• Title/Summary/Keyword: dam sediment

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Assessment of Bacterial Abundance and Activities in Sediment of Daecheong Dam Reservoir (대청댐 저층 퇴적물 박테리아 군집과 활성 평가)

  • Kong, In Chul;Lee, Yo Sang
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.35-44
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    • 2003
  • Bacterial activities of dam reservoir sediments were assessed using the methods of viable counts, ATP contents, dehydrogenase activity, and oxygen consumption. Viable heterotrophs in collected sediments were observed in the range of $10^6{\sim}10^{10}$ CFU/g dry wt. sediment. All assessed methods showed high activities in sediment samples collected from near dam site. In addition, bacteria increase in sediments amended with cellulose, starch, lipid, and protein compounds. Various ranges of antibiotics and heavy metals resistance bacteria were also detected, especially, 10~100 times less numbers of Cd resistance bacteria were observed compared with those of Pb and Cr. In general, antibiotics resistance groups were in the range of $10^{-1}{\sim}10^{-6}$ times of control.

SHIHMEN SEDIMENT PREVENTION DIVERSION TUNNEL PLANNING AND DESIGN

  • Ho-Shong Hou;Ming-Shun Lee;Percy Hou
    • International conference on construction engineering and project management
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    • 2009.05a
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    • pp.168-172
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    • 2009
  • Shihmen reservoir was started in May 1963. The main purposes of Shihmen reservoir are for agriculture, power supply, flood control and tourism. Shihme Asn dam is an earth dam. Its crown height is 133m above mean sea level, with length 360 m, watershed 763.4 km2, and maximum volume 309 million cms. Turbidity in Shihmen dam was severely affected by typhoons Aere (2004) and Masa (2005). Increased deposition after Aere was 28 million cms. Turbidity at Shihmen Canal Inlet is 3000 NTU (Nephelometry Turbidity Unit). Sediment sluicing strategies for downstream channel are demanded. Therefore, diversionary sediment preventing channel is planned in the upstream of Shihmen reservoir. Finally, turbid flow in tunnel channel is bypassed and diverted its flow down to downstream.

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Experimental Investigation of Local Half-cone Scouring Against Dam under the Effect of Localized Vibrations in the Sediment Layers

  • Dodaran, Asgar Ahadpour;Park, Sang Kil;Mardashti, Asadollah;Noshadi, Mehrzad;Afsari, Mohammad
    • Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.107-113
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    • 2013
  • Most natural river reach are approximately balanced with respect to sediment inflow and outflow. Dam construction dramatically alters this balance, creating an impounded river reach characterized by extremely low flow velocities and efficient sediment trapping. The impounded reach will accumulate sediment and lose storage capacity until a balance is again achieved, which would normally occur after the impoundment has become "filled up" with sediment and can no longer provide water storage and other benefits. This paper aims to investigate the sediment removal process in dam reservoir using simultaneously pressure flushing operation and vibrator machine. The main objective of this study is to identify the effect of vibrator in flushing cone dimensions. To achieve the objectives of present study, laboratory test have conducted under different hydraulic conditions such as two bottom outlets with diameter equal to 2" and 3", five discharges 0.23, 0.53, 1.21, 1.53 and 2.1 lit/s and only one water depth above the center of bottom outlets. Using the vibrator machine mounted into the reservoir and close to the bottom outlet, different frequency e.g. 20, 35 and 50 HZ, have been introduced to the deposited sediment at the vicinity of outlet. The results indicate that the volume and width of flushing cone are strongly affected by frequency of vibrations. The results indicate that the volume and width of flushing cone are strongly affected by frequency of vibrations.

Long-term Prediction of Dam Sedimentation Using Sluicing Efficiency Curve and Dam Operation Technique (배사비 효율곡선 및 댐 운영기법을 이용한 퇴사량 장기 예측)

  • Lee, Gwang-Man
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.95-103
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    • 1998
  • Dam sediment can be predicted from the two methods: the one is a physical analysis based on the hydrjulic mechanism and the other is an empirical approach using observed data as a design factor. The former can be used to estimate short-term phenomena by mathematical methods. the latter can be used for deriving long-term design parameters such as dead storage calculation. Monthly reservoir operation is possible with the sluicing efficiency curve based on empirical data. The optimal sediment management can be carried out using the information variable which traces deposit sediments corresponding to the reservoir storage. The idea can provide an optimal operation strategy to save effective storage varying with time. This study presents a methodology for the long-term sediment prediction using sluicing efficiency curve. An application is conducted for estimating accumulated sedment deposit and water supply capability ofr the Fenhe dam in the Yellow rever of China.

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Analysis of Soil Erosion and Sediment Yields at the Doam-dam Watershed considering Soil Properties from the Soil Reconditioned Agricultural Fields using SATEEC System (SATEEC 시스템을 이용한 객토 토양의 토성고려에 따른 도암댐 유역의 토양유실 및 유사량 분석)

  • Yoo, Dongsun;Ahn, Jaehun;Yoon, Jongsuk;Heo, Sunggu;Park, Younshik;Kim, Jonggun;Lim, Kyoung Jae;Kim, Ki-sung
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.518-526
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    • 2007
  • There have been serious soil erosion and water pollution problems caused by highland agriculture practices at Doam-dam watershed. Especially agricultural activities, chemical and organic fertilizer and pesticide applications, soil reconditioning to maintain soil fertility are known as primary causes of soil erosion and water qaulity degradation in the receiving water bodies. Among these, soil reconditioning can accelerate soil erosion rates. To develop soil erosion prevention practices, it is necessary to estimate the soil erosion from the watershed. Thus, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model has been developed and utilized to assess soil erosion. However, the USLE model cannot be used at watershed scale because it does not consider sediment delivery ratio (SDR) for watershed application. For this reason, the Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SA TEEC) was developed to assess the sediment yield at any point in the watershed. The USLE-based SA TEEC system can estimate the SDR using area-based SDR and slope-based SDR module. In this study, the SATEEC system was used to estimate soil erosion and sediment yield at the Doam-dam watershed using the soil properties from reconditioned agricultural fields. Based on the soil sampling and analysis, the US LE K factor was calculated and used in the SA TEEC system to analyze the possible errors of previous USLE application studies using soil properties from the digital soil map, and compared with that using soil properties obtained in this study. The estimated soil erosion at the Doam-dam watershed without using soil properties obtained in the soil sampling and analysis is 1,791,400 ton/year (123 ton/ha/year), while the soil erosion amount is 2,429,900 ton/year (166.8 ton/ha/year) with the use of soil properties from the soil sampling and analysis. There is 35 % increase in estimated soil erosion and sediment yield with the use of soil properties from soil reconditioned agricultural fields. Since significant amount of soil erosion are known to be occurring from the agricultural fields, the soil erosion and sediment yield from only agricultural fields was assessed. The soil erosion rate is 45.9 ton/ha/year without considering soil properties from soil reconditioned agricultural fields, while 105.3 ton/ha/year after considering soil properties obtained in this study, increased in 129%. This study shows that it is very important to use correct soil properties to assess soil erosion and sediment yield simulation. It is recommended that further studies are needed to develop environment friendly soil reconditioning method should be developed and implemented to decrease the speed of soil erosion rates and water quality degradation.

Development of GIS System for the Monitering of the Riverbed Sediment on Dam Reservoir (댐저수지 하상의 퇴적물 관리를 위한 GIS 시스템 개발)

  • Park, Joon-Kyu
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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    • 2006.11a
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    • pp.33-45
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    • 2006
  • The interest of sediment has been increased daily because most of domestic dam reservoir's operation time have been extended and wide basin area is the main characteristics for artificial reservoir which the speed of water flow in artificial reservoir is slower than that of natural reservoir. Therefore a lot of sediment has been significantly accumulated. In this study, the accurate topographic data were obtained using echo-sounding system. GPS survey, low-frequency sub-bottom profiler, and high-frequency echo-sounding system were used to compute the exact amount of sediment. Based on the results, DEM(Digital Elevation Model) and DSM(Digital Surface Model) were generated. The GIS system for the management of sediment was created based on topographic data on the riverbed and this system can be efficiently used for the management of sediment which caused the problems of reservoir capacity and water quality.

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Potential of River Bottom and Bank Erosion for River Restoration after Dam Slit in the Mountain Stream

  • Kang, Ji-Hyun;So, Kazama
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.46-46
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    • 2011
  • Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

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Development on Prediction Algorithm of Sediment Discharge by Debris Flow for Decision of Location and Scale of the Check Dam (사방댐 위치 및 규모 결정을 위한 토석류 토사유출량 예측 알고리즘 개발)

  • Kim, Kidae;Woo, Choongshik;Lee, Changwoo;Seo, Junpyo;Kang, Minjeng
    • Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.586-593
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    • 2020
  • Purpose: This study aims to develop an algorithm for predicting sediment discharge by debris flow, and develop GIS-based decision support system for optimal arrangement of check dam. Method: The average stream width and flow length were used to predict the cumulative sediment discharge by debris flow. At this time, the amount of slope failure on source area and average flow length were utilized as input factors. Result: The predicted sediment discharge calculated through the algorithm was 1.1 times different on average compared to the actual sediment discharge by debris flow. In addition, the program is an objective indicator that selects the location and size of the check dam, and it can help practitioners make rational decisions. Conclusion: The soil erosion control works are being implemented every year. Therefore, it is expected that the GIS-based decision support system for location and size of the check dam will contribute to the prevention of sediment-related disasters.

Evaluation of SWAT Applicability to Simulation of Sediment Behaviois at the Imha-Dam Watershed (임하댐 유역의 유사 거동 모의를 위한 SWAT 모델의 적용성 평가)

  • Park, Younshik;Kim, Jonggun;Park, Joonho;Jeon, Ji-Hong;Choi, Dong Hyuk;Kim, Taedong;Choi, Joongdae;Ahn, Jaehun;Kim, Ki-sung;Lim, Kyoung Jae
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.467-473
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    • 2007
  • Although the dominant land use at the Imha-dam watershed is forest areas, soil erosion has been increasing because of intensive agricultural activities performed at the fields located along the stream for easy-access to water supply and relatively favorable topography. In addition, steep topography at the Imha-dam watershed is also contributing increased soil erosion and sediment loads. At the Imha-dam watershed, outflow has increased sharply by the typhoons Rusa and Maemi in 2002, 2003 respectively. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was evaluated for simulation of flow and sediment behaviors with long-term temporal and spatial conditions. The precipitation data from eight precipitation observatories, located at Ilwol, Subi and etc., were used. There was no significant difference in monthly rainfall for 8 locations. However, there was slight differences in rainfall amounts and patterns in 2003 and 2004. The topographical map at 1:5000 scale from the National Geographic Information Institute was used to define watershed boundaries, the detailed soil map at 1:25,000 scale from the National Institute of Highland Agriculture and the land cover data from the Korea Institute of Water and Environment were used to simulate the hydrologic response and soil erosion and sediment behaviors. To evaluate hydrologic component of the SWAT model, calibration was performed for the period from Jan. 2002 to Dec. 2003, and validation for Jan. 2004 to Apr. 2005. The $R^2$ value and El value were 0.93 and 0.90 respectively for calibration period, and the $R^2$ value and El value for validation were 0.73 and 0.68 respectively. The $R^2$ value and El value of sediment yield data with the calibrated parameters was 0.89 and 0.84 respectively. The comparisons with the measured data showed that the SWAT model is applicable to simulate hydrology and sediment behaviors at Imha dam watershed. With proper representation of the Best Management Practices (BM Ps) in the SWAT model, the SWAT can be used for pre-evaluation of the cost-effective and sustainable soil erosion BMPs to solve sediment issues at the Imha-dam watershed. In Korea, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been used to estimate the soil loss for over 30 years. However, there are limitations in the field scale mdel, USLE when applied for watershed. Also, the soil loss changes temporarily and spatially, for example, the Imha-dam watershed. Thus, the SW AT model, capable of simulating hydrologic and soil erosion/sediment behaviors temporarily and spatially at watershed scale, should be used to solve the muddy water issues at the Imha-dam watershed to establish more effective muddy water reduction countermeasure.