• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

Goat milk is digested better than cow milk, because the fat globules in goat milk are smaller and the protein is similar to human milk, and assimilated easily. Goat milk is particularly rich in taurine (4.7mg/100mL) and retinol (40mg/100mL). Therefore, it might be recommened to heal dyspepsia and infants allergy by cow milk. However, during winter, supply of goat milk products are unsteady in Korea, because unbalance of demand and supply is resulted from seasonal breeding. Dairy industry for goat milk will be able to grow much more, if goat milk products can keep steady supply without changing by season. This review includes the physicochemical characteristics of goat milk, domestic production of goat milk, domestic goat milk products and future development.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8_spc호
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• pp.1244-1255
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• 2019

Dairy goat production continues to be a socially, economically and culturally important part of the livestock industry in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean islands. Goat milk, cheese and other dairy products offer consumers food products with nutritional, health and environmental benefits. In North America, Mexico produces the greatest volume of goat milk, but most is for family or local consumption that is typical of a mixed farming system adopted by subsistence farmers in dry areas. The United States is not yet a large global goat milk producer, but the sector has expanded rapidly, with dairy goat numbers doubling between 1997 and 2012. The number of dairy goats has also increased dramatically in Canada. Commercial farms are increasingly important, driven by rising demand for good quality and locally sourced goat cheese. In South America, Brazil has the most developed dairy goat industry that includes government assistance to small-scale producers and low-income households. As of 2017, FAO identified Haiti, Peru, Jamaica, and Bolivia as having important goat milk production in the Western Hemisphere. For subsistence goat producers in the Americas on marginal land without prior history of chemical usage, organic dairy goat production can be a viable alternative for income generation, with sufficient transportation, sanitation and marketing initiatives. Production efficiency, greenhouse gas emission, waste disposal, and animal welfare are important challenges for dairy goat producers in the Americas.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8_spc호
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• pp.1219-1232
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• 2019

The global goat population continues to grow and is now over one billion. The number of goats raised primarily for milk production is also growing, due to expanding demand. Most of the world dairy goat production and consumption is in Asia, but a global view of the dairy goat sector reveals important lessons about building successful modern dairy goat industries. The most organized market for goat milk is found in Europe, especially in France. The European goat sector is specialized for milk production, mostly for industrial cheesemaking, while also supporting traditional on-farm manufacturing. Government involvement is significant in sanitary regulation, research, extension, support for local producer organizations, and markets, and ensures safety and quality. Nonetheless, producers are still vulnerable to market fluctuations. New dairy goat industries are developing in countries without a long goat milk tradition, such as China, the United States, and New Zealand, due to rising consumer demand, strong prices, and climate change. The mix of policies, management and markets varies widely, but regardless of the country, the dairy goat sector thrives when producers have access to markets, and the tools and skills to sustainably manage their livestock and natural resources. These are most readily achieved through strong and inclusive producer organizations, access to technical services, and policies that enable the poor and marginalized groups to benefit from increasing demand.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.426-440
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• 2022

The bioactive functions of oligosaccharides from human milk have been reported by many studies. Many of oligosaccharides isolated from colostrum and/or milk of dairy animals have been reported to have similar chemical structures with those in human colostrum and/or milk. It has been proved by several studies that the oligosaccharides with similar chemical structure shared common bioactivities. Among domesticated dairy animals, bovine/cattle, caprine/goat, and ovine/sheep are the most commonly used species to isolate oligosaccharides from their colostrum and/or milk. Several studies on the oligosaccharides from goat colostrum and milk have revealed similar properties to that of human milk and possess the highest content of sialyl oligosaccharides (SOS) as compared to other ruminants. Indonesia ranks first in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for goat milk production. Therefore, goat milk is the second most consumed milk in the country. The most reared dairy goat breed in Indonesia is Etawah Grade. However, oligosaccharides from Indonesia dairy animals including goat, have not been characterized. This is the first study to characterize oligosaccharides from Indonesia dairy animals. The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize oligosaccharides, specifically SOS from the colostrum of Etawah Grade goats by using proton/¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance. The SOS successfully characterized in this study were: Neu5Ac(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc (3'-N-acetylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2-6)Gal(β1-4)Glc (6'-N-acetylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Gc(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc (3'-N-glycolylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Gc(α2-6)Gal(β1-4)Glc (6'-N-glycolylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2-6)Gal(β1-4) GlcNAc (6'-N-acetylneuraminyllactosamine) and Neu5Gc(α2-6)Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc (6'-N-glycolylneuraminyllactosamine). This finding shows that Etawah Grade, as a local dairy goat breed in Indonesia, is having significant potential to be natural source of oligosaccharides that can be utilized in the future food and pharmaceutical industries.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8_spc호
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• pp.1266-1274
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• 2019

This paper presents a review of dairy goat production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 2010- 2017, its current state, constraints and prospects for research and development. Since the introduction of dairy goats in SSA in pre-colonial times, their populations have continued to increase due to declining land size as a result of land fragmentation and increasing demand for goat milk. The current goat population in SSA is 372,716,040 head of which only 15.98% used for milk production. Populations in the Eastern and Western regions of SSA have shown an increasing trend from 2010 to 2017. The Southern Africa goat population is on the decline at an annual rate of about 1.77% whereas Central Africa has had a constant goat population within the same period. Eastern Africa reported the highest increase in the population of goats used for milk production. Milk production was highest in Eastern Africa and lowest in Southern Africa. However, dairy goat productivity remained constant in the Eastern region throughout the review period. Dairy goats are mainly raised under smallholder mixed crop-livestock systems. To enhance the development of the dairy goat, concerted efforts should be made to alleviate the constraints that stifle its growth. These constraints can be categorized into nutrition and feeding, breeding and reproduction, diseases, parasites, climate change, and underdeveloped dairy goat products market. Effective management of dairy goats requires a holistic approach and there is the need to expand the markets by further sensitization on the nutritional and medicinal advantages of dairy goat products. In order to achieve rapid development in the dairy goat sub sector, research and development initiatives should be directed towards alleviating the hurdles in nutrition and feeding, breeding, animal health and resilience as well as dairy goat markets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8_spc호
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• pp.1233-1243
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• 2019

Asia hosts more than half of the world's 1 billion goats and is also where domestication of wild goats began. Goats, including dairy goats, are adapted to a wide variety of harsh environments and thus play key roles as providers of nutrition, food security and socio-economic status to their human owners in many low-income Asian countries. In many countries in Southeast and East Asia, medium and large scale commercial dairy goat farming can be profitable enterprises because of the high price of goat milk, and good demand due to its health and medicinal properties. In some Asian countries, dairy goats play important roles in non-commercial activities, including use as educational animals in elementary schools in Japan and show animals in Indonesia. Dairy goat farmers in Asia are faced with numerous challenges, such as a shortage of high producing animals adapted to the local environment, lack of quality feeds during a prolonged dry season, many diseases and difficulty getting their product to market, however, the increasing demand for goat milk in the newly developed and developed economies in Asia provides an optimistic future for dairy goat production in this region.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2008

Since goat milk infant formula has been increased, it is expected that goat milk consumption would be increased. This review summarizes the characteristics of goat milk especially, milk fat, somatic cell count, and goaty flavor. Average milk fat content for one year of twelve goat milk farms was 3.6%, but $2.9{\sim}3.1%$ in summer, which means summer goat milk could not meet the 'Processing and Ingredient Standard for Animal Products'. More than 3.2% for goat milk fat content in 'Processing and Ingredient Standard for Animal Products' should be amended. In addition to, hygienic standard for goat milk should be newly established because goat milk has naturally higher somatic cell count with noninfectious factors. It is thought that 6-trans nonenal and some branched fatty acids are responsible for the goaty flavor. It is necessary to minimize goaty flavor from farm to table because goaty flavor is the most important factor for the promotion of goat milk industry.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2006

산양유제품은 산양의 산간 방목지에서 천연의 산야초를 먹는 먹이습성으로 인하여 웰빙식품의 개념으로 뿐만 아니라 산양유 조제식의 형태로 다시 소비되기 시작하고 있다. 우유와 산양유의 조성에는 주요 영양성분의 경우 특별한 차이를 보이지 않는다. 그러나 젖소와 산양의 젖은 케이신 마이셀의 공간구조, 케이신 단백질의 아미노산 조성, 마이셀의 크기, 마이셀의 미네랄 함량 등에 있어서 명백한 차이를 보인다. 산양유제품의 국내생산은 연중 착유가 어려워 소비자에게 연중 공급이 불가능한 문제가 중요한 점으로 대두되고 있다. 그 어려움 속에서 산양유 시장의 확대를 추구하기 위해서는 산양유 제조사들의 집중적인 홍보가 필요하다. 국내 소비시장의 특징은 산양유 소비형태가 주로 신선유로서 소비되며, 발효유로서는 일부만 소비된다는 점이다. 이러한 제품들은 주로 소규모 산양유가공회사에서 생산되며, 대규모 유가공회사에서는 소요량이 많은 산양조제분유 생산에 치중하고 있는 점 또한 특징이라고 할 수 있다. 앞으로 산양유제품의 확대를 위해서는 유가공기술분야의 전문인들에 의해서 한국소비자들에게 적합하지 않은 산양 특유의 불쾌한 냄새와 맛을 제거하는 연구와 기술이 개발되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8_spc호
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• pp.1306-1320
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• 2019

Goat population world-wide is increasing, and the dairy goat sector is developing accordingly. Although the new technology applied to the goat industry is being introduced slowly because the weight of traditional subsector in the dairy sector, considerable advances have been made in the last decade. Present review focuses on the emerging topics in the dairy goat sector. Research and development of traditional and new dairy goat products are reviewed, including the new research in the use of goat milk in infant formula. The research in alternatives to brine, production of skimmed goat cheeses and the use of different modified atmosphere packaging are also addressed. Special attention is given to antibiotic residues and their determination in goat milk. Functional foods for human benefits are a trending topic. Health properties recently discovered in dairy goat products are included in the paper, with special attention to the antioxidant activity. The dual-purpose use of goats by humankind is affecting the way of how new technology is being incorporated in the dairy goat sector and will certainly affect the future development of dairy goat products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8_spc호
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• pp.1256-1265
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• 2019

The aim of this review is to show the evolution of the dairy goat sector in Europe from all perspectives. Starting from the current situation, the challenges and future potential of this livestock system are presented, as well as strategies to overcome the difficulties faced. Europe holds 1.9% of the world goat population and produces 15.1% of goat milk recorded worldwide. The goat species plays a fundamental economic, social and environmental role in many regions of Europe. The wide diversity of production systems and autochthonous breeds makes the sector very heterogeneous. In order to improve viability, a number of strategies need to be adopted to solve the current problems such as a low profitability, absence of generational change and a little or no recognition of the social and environmental role of the sector. Some strategies to improve the situation of the European goat sector include: i) generating market value that will recognise the diversity of the dairy goat sector (breeds, feeding models, derived products${\ldots}$); ii) promoting and raising awareness of the functional attributes of goat milk and derived products so as to increase consumption; iii) assigning an economic value to environmental and social functions; iv) improving working conditions through technological innovation to make goat farming more attractive to young people; and v) processing more milk into cheese or other dairy products in production areas.