatively strengthened over the northern part of the Korean Peninsula than in P1 decade, which corresponds with the intensification of meridional gradient between air mass related to the East Asian summer monsoon nearby the Korean Peninsula in P2 decade. The enhanced meridional gradient of atir mass during P2 decade is favorable condition for the intensification of Changma rainfall band and more Changma rainfall. The atmospheric conditions related to enhanced Changma rainfall during P2 decade is likely to be influenced by the teleconnection linked to the suppressed convection anomaly over the southern part of China and South China Sea in P2 decade.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.15
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• pp.93-98
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• 1996

During the period from January to September 1995, 1.010 Women(premenopausal 466 cases and postmenopausal 544 cases) of employees and family member were observed for bone mineral density of lumbar spine using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DEXA) at Medical Department of Korea Life Insurance Co. Ltd. Results obtained were as follows: 1) In premenopausal women 466 cases, the ratio of decreased bone mineral density of lumbar spine according to age groups shows 3rd decade were 5 cases(9.80%) among 51 cases, 4th decade were 31 cases(8.68%) among 357 cases, and 5th decade were 10 cases(17.24%) among 58 cases. 2) In postmenopausal women 544 cases, the ratio of decreased bone mineral density of lumbar spine according to age groups shows 3rd decade were 2 cases(66.67%) among 3 cases, 4th decade were 28 cases(31.11%) among 90 cases, 5th decade were 168 cases(48.70%) among 345 cases, 6th decade were 73 cases(73.0%) among 100 cases, and 7th decade were 4 cases(66.67%) among 6 cases. 3) Bone mineral density begins to decrease with age as early as the 4th decade, even in the premenopausal state. In the 4th decade, premenopausal women exhibit an average 8.68% decrease in bone density. Postmenopausal women in this same age group, however, demonstrate an average bone density decrease of 31.11%.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 1974

This report based on 300 cases of serious diseases in maxillofacial region by radiograms seen at the department of dental radiodontics, infirmary school of dentistry, Kyung Hee University from October 1971 to August 1974. The maxillofacial diseases were analysed upon the following items, such as 1) the frequency of dominant diseases, 2) sex-ratio of male to female, 3) predominant region of diseases, 4) comparison with the age, 5) the incidence of diseases in relative to the individual teeth. The results were obtained as follows. 1) Among the total of 300 cases of the patients, the frequency of dominant diseases of patients were fractures of facial bone (44.3±2.87%), inflammatory diseases (22.7±2.39%), cysts (11.1±1.62%), tumors (10.7±1.77%), maxillary sinusitis (7.9±1.56%), temporomandibular joint disorders(3.3±1.05%) in the order. 2) The ex-ratio of male to female in occurence of jaw fractures were 7.3:1, temporomandibular joint disorders were 2.1:1, inflammatory diseases were 1.8:1, maxillary sinusitis were 1.7:1, but tumors were equal to 1:1, while cysts were 1:1.2 in sex difference. 3) The predominant region of mandibular fractures were symphysis(17.3±3.27%), canine region (15.0±3.09%), and angle region (14.3:±3.04%) in the order. Inflammatory diseases were occured frequently in mandible and it's left side were a little dominant. Odontogenic cysts were observed frequently in maxilla, but regardless of right and left. Carcinomas were involved most frequently in maxilla, while sarcomas and ameloblastomas in mandible. Frequency of the maxillary sinusitis were dominant right side and molar area, also temporomandibular joint disorders were right side. 4) To study comparison with the age jaw fractures showed the highest ratio at the 2nd decade(32.3±4.06%), and 3rd decade (27.8±3.89%), 4th decade (19.6±3.44%), 6th decade (9.0±2.47%), 5th decade(6.0±2.06%), 1st decade (5.3±1.95%) in the order. But 7th decade were not involved entirely. Frequency of the inflammatory diseases were the highest in the age group of 3rd decade (28.0±5.44%), and those of cysts were 5th decade (24.2±7.22%), temporomandibular joint disorders were 3rd decade (60.0±15.49%). Tumors were occured frequently over the 4th decade especially malignint tumors over the 5th decade, but maxillary sinusitis were rearless of age except for 2nd decade. 5) About the incidence of diseases in relative to individual teeth, fractures of facial bone were most frequently involved the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, and mandibular 3rd molar region. Cysts were maxillary anterior region inflammatory diseases were mandibular molar region maxillary sinusitis were maxillary 1st molar, region but tumors were regardless of individual teeth.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.521-526
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• 1974

This observation was carried out to investigate the inorganic constituents of dental calculus of varying locations and different ages. Supragingival calculus was obtained from 540 patients with the periodontal disease. The results were as follows : 1. The weight loss rate in ashing by aging was the highest in the 2nd decade (63.7%) and followed in order by 3rd decade (60.8%), seventh decade 959.8%), fourth decade (55.9%), sixth decade (52.6%) and fifth decade (43.2%). 2. The weight loss rate by ashing was more prominent in the buccal surfaces of the upper posterior teeth (62.0%) than in the lingual surface of the lower anterior teeth (59.7%). 3. The difference in contents of the inorganic constituents by sex was not remarkable. (male, Ca:373.0 P:333.9, female, Ca: 380.2, P: 339.6 ㎍/mg dry weight) 4. In the dry calulus, contents of the inorganic constituents were as follows: Ca:325.8 P:269.10 Mg:1.21 Na:8.44 K:1.32, Zn:0.67 ㎍/mg. 5. The Ca/P ratio was the lowest in the upper anterior region (1.11) and the highest in the lower posterior region (1.29) and the average was 1.20.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2009

Purpose: To classify and evaluate the mandibular fractures. Materials and Methods : The author classified the mandibular fractures of 284 patients who were referred to the Chonbuk National University Dental Hospital during the period from March 2004 to June 2007. This study was based on the conventional radiographs as well as computed tomographs which were pertained to the 284 patients who have had the mandibular fractures including the facial bone fractures. And mandibular fractures were classified with respect to gender, age, site and type of the fractures. Results: More frequently affected gender with mandibular fracture was male with the ratio of 3.3:1. The most frequently affected age with mandibular fracture was third decade (38%), followed by fourth decade (16%), second decade (15%), fifth decade (11 %), sixth decade (7%), seventh decade (5%), eighth decade (4%), first decade (4%), and ninth decade (0.3%). The most frequent type of mandibular fracture was single fracture (58%), followed by double fracture (39%), triple fracture (3%). The most common site of mandibular fracture was mandibular condyle as 113 cases (27.7%) and the next was mandibular symphysis as 109 cases (26.7%), mandibular angle as 103 cases (25.3%), mandibular body as 83 cases (20.3%) in order. The sum of fracture sites were 408 sites and there were 1.4 fracture sites per one patient. The number of mandible fractures accompanied with facial bone fractures were 41 cases (14.4%). Conclusion: The results showed the most frequent type and common site of mandibular fracture was single fracture and mandibular condyle respectively. (Korean J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2009; 39: 93-8)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1989

A clinico-statistical analysis was performed on 1373 cases who complained of hoarseness at the Dept. of Otolaryngology of Ewha Womans University hopital during the past 10 years from fan 1975 to Dec 1984 and the following results were obtained. 1) Among total of 44,912 who visited the Dept. of Otolaryngology. the patients with hoarseness were 1373 cases(3.1%). 2) Among total of 1373 cases, male were 586 and female were 787, the ratio being 1:1.3. 3) The underlying diseases causing hoarseness in order of frequency were acute laryngitis 374 cases(27.2%), chronic laryngitis 325 cases(23.7%), vocal nodule 248 cases(18.1%), vocal polyp 130 cases(9.5%), vocal cord paralysis 101 cases(7.4%), laryngeal cancer 24 cases(1.7%). 4) The highest incidence of age causing hoarseness in order of frequency were 3rd decade 368 cases(26.8%) 2nd decade 312 cases(22.7%) 4th decade 297 cases(21.6%), 5) The highest incidence of age for underlying diseases in order of frequency were as that follows: acute laryngitis in 2nd decade 114 cases(30.5%), chronic laryngitis in 3rd decade 92 cases(28.3%), vocal nodule in 3rd decade 81 cases(32.7%), vocal polyp in 4th decade 38 cases(29.2%), vocal cord paralysis in 5th decade 19 cases(18.8%), laryngeal cancer in 5th decade 13 cases(54.2%). 6) Number of the patients who came the hospital within 10 days after the onset of hoarseness were 272 cases(19.8%), 15 cases(1.1%) had medical attention for first time 10 years after hoarseness. 7) The highest incidence of the duration from the onset to consultation for the underlying diseases were as that follows: acute larynsitis within 10 days 205 cases(54.8%), chronic laryngitis 3M-6M 76 cases(23.4%), vocal nodule 3M-6M 55 cases(22.2%) vocal polyp 6M-lYr 32 cases(24.6%), vocal cord paralysis 3M-6M 20 cases(19.8%)

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.396-406
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• 1995

This is a clinical and retrospective study who sustained a total of 306 maxillofacial bone fracture and who were treated in our department between 1990-1994. This results were obtained as follows : 1. The ratio of men to women was 3.2 : 1. 2. The age frequency was the highest in the third decade(35%). That of man was the highest in the third decade but that of women in the fourth decade. 3. In respect of incidence, the number of patients has not been increased year after year. There were the highest frequency in September and the lowest frequency in January. 4. The most frequent cause of facial bone fracture was fall down(40.2%), traffic accident(28.1%), fist blow(20.9%), industrial accident(6.2%) and others in order. 5. The most common location of facial bone fracture was mandible(69%), maxillar with zygoma and zygoma in order of frequency. 6. The age frequency of mandible was the third decade(36.5%), the fourth decade(23.2%) and the fourth decade(22.2%) and the fifth decade(15.6%) in order. 7. In respect of incidence of associated injuries, the ratio of absence to presence was 0.7 : 1. 8. In 306 patients of facial bone fracture, the frequency of associated injuries was laceration, extrimities, chest in order.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.219-232
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• 1986

A study on establishment of normal range of cardiothoracic ratio calculated from photofluorography film of chest by age and sex in a total of the 6,598 insureds was undertaken. The results were as follows: 1. In male group, the frequency distribution of cardiothoracic ratio was skewed weakly to the right in second decade, symmetrical in third and fourth decade, and was skewed weakly to the left in fifth and sixth decade; in female group, it was skewed weakly to the left in second, third and fourth decade, and was skewed weakly to the right in fifth and sixth decade. 2. On assumption that normal range of cardiothoracic ratio should comprise about 85% of all cardiothoracic ratios in each age group of both sexes, the sites of deviation from mean value of cardiothoracic ratio corresponding to maximum and minimum cardiothoracic ratio in the range of about 85% above mentioned were detected by statistical method on the frequency distribution of log tranformed cardiothoracic ratio, and $M{\pm}1.3$ sindicating normal range of cardiothoracic ratio was determined. In male group, normal range of cardiothoracic ratio determined by statistical method is 35-45%, 40-50%, 40-50%, 40-50% and 40-50% succesively in order from second to sixth decade; in female group, 40-50%, 40-50%, 40-50%, 45-55% and 45-55%.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.3 s.51
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• pp.651-662
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• 1995

In Korea there is no specific method of age adjustment in noise induced hearing loss(NIHL). We attempted the age adjustment to understand the effects of age on the diagnosis of NIHL. We used the International Standard Organization 1999 as an age adjustment method. We used the 1, 617 otologically normal person's hearing data from a health examination center, and 206 workers diagnosed as NIHL. We concluded as follows; 1. The ISO 7029 function used for age specific hearing loss is not suited to Korean people. 2. The mean of age specific hearing loss is 11.0 6.2dB and the older of age, the more decrease on hearing loss, especially in 4000Hz. 3. The difference of NIHL between before age adjustment and after age adjustment in the 3rd decade is 5.4dB, in the 4th decade is 6.7dB, in the 5th decade is 8.5dB, in the 6th decade is 10.4dB, and in the 7th decade is 12.9dB. The older, the more is the difference. 4. After age adjustment, the number of workers diagnosed as NIHL decreases to 60% of unadjusted.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 1998

Membrane electrode based on chitin(po1y-[$1{\rightarrow}4$]-${\beta}$-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) was prepared by mixing uniformly grounded of chitin (100 mesh) with PVC and DOS. We investigated the potential response of chitin membrane electrode to metal ions. It was observed that the response slopes for $Cd^{2+}$(34.9 mV/decade) and $Cu^{2+}$(34.0 mV/decade) were larger than those for other ions in pH 4 acetate buffer. The potentiometric response of chitin electrode to varying pH was nearly constant in the pH range of 2~12.