• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2020

Eisenia bicyclis, a perennial macroalga is a primary producer of in the ocean, It has been identified as a key species that plays a vital role in maintaining the ecosystem stability. Also, it is an important target in marine afforestation projects and useful marine organisms. In addition, E. bicyclis is used as a health food for humans. This study investigated the effect of water temperature, light (photon irradiance), and duration of light (photoperiod) on the growth of gametophytes and young sporophytes of E. bicyclis. The germination and growth of the zoospores of E. bicyclis were examined at five temperatures (5℃, 10℃, 15℃, 20℃ and 25℃), four intensities of photon irradiance (10, 20, 40, and 80 μmol m-2s-1), and photoperiods (14:10 and 10:14 light/dark cycles). The zoospores released from mature plant germinated into the gametophytes under all experimental conditions. The gametophytes were able to grow at water temperature 5℃-25℃ and mature at 10℃-20℃. The optimal range of water temperature for the maturation of the gametophyte was 15℃-20℃. At 25℃, E. bicyclis gametophytes grew rapidly but did not mature. The optimal culture conditions for the growth of young sporophytes grew slowly in low temperature and photon irradiances.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.559-563
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• 2011

Cymbidium 'Purple Star' (Miake 'Pieta' ${\times}$ 'Allstar Mariane') was developed from a cross between hybrids at the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 2008. A cross was made between purple colored flower C. Miake 'Pieta' as maternal line and dark pink colored flower, C. 'Allstar Mariane' as paternal line in 1995. The seed germination, cultivation, selection, and characteristic trials were conducted from 1996 to 2002. The line was named as Wongyo 'F1-21' and phenotype was characterized in 2007 as a new cultivar. The 'Purple Star' has dark purple basal color (RHS, GP186A) on both of sepal and petal with red lip (RHS, RP59A). 'Purple Star' has about 10.7 flowers per flower stalk and flower size of 7.6 cm. General appearance of petals and sepals is slightly incurved shape. The plant size is intermediate having erect peduncle. Blooming is started from the late of January (mid-winter) under optimal culture condition. Leaf attitude and twisting is erect and weak respectively. This hybrid has attractive floral arrangement, long flower stalk (78.4 cm) and vigorous growth. 'Purple Star' has a great potential for exporting to Chinese market.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 1996

For improvement germination rate of Cirsium setidens, wet seeds were storaged for 20 to 80 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and germinated at $18^{\circ}C$ in the dark or light condition. To assess the effects of shading and plant age on the growth, fresh yield and seed yield under rain shelter in highland at altitude of 800m above sea level, seeds were sown in an open field in late september,1990. In early May the next the seedlings were transplanted for vegetatable and seed production in the plastic houses for rain shelter. They were grown from 1991 to 1993 in the houses covered with the shading nets ranging from 0 to 70% for vegetable production and 0 to 50% for seed production. Germination rate inceased as the storage period lengthened, and the rate came to $60\sim80%$ at 60days after germination. It was more effective in lighting than in darkness. For vegetable production, the shading net treatments showed more values in almost the characters checked at the third year than the non-shading treatment. No. of stem, no, of leaves, stem length and degree of softening were no different between shading net treatments, but the other characters were significantly different. Ratio of survival, density of chlorophyll and ratio of dry matter of plants were highest in the plots of 50%, 70%, and 30% of shading, respectively. The highest fresh yield was recorded from 2-year plants, 70% of shading from them showed the greatest yield. The highest seed yields were produced 2-year-old plants of non-shading plot. For seed production, the non-shading treatment is best, and the highest seed yields were obtained in both the second and third years.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 1984

Effects of major phenolic acids identified from barley residues (straw, root) on the germination of rice and 3 paddy weeds such as Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyperus serotinus, and Potamogeton distintus were evaluated to obtain the basic informations on the development of naturally occurring herbicides. The predominant phenolic compounds extracted from barley residues in both straw and root were identified as p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, vanillic, and salicylic acids by means of paper chromatography. Total phenol content of barley straw and root at the harvesting stage was 0.169% and 0.127% per dry weight, respectively. During the decomposing process, total phenol content slightly increased and then decreased. The germination of test plants was inhibited by treatments of 4 major authentic phenolic acids identified, most significantly on rice, and less on E. crusgalli, and C. serotinus. P. distintus, however, was markedly stimulated by them as the concentration increased, and then sprouted buds of pondweeds were changed to dark brownish color, resulting in the death as the treatment prolonged. The greater inhibitory effect appeared on shoot growth rather than germination. The aqueous extracts of barley residues showed the similar inhibitory effect on the germination and shoot growth of rice and three paddy weeds as the treatments of 4 authentic phenolic acids.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.247-256
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• 1974

The Merit variety of soybean (Glycine max L.), harvested in 1971 was germinated in the dark at $21{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. The soybean sprout were divided into cotyledons and seedling axis and subjected to the determination of lipoxygenase activity and fatty acid composition of triglycerides, free fatty acids, phosholipids and crude fat fractions at two-day intervals during the germination periods. The results are summarized as follows 1) The lipoxygenase activity in cotyledons declined sharply after second day, but the activity in seedling axis inclined slightly after second day. However, the decrease of lipoxygenase activity in cotyledons coincided with decrease of linoleic and linolenic acids in cotyledons and increase of lipoxygenase activity in seedling axis coincided with increase of those acids in seedling axis. 2) The iodine value of neutral fat in cotyledons decreased continuously, but the iodine value of the neutral fat in seedling axis remained almost constant. iodine value in cotyeldons was greater than in seedling axis. 3) In the fatty acid composition of triglycerides in cotyledons, palmitic acid did not changes significantly, stearic acid increased continuously, oleic acid changed irregularly, linoleic and linolenic acids continuously decreased significantly. But in the fatty acid composition of triglycerides in seedling axis, palmitic acid remained unchanged, linoleic and linolenic acids slightly increased continuously, stearic and oleic acids changed irregularly. 4) Composition of free fatty acids in cotyledons and seedling axis changed irregularly, suggesting that all fatty acids produced by hydrolysis of triglycerides by lipase are used(or either biosynthetic Purpose or energy Production at random. 5) Fatty acids with odd-numbered carbon chain were not detected in the triglycerides and free fatty acid fractions during the germination periods, suggesting that all fatty acids are utilized as $C_2$-unit in degradation and biosynthesis. 6) The changes of fatty acids composition of Phospholipid in cotyledons and seedling axis during the germination were similar to these of triglyceride fraction.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.638-646
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• 2015

To increase the utility of seeds in plant resources, seeds of 6 Aster species(A. incisus, A. hayatae, A. koraiensis, A. scaber, A. spathulifolius, and A. yomena) were subjected to experiments to develop adequate methods for sprout production. To study optimum germination conditions, germination rates of the seeds were analyzed at different temperature (15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and light conditions. A longitudinal growth experiment was performed in dark conditions for 10 days. Seedlings, with optimum germination rate and longitudinal growth, were placed in the light for 0-3 days to seek the adequate greening periods. Sprouts grown under optimum environmental conditions were placed in vessels with or without ventilation, and stored under $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ to examine storage environment and period. As a result of this analysis, seeds were selected that germinated over 50% within 12 days. Longitudinal growth was promoted at $20-25^{\circ}C$, and optimum growth was obtained with 7-9 days. As greening days increased longitudinal growth was retarded, but orbital growth of radicles and cotyledons was promoted. Considering all these factors, greening treatment of 2 days showed the best results. In a storage ability experiment, the best result was achieved by storage in vessels without ventilation under $4^{\circ}C$. Ventilation prevented rotting of sprouts, but reduced moisture contents of sprouts. Most sprouts were fresh at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3-6 days. In particular, sprouts of A. hayatae and A. yomena had high keeping quality, and remained fresh over 3 days even at $10^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.134-142
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as affected by artificial light sources and different growing media in a closed-type plant production system (CPPS). The lettuce seeds were sown in the 128-cell plug tray filled with 5 different growing media such as urethane sponge (US), rock-wool (RW), Q-plug (QP), TP-S2 (TP) and PU-7B (PU). The germination rate of lettuce seeds was examined during 12 days after sowing. On the 13 days after sowing, the lettuce seedlings were transplanted in a CPPS with temperature $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and nutrient solution (EC $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, pH 6.5) using recirculating deep floating technique system. The light sources were set with FL (fluorescent lamps) and combined RB LEDs (red : blue = 7 : 3) with $150{\pm}10{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD and a photoperiod of 14/10 hours (light/dark). The initial germination rate of lettuce was the highest in TP. The final germination and mean daily germination were the significantly highest in RW, QP and TP. The plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of shoot were the greatest in QP irradiated with RB LED. The number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of root and SPAD were the greatest in QP and TP irradiated with RB LED. The root length was the longest in TP irradiated with RB LED. Therefore, these results indicate that RB LED was effective for the growth of lettuce and it was also found that the QP and TP were effective for the germination and growth of lettuce in a CPPS. In addition, we confirmed the applicability of the newly developed growing medium TP for the lettuce production in a CPPS.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.61-62
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• 2003

Clonal propagation of high-value forest trees through somatic embryogenesis (SE) has the potential to rapidly capture the benefits of breeding or genetic engineering programs and to improve raw material uniformity and quality. A major barrier to the commercialization of this technology is the low quality of the resulting embryos. Several factors limit commercialization of SE for Corsican pine, including low initiation rates, low culture survival, culture decline causing low or no embryo production, and inability of somatic embryos to fully mature, resulting in low germination and reduced vigour of somatic seedlings. The objective was to develop a Corsican pine maturation medium that would produce cotyledonary embryos capable of germination. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, and significant differences between treatments determined by multiple range test at P=0.05. Corsican pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima) cultures were initiated on modified !P6 medium. Modifications of the same media were used for culture multiplication and maintenance. Embryogenic cultures were maintained on the same medium semi solidified with 2.5 g/l Gelrite. A maturation medium, capable of promoting the development of Corsican pine somatic embryos that can germinate, is a combination of iP6 modified salts, 2% maltose, 13% polyethylene glycol (PEG), 5 mg!l abscisic acid (ABA), and 2.5 g/l Gelrite. After initiation and once enough tissue developed they were grown in liquid medium. Embryogenic cell suspensions were established by adding 0.951.05 g of 10- to 14-day-old semisolid-grown embryogenic tissue to 9 ml of liquid maintenance media in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask. Cultures were then incubated in the dark at 2022$^{\circ}$C and rotated at 120 rpm. After 2.53 months on maturation medium, somatic embryos were selected that exhibited normal embryo shape. Ten embryos were placed horizontally on 20 ml of either germination medium ($\frac{2}{1}$strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) salts with 2.5 g/l activated charcoal) or same medium with copper sulphate adjusted to 0.25 mg/1 to compensate for copper adsorption by activated carbon. 2% and 4% maltose was substituted by 7.5% and 13% PEG respectively to improve the yield of the embryos. Substitution of' maltose with PEG was clearly beneficial to embryo development. When 2% of the maltose was replaced with 7.5% PEG, many embryos developed to large bullet-shaped embryos. At latter stages of development most embryos callused and stopped development. A few short, barrel-shaped cotyledonary embryos formed that were covered by callus on the sides and base. When 4% of the maltose was removed and substituted with 13% PEG, the embryos developed further, emerging from the callus and increasing yield slightly. Microscopic examination of the cultures showed differing morphologies, varying from mostly single cells or clumps to well-formed somatic embryos that resembled early zygotic embryos only liquid cultures with organized early-stag. A procedure for converting and acclimating germinants to growth in soil and greenhouse conditions is also tested. Seedling conversion and growth were highly related to the quality of the germinant at the time of planting. Germinants with larger shoots, longer, straighter hypocotyls and longer roots performed best. When mature zygotic embryos germinate the root emerges, before or coincident with the shoot. In contrast, somatic embryos germinate in reverse sequence, with the cotyledons greening first, then shoot emergence and then, much later, if at all, the appearance of the root. Somatic seedlings, produced from the maturation medium, showed 100% survival when planted in a field setting. Somatic seedlings showed normal yearly growth relative to standard seedlings from natural seed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.427-431
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• 2002

Lateral roots of soybean sprout might reduce the quality. The study was done to measure the effect of light quality treated during 24 hour imbibition or 6 day culture on growth and development of soybean sprouts on the 6th day after culture. With the soybean seeds imbibed in 4 ppm benzyladenopurine (BA) solution for last 6 hours of the imbibition, blue and red lights were treated during the imbibition, but during 6 day culture, blue and red or far-red light treatments were done for 50 minutes or 5 hours a day, respectively, the periods taking for their cotyledons to turn green color, On the 6th day after culture, the soybean sprouts were classified by 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length;＞7cm, 4 to 7cm, ＜4cm and non-germination, and their lateral roots, hypocotyl diameters and fraction dry weights were measured. Blue and red lights treated during the imbibition completely blocked lateral root formation regardless of the lights treated during the culture, and showed nearly the same rate of hypocotyls of longer than 4cm. The period of each light treatment forced during the culture did not influence the growth of soybean sprouts. far-red light treated for 5 hours everyday, however, had the least rate of seed germination and hypocotyls of longer than 7cm of the light quality treatments. In addition, red and far-red lights almost equally having the commercial soybean sprouts of longer than 4cm hypocotyls move elongated and selenderized than blue light and dark treatment, meaning the growth and morphology of soybean sprouts was affected by light treatments during the culture.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.708-714
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• 2002

A new leaf blight was found on the perilla leaves at the major perilla-cultivating areas such as Kangdong in Busan and Miryang in Kyungnam province. Symptoms of the disease initially appeared on the edge of perilla leaves showing black necrosis and drying, and the infected leaves were finally fell down. The SD1 isolate showing strong pathogenicity and forming abundant conidial spores on the diseased lesions was isolated. Among the tested media, mycelial growth was abundant on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium at $25^{\circ}C$ under dark condition, but conidial formation was greater on V8A (V-8 juice A8ar) medium than that on PDA medium. Optimal temperatures for mycelial growth and conidial formation on PDA medium were respectively $25^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$. The rate of conidial germination and the elongation of germ tube were more effective in 10% tomato juice than those in PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) and sterile water. In 10% tomato juice, the rate of conidial germination and the length of germ tube were 100% after incubation for 24k and 535.2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ after incubation for 36hr, respectively. According to the result of pathogenicity, it revealed that conidial suspention with 10% tomato juice was the most effective for pathogenicity test showing as 100% of disease incidence, and the symptoms caused by artificial inoculum were same as those of naturally infected perilla. In this study, the SD1 isolate according to the results of morphological characteristics, the incubation characteristics and pathogenicity was firstly identified A. alternata, and named as leaf blight of perilla.