• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.588-594
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• 2016

As more populations are getting older, the number of vulnerable pedestrians is increasing, thereby social problems related to transportations also frequently occur in different areas and situations. Many of such problems come from bus drivers who may pass bus stops not recognizing passengers about to board. In this paper, we propose a new IoT bus notification system developed to avoid these situations. Our implementation aims to gain bus service routes using publicly opened data, notify passengers about bus stop locations using GPS information and finally deliver the positions of those passengers to the bus drivers so that they can hardly miss passengers who are willing to board on the right stop. By creating an application, it was conducted by means of a GPS to communicate the location of the vehicle by means of GPS and transfer data to the location of the vehicle. Experimental results show that it is possible to accurately determine the position of passengers even in a crowded race area. The average error distance is 31m, and if the data to be processed as error is excluded, it provides a high reliability as 19m.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.949-958
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• 2004

race detection using a boosting based algorithm requires a very large size of face and nonface data. In addition, the fact that there always occurs a need for adding additional training data for better detection rates demands an efficient incremental teaming algorithm. In the design of incremental teaming based classifiers, the final classifier should represent the characteristics of the entire training dataset. Conventional methods have a critical problem in combining intermediate classifiers that weight updates depend solely on the performance of individual dataset. In this paper, for the purpose of application to face detection, we present a new method to combine an intermediate classifier with previously acquired ones in an optimal manner. Our algorithm creates a validation set by incrementally adding sampled instances from each dataset to represent the entire training data. The weight of each classifier is determined based on its performance on the validation set. This approach guarantees that the resulting final classifier is teamed by the entire training dataset. Experimental results show that the classifier trained by the proposed algorithm performs better than by AdaBoost which operates in batch mode, as well as by ${Learn}^{++}$.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.709-724
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• 2012

This study examined the characteristics of costumes worn at Halloween parties, a form of cultural entertainment commonly seen in the U.S. The Halloween party culture involves children and adolescents wearing costumes, decorating their bodies, and mimicking famous characters. Furthermore, the types and motifs of Halloween costumes have become a means of expressing individuality. This study conducted empirical research on how such motifs were reflected in modern Halloween party-wear in order to provide basic data regarding the development and design of Halloween costumes and the formation of the related entertainment culture. This study researched the shape of costumes and the type of traditional motif presented in these costumes, as well as analyzed the symbolic meaning of each motif. The research process was as follows. First, this study investigated the origin and evolution of Halloween by researching precedent studies, books, and internet data. Second, this study extracted the types of traditional Halloween motifs by analyzing the characteristics and symbols of Halloween costumes commonly presented in such materials. After collecting 547 Halloween-related images from U.S. and Korean Internet websites, this study sorted and analyzed images that could represent traditional Halloween motifs. According to the results, representative traditional Halloween motifs included black cats, white rabbits, tridents, scarecrows, skull and bones, ghosts, witches, vampires, bats, werewolves, and jack-o-lanterns(pumpkins, etc.). The sentiments for such traditional Halloween motifs changed according to era and race. The symbolic meaning would continuously change - from positive to negative and vice versa - to reflect various socio-cultural phenomena. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for developing Halloween costume designs and the related entertainment culture.

• Korean Journal of Family Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.364-369
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• 2018

Background: Compared with other chronic diseases, hearing loss is generally overlooked from the perspective of disease burden. However, hearing loss is emerging as an important issue in the current society. The objective of this study was to investigate disease burdens and marginal utilities associated with hearing loss and other chronic diseases. Methods: This study analyzed the cross-sectional data of 32,986 participants aged 19 years and older who completed the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 2009 and 2013. Additionally, this study used the pure tone audiometric test, European Quality of Life-Five Dimensions Questionnaire, and chronic disease status. The data were analyzed using a multiple linear regression method. Results: The data of 23,297 people who underwent a pure tone audiogram and completed the European Quality of Life-Five Dimensions Questionnaire were used in this analysis. The marginal utility of hearing loss ranked fifth among nine chronic diseases. The estimated loss of quality-adjusted life years associated with hearing loss was -93.69 years per 100,000 people, which is similar to other chronic diseases. Conclusion: This study assessed the marginal utilities and public burdens of hearing loss and eight chronic diseases in a South Korean population. Although the values may vary depending on country and race, this study may provide an indispensable foundation for more detailed studies on hearing loss.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.299-319
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• 2010

This thesis analyzed that which countries won the Olympic medals more efficiently at the Olympic Games. Unlike the previous studies, I measured efficiency under the CRS, found implications for investment to improve sports skills through understanding the characteristics of sports race. A methods for research is a DEA-based approach which measures efficiency by using the data only, not assuming the parameters. The inputs are total population and GDP, the output is Olympic medals at 2004 Athens Olympic Games and 2006 Turin Winter Olympic Games. I applied different weights based on the medal colors. The results showed the tendencies that the larger the scales of total population and GDP were, the lower efficient values were. These tendencies imply that sports skills are related with the law of diminishing returns and international convergence. According to these phenomenons, surging investments for sports performance are hard to get proper justification. In the case of limited resources, investing uniformly in various sport entries is more productive than in just one or two sport entries.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.29-35
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• 2022

Objectives The purpose of this systematic review is to analyse randomized controlled trials about acupuncture for patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and evaluate it's pain improvement effect. Methods Studies will be searched from ten databases (Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI], WanFang Data, Citation Information by NII [CiNII], ScienceON, Koreanstudies Information Service System [KISS], KMBASE, and KoreaMed). Participants will be patients diagnosed with PFPS, regardless of cause, gender, age or race, and interventions will be acupuncture, electroacupuncture, dry needling, fire needle, and acupotomy. Other treatments than interventions will be the control group and the main outcome will be reviewed by visual analogue scale (VAS). Results Data will be extracted and assessed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis flow chart and Cochrane risk of bias tools. Meta-analysis will be conducted using random effect model within 95% confidence interval. Conclusions We expect this systematic review to provide useful data about the pain improvements of patellofemoral pain using acupuncture and expect to stimulate and systematize acupuncture treatment on PFPS in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.451-454
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• 2007

There is an inseparable relation between human race and engineering work. As world developed into highly industrialized society, a diversity of large structures is being built up correspondently to limited topographical circumstance. Though large structures are national establishments which provide us with convenience of life, there are some disastrous possibilities which were never predicted such as ground subsidence and degradation. It is very difficult to analyze the volume of total metamorphosis with the relative displacement measurement system which is now used and it is impossible to know whether there is structural metamorphosis within a permissible range of design or not. In this research with an object of 13-year-old earthen dam, through generating point-cloud which has 3D spatial coordinates(x, y, z) of this dam by means of 3D Laser Scanning, we can get real configuration data of slanting surface of this dam with this method of getting a number of 3D spatial coordinates(x, y, z). It gives 3D spatial model to us and we can get various information of this dam such as the distance of slanting surface of dam, dimensions and cubic volume. It can be made full use of as important source material of reinforcement and maintenance works to detect previously the bulging of the dam through this research.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.12D no.6 s.102
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• pp.863-868
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• 2005

Hardware and software codesign framework called PeaCE(Ptolemy extension as a Codesign Environment) was developed. It allows to express both data flow and control flow which is described as fFSM which extends traditional finite state machine. While the fFSM model provides lots of syntactic constructs for describing control flow, it has a lack of their formality and then difficulties in verifying the specification. In order to define the formal semantics of the fFSM, in this paper, firstly the hierarchical structure in the model is flattened and then the step semantics is defined. As a result, some important bugs such as race condition, ambiguous transition, and circulartransition can be formally detected in the model.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.4091-4094
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• 2014

Background: This study used the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to analyze Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) bronchioaveolar carcinoma data to identify predictive models and potential disparity in outcomes. Materials and Methods: Socio-economic, staging and treatment factors were assessed. For the risk modeling, each factor was fitted by a Generalized Linear Model to predict cause specific survival. The area under the ROC was computed. Similar strata were combined to construct the most parsimonious models. A random sampling algorithm was used to estimate modeling errors. Risk of cause specific death was computed for the predictors for comparison. Results: There were 7,309 patients included in this study. The mean follow up time (S.D.) was 24.2 (20) months. Female patients outnumbered male ones 3:2. The mean (S.D.) age was 70.1 (10.6) years. Stage was the most predictive factor of outcome (ROC area of 0.76). After optimization, several strata were fused, with a comparable ROC area of 0.75. There was a 4% additional risk of death associated with lower county family income, African American race, rural residency and lower than 25% county college graduate. Radiotherapy had not been used in 2/3 of patients with stage III disease. Conclusions: There are socio-economic disparities in cause specific survival. Under-use of radiotherapy may have contributed to poor outcome. Improving education, access and rates of radiotherapy use may improve outcome.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.3-12
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• 2011

Industrialization and development of technology satisfied various humanly needs and lay the basis of numerous benefit and profit. New technologies like these mostly required large amounts of fossil Fuel, Fossil energy depletion rate was increasing rapidly. However, technical development for Human race required absolute sacrifice of the environment. Especially, 'City' which had been focused as stage of human activities, allowed to continue to have fossil energy dependent activities, and it shows in many data that the city is responsible for the 75-80% of the green house gas by human. In order to solve the problem relating climate changes and energy, European countries already made progress studies on many of the low carbon green city and pilot case construction. Especially, Germany, Austria, Holland, Sweden who had been playing leader role on environmental awareness and ecological concept, are actively constructing low carbon green city project based on Ecological city planning scheme. These projects positively utilize planning scheme that limits carbon emission using Urban Metabolism concept. Therefore, throughout this study, I would like to present planning and direction of future domestic low carbon green city by analyzing theories relative theories and best practices in Europe.